Gender inequality, economic growth, and the intergenerational transmission of adverse health consequences at birth

Not/belonging as health promotion: The affective potentialities of human and non-human relationalities in mother-baby-assemblages

Motherhood has life-long impacts on health and exacerbates health disparities. Birthing a baby changes life immensely with heightened affectivity and emotions posing risks and opportunities. Identity-focused maternal transition theory and dominant cultural narratives of neoliberal, nuclear, and heterosexual parenting have created a narrow framework within which to understand the responsibilities and challenges of motherhood. In this we paper propose an alternative path to theorising motherhood relationally through the concept of belonging-as-affect in mother-baby-assemblages. To achieve this we plug into posthuman feminism to explore mother-baby-assemblages as relational, embodied and affective sites of fleeting and enduring not/belonging. We develop a creative qualitative reviewing approach and draw on literature that examines motherhood and mothering across place, mobilities, people, bodies and things. We explore how tracing relationalities between human and non-human actants might help us learn about 'sticky' sites of not/belonging in mother-baby-assemblages as a more fluid way of understanding the journey into and through mother/parenthood. The sticky-ness of not/belonging as timebound glue offers insights into the vital emergence of maternal health and is articulated as a mode of inquiry for future work in this space. Our orientation to posthuman mothering works through porosity, permeability and vacillation by turning our attention to sites of affectivity, and tracing non/sticky not/belonging emerging in multiple and diverse pathways, embracing openness, and eliciting generosity towards collective parenting. Understanding belonging as emergent co-becoming may allow for hopeful and inclusive motherhoods that are diversely care-ing and care-full.

Venturing outside: Local journeying, belonging and new parenthood

The transition to parenthood is a transformative journey marked by numerous adjustments, presenting both physical and mental health challenges. Recognising the crucial role of a sense of belonging for parental health in this transition, this study delves into the experiences of new parents, exploring the act of "journeying" within their local geographies. Through analysis of an online survey among new parents in suburban Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand, this study highlights the multifaceted role of journeying, not only as physical movement but as a slow-creeping transformative process that affects connections with local environments, people, and places, highlighting the importance of local geographies in new parents' journey towards belonging.

Theorising mother-baby-assemblages: The vital emergence of maternal health

First-time motherhood is a well-studied yet poorly understood determinant of health. Giving birth has significant physical, mental and social health impacts across the life course. Maternal transition research has attempted to understand first-time mothers' psychological and social needs to improve overall health. However, much of this research struggles to capture the fluid and fluctuating nature of affects, senses and bodies across human and non-human spheres, and has reached conceptual saturation. In this paper, I develop mother-baby-assemblages as a way forward in theorising first-time motherhood to better understand how maternal health is produced intra-actively through the relationality between human and non-human actants. I achieve this by plugging into feminist psychoanalytic and new materialist theory, diffractively reading across published qualitative maternal transition literature spanning five decades and enriching affectively through my own mothering encounters. I engage with topics at the forefront of maternal health research, including bodies, babies, vibrant matter, physical and online spaces and paid employment demands. I theorise trans-subjective and more-than-human emergent mother-baby-assemblages that invite relationality and difference over identity and linearity in the becoming-mother to replace human agency with the capacity to affect and be affected through human and non-human forces. I weave together theory, published data and personal encounters to move beyond understanding becoming-mother as a linear process, and instead think of this becoming-through-each-other as mother-baby-assemblages. Maternal health therewith becomes a product of distributed, emerging, fluctuating, and affecting agencies across human and non-human spheres. Such an approach can steer towards health initiatives for first-time mothers that are socio-materially grounded, consider reciprocity of needs, diversify responsibilities for child-rearing, and encourage future scholarship of the human and non-human emergence of maternal health.

The Impact of Early-Life Exposures on Women's Reproductive Health in Adulthood

Purpose of Review

To review the effects of early-life, preconception, and prior-generation exposures on reproductive health in women.

Recent Findings

Women’s early-life factors can affect reproductive health by contributing to health status or exposure level on entering pregnancy. Alternately, they can have permanent effects, regardless of later-life experience. Nutrition, social class, parental smoking, other adverse childhood experiences, environmental pollutants, infectious agents, and racism and discrimination all affect reproductive health, even if experienced in childhood or in utero. Possible transgenerational effects are now being investigated through three- or more-generation studies. These effects occur with mechanisms that may include direct exposure, behavioral, endocrine, inflammatory, and epigenetic pathways.

Summary

Pregnancy is increasingly understood in a life course perspective, but rigorously testing hypotheses on early-life effects is still difficult. In order to improve the health outcomes of all women, we need to expand our toolkit of methods and theory.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40471-021-00279-0.