Dynamics of dengue disease with human and vector mobility

Cellular automata in the light of COVID-19

Currently, the world has been facing the brunt of a pandemic due to a disease called COVID-19 for the last 2 years. To study the spread of such infectious diseases it is important to not only understand their temporal evolution but also the spatial evolution. In this work, the spread of this disease has been studied with a cellular automata (CA) model to find the temporal and the spatial behavior of it. Here, we have proposed a neighborhood criteria which will help us to measure the social confinement at the time of the disease spread. The two main parameters of our model are (i) disease transmission probability (q) which helps us to measure the infectivity of a disease and (ii) exponent (n) which helps us to measure the degree of the social confinement. Here, we have studied various spatial growths of the disease by simulating this CA model. Finally we have tried to fit our model with the COVID-19 data of India for various waves and have attempted to match our model predictions with regards to each wave to see how the different parameters vary with respect to infectivity and restrictions in social interaction.

Three-dimensional spread analysis of a Dengue disease model with numerical season control

Dengue is among the most important infectious diseases in the world. The main contribution of our paper is to present a mixed system of partial and ordinary differential equations. This combined model is a generalization of the two presented mathematical models (A. L. de Araujo, J. L. Boldrini and B. M. Calsavara, An analysis of a mathematical model describing the geographic spread of dengue disease, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 444 (2016) 298–325) and (L. Cai, X. Li, N. Tuncer, M. Martcheva and A. A. Lashari, Optimal control of a malaria model with asymptomatic class and superinfection, Math. Biosci. 288 (2017) 94–108), describing the geographic spread of dengue disease. Our model has the ability to consider the possibility of asymptomatic infection, which leads to investigate the effect of dengue asymptomatic individuals on disease dynamics and to go into the possibility of superinfection of asymptomatic individuals. In the light of considering these factors, as well as the movements of human and mature female mosquitoes, more realistic modeling of dengue disease can be achieved. We present a mathematical analysis and show the global existence of a unique non-negative solution to this model and then establish ways to control dengue disease using numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis of model parameters (which are related to the contact rates and death rate of winged mosquitoes). To show different biological behaviors, we provide several numerical results, showing the role of parameters in controlling dengue disease transmission. From our numerical simulations, it can also be concluded that local control of dengue transmission can be done at a lower cost.

Effects of ambient temperature and precipitation on the risk of dengue fever: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

We systematically reviewed the published studies on the relationship between dengue fever and meteorological factors and applied a meta-analysis to explore the effects of ambient temperature and precipitation on dengue fever.

METHODS

We completed the literature search by the end of September 1st, 2019 using databases including Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We extracted relative risks (RRs) in selected studies and converted all effect estimates to the RRs per 1 °C increase in temperature and 10 mm increase in precipitation, and combined all standardized RRs together using random-effect meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Our results show that dengue fever was significantly associated with both temperature and precipitation. Our subgroup analyses suggested that the effect of temperature on dengue fever was most pronounced in high-income subtropical areas. The pooled RR of dengue fever associated with the maximum temperature was much lower than the overall effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Temperature and precipitation are important risk factors for dengue fever. Future studies should focus on factors that can distort the effects of temperature and precipitation.

Effectiveness of an intervention for Aedes aegypti control scaled-up under an inter-sectoral approach in a Colombian city hyper-endemic for dengue virus

Aedes aegypti transmitted arboviral diseases are of significant importance in Colombia, particularly since the 2014/2015 introduction of chikungunya and Zika in the Americas and the increasing spread of dengue. In response, the Colombian government initiated the scaling-up of a community-based intervention under inter and multi-sector partnerships in two out of four sectors in Girardot, one of the most hyper-endemic dengue cities in the country. Using a quasi-experimental research design a scaled-up community-led Aedes control intervention was assessed for its capacity to reduce dengue from January 2010 to August 2017 in Girardot, Colombia. Reported dengue cases, and associated factors were analysed from available data sets from the Colombian disease surveillance systems. We estimated the reduction in dengue cases before and after the intervention using, Propensity Score Matching and an Autoregressive Moving Average model for robustness. In addition, the differences in dengue incidence among scaling-up phases (pre-implementation vs sustainability) and between treatment groups (intervention and control areas) were modelled. Evidence was found in favour of the intervention, although to maximise impact the scaling-up of the intervention should continue until it covers the remaining sectors. It is expected that a greater impact of the intervention can be documented in the next outbreak of dengue in Girardot.

Modelling and simulating Chikungunya spread with an unstructured triangular cellular automata

In this work we propose a mathematical model to simulate Chikungunya spread; the spread model is implemented in a C++ cellular automata code defined on unstructured triangular grids and space visualizations are performed with Python. In order to simulate the time space spread of the Chikungunya diseases we include assumptions such as: heterogeneous human and vector densities, population mobility, geographically localized points of infection using geographical information systems, changes in the probabilities of infection, extrinsic incubation and mosquito death rate due to environmental variables. Numerical experiments reproduce the qualitative behavior of diseases spread and provide an insight to develop strategies to prevent the diseases spread.

Dengue in northeastern Brazil: a spatial and temporal perspective

INTRODUCTION:

The state of Ceará (Brazilian Northeast) has a high incidence of dengue. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the temporal patterns and spatial distribution of dengue cases in Ceará during 2001-2019.

METHODS:

A spatiotemporal ecological study was performed with secondary data. Time-trend analysis was performed using a segmented log-linear regression model to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and the annual percentage change (APC) in incidence of dengue. We also performed spatiotemporal analysis to identify the place, time, and relative risk (RR) of dengue clusters.

RESULTS:

There were 539,653 dengue cases. The AAPC reduced over time (-9.5%; 95% confidance interval [CI]: -18.3; -0.3). Three trends were identified-2001-2004: APC=-20.9% (95% CI: -65.1 to 44.8), 2005-2015: APC=7.9% (95% CI: -6.0 to 98.9), and 2016-2019: APC=-48.8% (95% CI: -83.0 to -6.1). During 2001-2007, 10 significant clusters were identified (RR=3.57-14.38: n=4 and RR=0.05-0.39: n=6). During 2008-2013, there was 1 cluster in the western region (RR= 3.40) and four other clusters (RR=0.02-0.15). The last period presented 5 high-RR clusters (RR=2.95-9.24). The low-RR clusters were located in the central-north, central-south, south, and northwest regions. However, the central-west region remained a high-RR cluster region throughout the study period.

CONCLUSIONS:

Dengue showed a decreasing incidence. During the epidemic years, the southern, eastern, and western regions presented high-risk clusters. Introduction of a new dengue serotype in a low-RR area can cause explosive outbreaks due to population susceptibility.

Risk factors for dengue outbreaks in Odisha, India: A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Environmental and climatic risk factors of dengue outbreak has been studied in detail. However, the socio-epidemiological association with the disease is least explored. The study aims to identify the social and ecological factors associated with emerging dengue in Odisha, India.

METHODS

A population-based case-control study (age and sex matched at the ratio of 1:1) was conducted in six districts of the state in 2017. A structured validated questionnaire was used to collect information for each consenting participant. An ecological household survey was done using a checklist during the month of July-September. Along with the descriptive statistics, conditional logistic regression model was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio using STATA.

RESULTS

Of 380 cases, nearly 55% were male and the median age was 33years. The adjusted odds of having dengue was nearly three times higher among the people having occupation which demands long travel, presence of breeding sites (1.7; 95% CI 1.2-2.6), presence of swampy area near home (1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.1) and having travel history close to the index date (1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.4). People staying in thatched houses had three times higher risk of the disease, however, households keeping the swampy areas clean had 50% less risk for the disease (0.5; 95% CI 0.31-0.67). Nearly 22.2% of cases had a travel history during the index date. Of them, 36% had diagnosis before the travel, whereas, 64% developed the disease after the returning from the travel.

CONCLUSION

Household factors such as occupation and ecological condition of households play important roles in dengue outbreaks in Odisha. However, our study suggests travel/commuting are also essential factors to be considered during disease prevention planning.

Spatiotemporal patterns and determinants of dengue at county level in China from 2005-2017

OBJECTIVE

To identify the high risk spatiotemporal clusters of dengue cases and explore the associated risk factors.

METHODS

Monthly indigenous dengue cases in 2005-2017 were aggregated at county level. Spatiotemporal cluster analysis was used to explore dengue distribution features using SaTScan9.4.4 and Arcgis10.3.0. In addition, the influential factors and potential high risk areas of dengue outbreaks were analyzed using ecological niche models in Maxent 3.3.1 software.

RESULTS

We found a heterogeneous spatial and temporal distribution pattern of dengue cases. The identified high risk region in the primary cluster covered 13 counties in Guangdong Province and in the secondary clusters included 14 counties in Yunnan Province. Additionally, there was a nonlinear association between meteorological and environmental factors and dengue outbreaks, with 8.5%-57.1%, 6.7%-38.3% and 3.2%-40.4% contribution from annual average minimum temperature, land cover and annual average precipitation, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The high risk areas of dengue outbreaks mainly are located in Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces, which are significantly shaped by environmental and meteorological factors, such as temperature, precipitation and land cover.

Clustered Breeding Sites: Shelters for Vector-Borne Diseases

Here, the propagation of vector-borne diseases is modeled by using a probabilistic cellular automaton. Numerical simulations considering distinct spatial distributions and time variations of the vector abundance are performed, in order to investigate their impacts on the number of infected individuals of the host population. The main conclusion is as follows: in the clustered distributions, the prevalence is lower, but the eradication is more difficult to be achieved, as compared to homogeneous distributions. This result can be relevant in the implementation of preventive surveillance measures.