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Zhang C, Wang L, Qin L, Luo Y, Wen Z, Vignon AS, Zheng C, Zhu X, Chu H, Deng S, Hong L, Zhang J, Yang H, Zhang J, Ma Y, Wu G, Sun C, Liu X, Pu L. Overexpression of GPX2 gene regulates the development of porcine preadipocytes and skeletal muscle cells through MAPK signaling pathway. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298827. [PMID: 38722949 PMCID: PMC11081289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) is a selenium-dependent enzyme and protects cells against oxidative damage. Recently, GPX2 has been identified as a candidate gene for backfat and feed efficiency in pigs. However, it is unclear whether GPX2 regulates the development of porcine preadipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. In this study, adenoviral gene transfer was used to overexpress GPX2. Our findings suggest that overexpression of GPX2 gene inhibited proliferation of porcine preadipocytes. And the process is accompanied by the reduction of the p-p38. GPX2 inhibited adipogenic differentiation and promoted lipid degradation, while ERK1/2 was reduced and p-p38 was increased. Proliferation of porcine skeletal muscle cells was induced after GPX2 overexpression, was accompanied by activation in JNK, ERK1/2, and p-p38. Overexpression methods confirmed that GPX2 has a promoting function in myoblastic differentiation. ERK1/2 pathway was activated and p38 was suppressed during the process. This study lays a foundation for the functional study of GPX2 and provides theoretical support for promoting subcutaneous fat reduction and muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Yunyan Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Zuochen Wen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Akpaca Samson Vignon
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Chunting Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Xueli Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Han Chu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Shifan Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Liang Hong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
- Tianjin modern Tianjiao Agricultural Technology Co, LTD, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Ecological Feed, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
- Tianjin modern Tianjiao Agricultural Technology Co, LTD, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Ecological Feed, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guofang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Tianjin modern Tianjiao Agricultural Technology Co, LTD, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Ecological Feed, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Pu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300392, China
- Tianjin modern Tianjiao Agricultural Technology Co, LTD, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Green Ecological Feed, Tianjin, China
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Paul AM, Amjesh R, George B, Sankaran D, Sandiford OA, Rameshwar P, Pillai MR, Kumar R. The Revelation of Continuously Organized, Co-Overexpressed Protein-Coding Genes with Roles in Cellular Communications in Breast Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233806. [PMID: 36497066 PMCID: PMC9741223 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human cancers, including breast cancer, are polygenic and involve the co-dysregulation of multiple regulatory molecules and pathways. Though the overexpression of genes and amplified chromosomal regions have been closely linked in breast cancer, the notion of the co-upregulation of genes at a single locus remains poorly described. Here, we describe the co-overexpression of 34 continuously organized protein-coding genes with diverse functions at 8q.24.3(143437655-144326919) in breast and other cancer types, the CanCord34 genes. In total, 10 out of 34 genes have not been reported to be overexpressed in breast cancer. Interestingly, the overexpression of CanCord34 genes is not necessarily associated with genomic amplification and is independent of hormonal or HER2 status in breast cancer. CanCord34 genes exhibit diverse known and predicted functions, including enzymatic activities, cell viability, multipotency, cancer stem cells, and secretory activities, including extracellular vesicles. The co-overexpression of 33 of the CanCord34 genes in a multivariant analysis was correlated with poor survival among patients with breast cancer. The analysis of the genome-wide RNAi functional screening, cell dependency fitness, and breast cancer stem cell databases indicated that three diverse overexpressed CanCord34 genes, including a component of spliceosome PUF60, a component of exosome complex EXOSC4, and a ribosomal biogenesis factor BOP1, shared roles in cell viability, cell fitness, and stem cell phenotypes. In addition, 17 of the CanCord34 genes were found in the microvesicles (MVs) secreted from the mesenchymal stem cells that were primed with MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Since these MVs were important in the chemoresistance and dedifferentiation of breast cancer cells into cancer stem cells, these findings highlight the significance of the CanCord34 genes in cellular communications. In brief, the persistent co-overexpression of CanCord34 genes with diverse functions can lead to the dysregulation of complementary functions in breast cancer. In brief, the present study provides new insights into the polygenic nature of breast cancer and opens new research avenues for basic, preclinical, and therapeutic studies in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
- PhD Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Revikumar Amjesh
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Bijesh George
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
- PhD Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Deivendran Sankaran
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Oleta A. Sandiford
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Madhavan Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
- Correspondence: (M.R.P.); (R.K.)
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun 248016, India
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: (M.R.P.); (R.K.)
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Boyd-Gibbins N, Karagiannis P, Hwang DW, Kim SI. iPSCs in NK Cell Manufacturing and NKEV Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890894. [PMID: 35874677 PMCID: PMC9305199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell immunotherapies for cancer can complement existing T cell therapies while benefiting from advancements already made in the immunotherapy field. For NK cell manufacturing, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer advantages including eliminating donor variation and providing an ideal platform for genome engineering. At the same time, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a major research interest, and purified NK cell extracellular vesicles (NKEVs) have been shown to reproduce the key functions of their parent NK cells. NKEVs have the potential to be developed into a standalone therapeutic with reduced complexity and immunogenicity compared to cell therapies. This review explores the role iPSC technology can play in both NK cell manufacturing and NKEV development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Do Won Hwang
- Research and Development Center, THERABEST Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shin-Il Kim
- THERABEST Japan, Inc., Kobe, Japan
- Research and Development Center, THERABEST Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Shin-Il Kim,
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Yuan X, Chen X, Zeng C, Meckes DG, Li Y. Extracellular Vesicle Collection from Human Stem Cells Grown in Suspension Bioreactors. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2436:193-204. [PMID: 34490594 PMCID: PMC10694804 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles with 100-1000 nm sizes which are secreted by cells for intercellular communication. Meanwhile, studies have found that EVs secreted by human stem cells carry similar characteristics (microRNAs, proteins, metabolites, etc.) from their cell counterpart. Thus, EVs derived from stem cells, especially human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hMSCs) are promising candidates for cell-free therapy. However, conventional planar culture is insufficient to produce a large amount of cells or EVs to satisfy clinical requirements. In this chapter, we described feasible approaches to harvest EVs secreted by lineage-specific hiPSCs and undifferentiated hMSCs in suspension bioreactors. Differentiation of hiPSCs to cortical organoids can be performed in suspension bioreactors and the corresponding EVs can be isolated and purified. This scale-up protocol can be applied to a majority of stem cell types with EV collection thus provides useful information for both experimental and biomanufacturing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - David G Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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Fraga de Andrade I, Mehta C, Bresnick EH. Post-transcriptional control of cellular differentiation by the RNA exosome complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11913-11928. [PMID: 33119769 PMCID: PMC7708067 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the complexity of intracellular RNA ensembles and vast phenotypic remodeling intrinsic to cellular differentiation, it is instructive to consider the role of RNA regulatory machinery in controlling differentiation. Dynamic post-transcriptional regulation of protein-coding and non-coding transcripts is vital for establishing and maintaining proteomes that enable or oppose differentiation. By contrast to extensively studied transcriptional mechanisms governing differentiation, many questions remain unanswered regarding the involvement of post-transcriptional mechanisms. Through its catalytic activity to selectively process or degrade RNAs, the RNA exosome complex dictates the levels of RNAs comprising multiple RNA classes, thereby regulating chromatin structure, gene expression and differentiation. Although the RNA exosome would be expected to control diverse biological processes, studies to elucidate its biological functions and how it integrates into, or functions in parallel with, cell type-specific transcriptional mechanisms are in their infancy. Mechanistic analyses have demonstrated that the RNA exosome confers expression of a differentiation regulatory receptor tyrosine kinase, downregulates the telomerase RNA component TERC, confers genomic stability and promotes DNA repair, which have considerable physiological and pathological implications. In this review, we address how a broadly operational RNA regulatory complex interfaces with cell type-specific machinery to control cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Fraga de Andrade
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Charu Mehta
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Avenue, 4009 WIMR, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Antiaging Properties of Exosomes from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Photoaged Rat Skin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6406395. [PMID: 33415151 PMCID: PMC7769639 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6406395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have been documented as possible candidates for skin rejuvenation. However, the effects of ADSC-derived exosomes on photoaged skin remain to be fully elucidated. This study was aimed at determining the antiaging effects of ADSC-derived exosomes on photoaged skin. Human ADSCs were isolated from the adipose tissue of healthy women and cultured in vitro. Then, exosomes were extracted from the cultured ADSCs, purified by ultracentrifugation, and verified by examination of cell morphology using transmission electron microscopy and the identification of specific biomarkers. Meanwhile, the optimal exosome concentration and treatment time were selected. The photoaged skin model was created by subjecting Sprague-Dawley rats to ultraviolet B radiation. Exosomes were injected into the photoaged skin in a single therapeutic dose. The thickness of the epidermis and dermis was observed by HE staining. The relative mRNA expression of type I collagen, type III collagen, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3) was determined by real-time PCR. In the rat model of photoaged skin, the injected exosomes markedly decreased the epidermal thickness and increased the dermal thickness of the photoaged skin 7 days after treatment. Moreover, the proportion of the stratum corneum of the epidermis was decreased. Furthermore, real-time RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression of type I collagen was increased and that of type III collagen, MMP-1, and MMP-3 was decreased. Our results demonstrate that ADSC-derived exosome treatment could significantly improve skin photodamage and that ADSC-derived exosomes may be a potential agent for photoaged skin treatment.
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Jeske R, Bejoy J, Marzano M, Li Y. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Characteristics and Applications. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:129-144. [PMID: 31847715 PMCID: PMC7187972 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are found to play an important role in various biological processes and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Because of the protective effects, stem cell-derived EVs can be used to reduce oxidative stress and apoptosis in the recipient cells. In addition, EVs/exosomes have been used as directional communication tools between stem cells and parenchymal cells, giving them the ability to serve as biomarkers. Likewise, altered EVs/exosomes can be utilized for drug delivery by loading with proteins, small interfering RNAs, and viral vectors, in particular, because EVs/exosomes are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. In this review article, the properties of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived EVs are discussed. The biogenesis, that is, how EVs originate in the endosomal compartment or from the cell layer of microvesicles, EV composition, the available methods of purification, and characterizations of EVs/exosomes are summarized. In particular, EVs/exosomes derived from iPSCs of different lineage specifications and the applications of these stem cell-derived exosomes in neurological diseases are discussed. Impact statement In this review, we summarized the work related to extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). In particular, EVs/exosomes derived from hPSCs of different lineage specifications and the applications of these stem cell-derived exosomes in neurological diseases are discussed. The results highlight the important role of cell-cell interactions in neural cellular phenotype and neurodegeneration. The findings reported in this article are significant for pluripotent stem cell-derived cell-free products toward applications in stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jeske
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Differential Effects of Extracellular Vesicles of Lineage-Specific Human Pluripotent Stem Cells on the Cellular Behaviors of Isogenic Cortical Spheroids. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090993. [PMID: 31466320 PMCID: PMC6770916 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to a variety of signaling processes and the overall physiological and pathological states of stem cells and tissues. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have unique characteristics that can mimic embryonic tissue development. There is growing interest in the use of EVs derived from hiPSCs as therapeutics, biomarkers, and drug delivery vehicles. However, little is known about the characteristics of EVs secreted by hiPSCs and paracrine signaling during tissue morphogenesis and lineage specification. Methods: In this study, the physical and biological properties of EVs isolated from hiPSC-derived neural progenitors (ectoderm), hiPSC-derived cardiac cells (mesoderm), and the undifferentiated hiPSCs (healthy iPSK3 and Alzheimer’s-associated SY-UBH lines) were analyzed. Results: Nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy results indicate that hiPSC-derived EVs have an average size of 100–250 nm. Immunoblot analyses confirmed the enrichment of exosomal markers Alix, CD63, TSG101, and Hsc70 in the purified EV preparations. MicroRNAs including miR-133, miR-155, miR-221, and miR-34a were differently expressed in the EVs isolated from distinct hiPSC lineages. Treatment of cortical spheroids with hiPSC-EVs in vitro resulted in enhanced cell proliferation (indicated by BrdU+ cells) and axonal growth (indicated by β-tubulin III staining). Furthermore, hiPSC-derived EVs exhibited neural protective abilities in Aβ42 oligomer-treated cultures, enhancing cell viability and reducing oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate that the paracrine signaling provided by tissue context-dependent EVs derived from hiPSCs elicit distinct responses to impact the physiological state of cortical spheroids. Overall, this study advances our understanding of cell‒cell communication in the stem cell microenvironment and provides possible therapeutic options for treating neural degeneration.
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Laffleur B, Basu U. Biology of RNA Surveillance in Development and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2019; 29:428-445. [PMID: 30755352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 'RNA world', in which RNA molecules stored information and acquired enzymatic properties, has been proposed to have preceded organism life. RNA is now recognized for its central role in biology, with accumulating evidence implicating coding and noncoding (nc)RNAs in myriad mechanisms regulating cellular physiology and disequilibrium in transcriptomes resulting in pathological conditions. Nascently synthesized RNAs are subjected to stringent regulation by sophisticated RNA surveillance pathways. In this review, we integrate these pathways from a developmental viewpoint, proposing RNA surveillance as the convergence of mechanisms that ensure the exact titration of RNA molecules in a spatiotemporally controlled manner, leading to development without the onset of pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laffleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Uttiya Basu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
The nuclear RNA exosome is an essential and versatile machinery that regulates maturation and degradation of a huge plethora of RNA species. The past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in understanding the whole picture of its RNA substrates and the structural basis of its functions. In addition to the exosome itself, recent studies focusing on associated co-factors have been elucidating how the exosome is directed towards specific substrates. Moreover, it has been gradually realized that loss-of-function of exosome subunits affect multiple biological processes such as the DNA damage response, R-loop resolution, maintenance of genome integrity, RNA export, translation and cell differentiation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms of nuclear exosome-mediated RNA metabolism and discuss their physiological significance.
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