1
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Sharma A, Mohapatra H, Arora K, Babbar R, Arora R, Arora P, Kumar P, Algın Yapar E, Rani K, Meenu M, Babu MA, Kaur M, Sindhu RK. Bioactive Compound-Loaded Nanocarriers for Hair Growth Promotion: Current Status and Future Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3739. [PMID: 37960095 PMCID: PMC10649697 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Hair loss (alopecia) has a multitude of causes, and the problem is still poorly defined. For curing alopecia, therapies are available in both natural and synthetic forms; however, natural remedies are gaining popularity due to the multiple effects of complex phytoconstituents on the scalp with fewer side effects. Evidence-based hair growth promotion by some plants has been reported for both traditional and advanced treatment approaches. Nanoarchitectonics may have the ability to evolve in the field of hair- and scalp-altering products and treatments, giving new qualities to hair that can be an effective protective layer or a technique to recover lost hair. This review will provide insights into several plant and herbal formulations that have been reported for the prevention of hair loss and stimulation of new hair growth. This review also focuses on the molecular mechanisms of hair growth/loss, several isolated phytoconstituents with hair growth-promoting properties, patents, in vivo evaluation of hair growth-promoting activity, and recent nanoarchitectonic technologies that have been explored for hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Bhoranj (Tikker–Kharwarian), Hamirpur 176041, India;
| | - Harapriya Mohapatra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Kanika Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Ritchu Babbar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Poonam Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Evren Algın Yapar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Türkiye;
| | - Kailash Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Maninder Meenu
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 143005, India;
| | | | - Maninderjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Rakesh K. Sindhu
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, India
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2
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Sanabria-Chanaga E, Meneses-Ruiz DM, Puertas-Santamaría EF, Mancha-Meléndez FM, Bratoeff E, Loza-Mejía MA, Salazar JR. Synthesis, in silico, and in vivo anti-inflammatory evaluation of 3β-cinnamoyloxy substituted pregna-4,16-diene-6,20-diones derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12184-12193. [PMID: 34468278 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1969279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane derivatives have been studied mainly for their 5α-reductase activity. However, the anti-inflammatory activities of such compounds are still poorly explored. In the search for new anti-inflammatory agents, seven new pregnane derivatives 6a-g, with cinnamic acid esters at C-3 were prepared and fully characterized. The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds was assessed in TPA induced mice ear model. From them, compound 6 b was the most active to reduce edema, with an ED50 of 0.017 mg/ear. Also, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics studies were performed to identify a potential molecular target related to the inflammatory process. The in vivo results suggest that 6 b could be a potent anti-inflammatory compound, while in silico studies suggest its interaction with some critical enzymes in the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Sanabria-Chanaga
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona, Colombia.,Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Erick Francisco Puertas-Santamaría
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad La Salle-México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fernando Manuel Mancha-Meléndez
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad La Salle-México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marco A Loza-Mejía
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad La Salle-México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Rodrigo Salazar
- Design, Isolation, and Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad La Salle-México, Ciudad de México, México
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3
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Lin ACK, Netcharoensirisuk P, Sanachai K, Sukma W, Chansriniyom C, Chaotham C, De-Eknamkul W, Rungrotmongkol T, Chamni S. Caffeic acid N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] amide as a non-steroidal inhibitor for steroid 5α-reductase type 1 using a human keratinocyte cell-based assay and molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20858. [PMID: 36460729 PMCID: PMC9718795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid derivatives containing amide moieties similar to those of finasteride and dutasteride were synthesized. An in vitro inhibitory activity evaluation of caffeic acid (1) and its amide derivatives (2 - 4) against the steroid 5α-reductase type 1 (SRD5A1) produced by human keratinocyte cells coupled with the non-radioactive high-performance thin-layer chromatography detection revealed that caffeic acid N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] amide (4) was a promising non-steroidal suppressor, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.44 ± 0.13 µM and relatively low cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 29.99 ± 8.69 µM. The regulatory role of compound 4 against SRD5A1 involved both suppression of SRD5A1 expression and mixed mode SRD5A1 inhibition. The Ki value of compound 4 was 2.382 µM based on the whole-cell kinetic studies under specific conditions. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations with AlphaFold generated the human SRD5A1 structure and confirmed the stability of compound 4 at the SRD5A1 catalytic site with greater interactions, including hydrogen bonding of the key M119 amino-acid residue than those of finasteride and dutasteride. Thus, compound 4 shows the potential for further development as an SRD5A1 suppressor for androgenic alopecia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Chan Khine Lin
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Ponsawan Netcharoensirisuk
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Product Biotechnology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Kamonpan Sanachai
- grid.9786.00000 0004 0470 0856Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002 Thailand
| | - Warongrit Sukma
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Wanchai De-Eknamkul
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Product Biotechnology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Structural and Computational Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Supakarn Chamni
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand ,grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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4
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Ntshingila S, Khumalo NP, Engel M, Arowolo AT. An appraisal of laboratory models of androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2021; 1:e15. [PMID: 35664985 PMCID: PMC9060143 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of non‐scarring alopecia in humans. Several studies have used different laboratory models to study the pathogenesis and interventions for AGA. These study models have proved beneficial and have led to the approval of two drugs. However, the need to build on existing knowledge remains by examining the relevance of study models to the disease. Objective We sought to appraise laboratory or pre‐clinical models of AGA. Method We searched through databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, World CAT, Scopus and Google Scholar) for articles on AGA‐related studies from 1942 to March 2019 with a focus on study models. Results The search rendered 101 studies after screening and deduplication. Several studies (70) used in vitro models, mostly consisting of two‐dimensional monolayer cells for experiments involving the characterization of androgen and 5‐alpha reductase (5AR) and inhibition thereof, the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and biomarker(s) of AGA. Twenty‐seven studies used in vivo models of mice and monkeys to investigate DHT synthesis, the expression and inhibition of 5AR and hair growth. Only four studies used AGA‐related or healthy excisional/punch biopsy explants as ex vivo models to study the action of 5AR inhibitors and AGA‐associated genes. No study used three‐dimensional [3‐D] organoids or organotypic human skin culture models. Conclusion We recommend clinically relevant laboratory models like human or patient‐derived 3‐D organoids or organotypic skin in AGA‐related studies. These models are closer to human scalp tissue and minimize the use of laboratory animals and could ultimately facilitate novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ntshingila
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - N. P. Khumalo
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - M. Engel
- Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - A. T. Arowolo
- Hair and Skin Research Laboratory Division of Dermatology Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
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Srivilai J, Minale G, Scholfield CN, Ingkaninan K. Discovery of Natural Steroid 5 Alpha-Reductase Inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2018; 17:44-57. [PMID: 30575417 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2018.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human steroid 5 alpha-reductases (S5αRs) and NADPH irreversibly reduce testosterone to the more potent dihydrotestosterone (DHT). S5αR inhibitors are useful treatments for DHT-dependent diseases, including benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgenic alopecia and hair growth, and acne. There are three S5αR isozymes, and there is a need for safer and more isozyme selective inhibitors than finasteride and dutasteride currently licensed. In this study, we review the methods used to screen for S5αR inhibitory activity and describe studies that characterize the ability of herbal preparations and their constituents to inhibit S5αRs. We identified enormous variations between studies in IC50s for finasteride and dutasteride used as standards. Accordingly, we make several recommendations: Stable isozyme specific transfection systems need creating a standardized enzyme/microsome preparation and all three isozymes, as well as androgen receptor binding, should be tested; agreed reaction conditions, especially the substrate concentrations, and separation/quantitation method optimized for high throughput screening; systematic screening of herbal compounds and most extensive use of leads to develop more potent and isozyme specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- 1 Department of Cosmetic Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand.,2 Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Genet Minale
- 2 Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - C Norman Scholfield
- 2 Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- 2 Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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6
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Chávez-Riveros A, Cruz Noriega A, Ramírez Apan MT, Miranda LD, Bratoeff E. Synthesis and cytotoxic effect of pregnenolone derivatives with one or two α,β-unsaturated carbonyls and an ester moiety at C-21 or C-3. Steroids 2018; 131:37-45. [PMID: 29360536 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Four series of pregnenolone derivatives having one or two α,β-unsaturated carbonyls and an ester moiety at C-21 or C-3 were synthetized to compare their cytotoxicity effect. The final compounds were evaluated on three human cancer cell lines: PC-3 (prostate cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), SKLU-1 (lung cancer) and a noncancerous cell line HGF (human gingival fibroblast). Two steroids with a 4-fluorinated benzoic acid ester at C-21 were the most active against lung cancer cell line with IC50 of 13.1 ± 1.2 and 12.8 ± 0.5 μM and showed a low percentage of cytotoxicity for noncancerous cells (27.63 ± 2.3 and 18.39 ± 1.2% in the screening at 50 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Chávez-Riveros
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Cd.Mx., Mexico.
| | - Abigail Cruz Noriega
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Cd.Mx., Mexico
| | - María Teresa Ramírez Apan
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Cd.Mx., Mexico
| | - Luis D Miranda
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Cd.Mx., Mexico
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, 04510 Cd.Mx., Mexico
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7
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Srivilai J, Rabgay K, Khorana N, Waranuch N, Nuengchamnong N, Ingkaninan K. A new label-free screen for steroid 5α-reductase inhibitors using LC-MS. Steroids 2016; 116:67-75. [PMID: 27789379 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid 5α-reductase (S5αR) plays an important role in metabolizing testosterone into active androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is involved in many androgen dependent disorders, such as androgenic alopecia, benign prostatic hyperplasia and acne. The method for screening for S5αR inhibition is key in finding new antagonists. In this study, the label-free S5αR inhibitory assay using LC-MS was developed. S5αR type 1 enzyme was obtained from LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The enzymatic assay was optimised for enzyme-substrate (testosterone) concentration, NADPH-cofactor concentration, solvent tolerance, enzyme activity stability and incubation time. The developed assay was validated by measuring the signal to background ratio (S/B), the signal to noise ratio (S/N), the signal window (SW) and the zeta factor Z' in accordance with published bioassay guidelines. The enzymatic reaction was performed in 96-well plates and DHT formation was determined by LC-MS. S/B, S/N, SW and Z' factor were well above acceptable criteria and the reproducibility was good using Z' factor other 3days and further validated by dutasteride and finasteride inhibition. The method was successfully applied to quantify S5αR inhibitory activity of some Thai herbal extracts. Two plant extracts, Impatiens balsamina L. and Curcuma longa L. showed IC50 at 5.4±0.2 and 9.0±1.2μgmL-1 and are therefore promising sources of new S5αR inhibitors. The assay has high selectability and reproducibility and suited to medium throughput screening required by phytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Karma Rabgay
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nantaka Khorana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Centre, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
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8
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Cabeza M, Sánchez-Márquez A, Garrido M, Silva A, Bratoeff E. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Drug Discovery for Androgen- Dependent Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:792-815. [PMID: 26861003 PMCID: PMC5412001 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160210125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the importance of different targets such as 5α-reductase, 17β-HSD, CYP17A, androgen receptor and protein kinase A for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a well known fact that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is associated with the development of androgen-dependent afflictions. At the present time, several research groups are attempting to develop new steroidal and non-steroidal molecules with the purpose of inhibiting the synthesis and biological response of DHT. This review also discusses the most recent studies reported in the literature that describe the therapeutic potential of novel compounds, as well as the new drugs, principally inhibitors of 5α-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento De Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco Calzada Del Hueso No. 1100, México, D.F., C.P. 04960, México.
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9
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Yazdani-Arazi SN, Ghanbarzadeh S, Adibkia K, Kouhsoltani M, Hamishehkar H. Histological evaluation of follicular delivery of arginine via nanostructured lipid carriers: a novel potential approach for the treatment of alopecia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 45:1379-1387. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1241794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Narjes Yazdani-Arazi
- Biotechnology Research Center and Students’ Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Ghanbarzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research Team, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Activity landscape analysis of novel 5$$\upalpha $$-reductase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2016; 20:771-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Silva-Ortiz AV, Bratoeff E, Ramírez-Apan T, Heuze Y, Sánchez A, Soriano J, Cabeza M. Synthesis and activity of novel 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate derivatives as inhibitors of type 1 5α-reductase and on cancer cell line SK-LU-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:7535-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Chávez-Riveros A, Bratoeff E, Heuze Y, Soriano J, Moreno I, Sánchez-Márquez A, Cabeza M. Synthesis and Identification of Pregnenolone Derivatives as Inhibitors of Isozymes of 5α-Reductase. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:808-816. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Chávez-Riveros
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal; México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Eugene Bratoeff
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal; México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Yvonne Heuze
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México; México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Juan Soriano
- Departamento de Patología; Hospital General de México; México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Isabel Moreno
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México; México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Araceli Sánchez-Márquez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México; México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Ciudad de México; México, D. F. Mexico
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13
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Hamishehkar H, Ghanbarzadeh S, Sepehran S, Javadzadeh Y, Adib ZM, Kouhsoltani M. Histological assessment of follicular delivery of flutamide by solid lipid nanoparticles: potential tool for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:846-53. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1062896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
| | - Saeed Ghanbarzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran,
| | - Sasan Sepehran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Dermatology & Dermopharmacy Research Team and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran,
| | - Zahra Mardhiah Adib
- Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, and
| | - Maryam Kouhsoltani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Thareja S. Steroidal 5α-Reductase Inhibitors: A Comparative 3D-QSAR Study Review. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2883-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5005953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Thareja
- School
of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495 009, India
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15
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Garrido M, González-Arenas A, Camacho-Arroyo I, Cabeza M, Alcaraz B, Bratoeff E. Effect of new hybrids based on 5,16-pregnadiene scaffold linked to an anti-inflammatory drug on the growth of a human astrocytoma cell line (U373). Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Patel S, Nag MK, Sharma V, Chauhan NS, Dixit V. A comparative in vivo and in vitro evaluation of hair growth potential of extracts and an isolate from petroleum ether extract of Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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17
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Synthesis and cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines and macrophages of novel progesterone derivatives having an ester or a carbamate function at C-3 and C-17. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:498-505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Salvador JAR, Pinto RMA, Silvestre SM. Steroidal 5α-reductase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitors useful in the treatment of prostatic diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:199-222. [PMID: 23688836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of steroidal inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis as potential weapons in the treatment of prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer will be reviewed. Two enzymes have been targeted in the development of inhibitors that potentially could be useful in the management of such conditions. 5α-Reductase is primarily of interest in benign prostatic disease, though some role in the chemoprevention of prostatic carcinoma have been considered, whereas the 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) enzyme is of interest in the treatment of malignant disease. An overview of the main achievements obtained during the past years will be presented, however special focus will be made on steroidal molecules that reached clinical trials or have been commercially launched. Relevant examples of such drugs are finasteride, dutasteride, abiraterone acetate and galeterone (TOK-001, formerly known as VN/124-1). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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19
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Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M. Hair loss and herbs for treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12:210-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Lourith
- School of Cosmetic Science; Mae Fah Luang University; Chiang Rai Thailand
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20
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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21
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Kakati D, Sarma RK, Saikia R, Barua NC, Sarma JC. Rapid microwave assisted synthesis and antimicrobial bioevaluation of novel steroidal chalcones. Steroids 2013; 78:321-6. [PMID: 23287649 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of chalconoyl pregnenolones has been prepared via Claisen-Schmidt condensation under microwave activation and solvent free reaction conditions. The compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity against two bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli and two fungal strains Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Some of the compounds exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the microbial strains. Presence of the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety in the synthesized compounds was found to be essential for the activity as manipulation of the same through epoxidation of the double bond diminished the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwipen Kakati
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam, India.
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22
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Kaore SN, Langade DK, Yadav VK, Sharma P, Thawani VR, Sharma R. Novel actions of progesterone: what we know today and what will be the scenario in the future? J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1040-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This article is aimed to review the novel actions of progesterone, which otherwise is considered as a female reproductive hormone. The article focuses on its important physiological actions in males too and gives an overview of its novel perspectives in disorders of central and peripheral nervous system.
Key findings
Progesterone may have a potential benefit in treatment of traumatic brain injury, various neurological disorders and male related diseases like benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostate cancer and osteoporosis. Norethisterone (NETA), a progesterone derivative, decreases bone mineral loss in male castrated mice suggesting its role in osteoporosis. In the future, progesterone may find use as a male contraceptive too, but still needs confirmatory trials for safety, tolerability and acceptability. Megestrol acetate, a progesterone derivative is preferred in prostatic cancer. Further, it may find utility in nicotine addiction, traumatic brain injury (recently entered Phase III trial) and Alzheimer's disease, diabetic neuropathy and crush injuries. Studies also suggest role of progesterone in stroke, for which further clinical trials are needed. The non genomic actions of progesterone may be in part responsible for these novel actions.
Summary
Although progesterone has shown promising role in various non-hormonal benefits, further clinical studies are needed to prove its usefulness in conditions like stroke, traumatic brain injury, neuropathy and crush injury. In male related illnesses like BPH and prostatic Ca, it may prove a boon in near future. New era of hormonal male contraception may be initiated by use of progesterone along with testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa N Kaore
- Department of Pharmacology, Peoples College of Medical Sciences & Research Center, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Langade
- Department of Pharmacology, Peoples College of Medical Sciences & RC, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, Peoples College of Medical Sciences & RC, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parag Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Peoples College of Medical Sciences & RC, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay R Thawani
- Department of Pharmacology, VCSG GMSRI, Srinagar and Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Raj Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Govt medical College, Jagdalpur, Chhatisgarh, India
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23
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Synthesis and 5α-reductase inhibitory activity of C₂₁ steroids having 1,4-diene or 4,6-diene 20-ones and 4-azasteroid 20-oximes. Molecules 2011; 17:355-68. [PMID: 22210173 PMCID: PMC6268135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of 5α-reductase inhibitory activity of some 4-azasteroid-20-ones and 20-oximes and 3β-hydroxy-, 3β-acetoxy-, or epoxy-substituted C₂₁ steroidal 20-ones and 20-oximes having double bonds in the A and/or B ring are described. Inhibitory activity of synthesized compounds was assessed using 5α-reductase enzyme and [1,2,6,7-³H]testosterone as substrate. All synthesized compounds were less active than finasteride (IC₅₀: 1.2 nM). Three 4-azasteroid-2-oximes (compounds 4, 6 and 8) showed good inhibitory activity (IC₅₀: 26, 10 and 11 nM) and were more active than corresponding 4-azasteroid 20-ones (compounds 3, 5 and 7). 3β-Hydroxy-, 3β-acetoxy- and 1α,2α-, 5α,6α- or 6α,7α-epoxysteroid-20-one and -20-oxime derivatives having double bonds in the A and/or B ring showed no inhibition of 5α-reductase enzyme.
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24
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Arellano Y, Bratoeff E, Garrido M, Soriano J, Heuze Y, Cabeza M. New ester derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone as 5α-reductase inhibitors. Steroids 2011; 76:1241-6. [PMID: 21729714 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize different ester derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone with therapeutic potential as antiandrogens. The biological effect of these steroids was demonstrated in in vivo as well as in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiments, we measured the activity of seven steroids on the weight of the prostate and seminal vesicles of gonadectomized hamsters treated with testosterone. For the in vitro studies, we determined the IC(50) values by measuring the concentration of the steroidal derivatives that inhibits 50% of the activity of 5α-reductase present in human prostate and also its binding capacity to the androgen receptors (AR) obtained from rat's prostate cytosol. The results from these experiments indicated that compounds 7 5α,6β-dibromo-3β-propanoyloxyandrostan-17-one, 8 5α,6β-dibromo-3β-butanoyloxyandrostan-17-one and 9 5α,6β-dibromo-3β-(3'-oxapentanoyloxy)-androstan-17-one, significantly decreased the weight of the prostate and seminal vesicles as compared to testosterone treated animals; this reduction of the weight of these glands was comparable to that produced by Finasteride 11. On the other hand, compounds 4 3β-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one, 5 3β-hexanoyloxyandrost-5-en-17-one 6 3β-(3'-oxapentanoyloxy)-androst-5-en-17-one, 7 and 12 dehydroepiandrosterone, (commercially available) inhibited the enzyme 5α-reductase. Compounds 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 (IC(50) values of 5.2±1.2, 0.049±0.002, 6.4±1.1, 0.10±0.045, and 6.8±0.9 nM, respectively) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity. However, none of these compounds binds to the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Arellano
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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25
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Andrade L, de Almeida M, Paixão J, Carvalho J, Sá e Melo M. 3β,5α,6β-Trihy-droxy-androstan-17-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o1056-7. [PMID: 21754383 PMCID: PMC3089281 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811011706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C(19)H(30)O(4), is an androstan-17-one derivative synthesized from the dehydro-epiandrosterone through a sequential addition of an oxidant, followed by a trans-diaxial opening of the epoxide generated, with Bi(OTf)(3) (OTf is trifluoro-methane-sulfonate). The six-membered rings have a slightly flattened chair conformation, while the five-membered ring adopts a 14-α envelope conformation. All rings are trans fused. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are connected by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, forming a three-dimensional network. A quantum mechanical ab initio Roothan Hartree-Fock calculation of the free mol-ecule gives bond lengths, valency angles and ring torsion angles of the free molecule at equilibrium geometry (energy minimum) close to the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.C.R. Andrade
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M.J.B.M. de Almeida
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J.A. Paixão
- CEMDRX, Department of Physics, University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - J.F.S. Carvalho
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M.L. Sá e Melo
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, P-3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, P-3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Aza-annulation on the 16-dehydropregnenolone, via tandem intermolecular Aldol process and intramolecular Michael addition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2232-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic esters based on 4,16-pregnadiene-6,20-dione skeleton. Chem Cent J 2010; 4:18. [PMID: 21143843 PMCID: PMC3004896 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-4-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new aromatic esters based on 4,16-pregnadiene-6,20-dione skeleton, namely 3β-benzoyloxy-4,16-pregnadiene-6,20-dione and 3β-furoyloxy-4,16-pregnadiene- 6,20-dione, which may be good inhibitors for the 5α-reductase enzyme and show high antiandrogenic activity, were synthesized starting from diosgenin. The structures of the steroids were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and mass spectrum. Single crystal X-ray diffraction measurement on one of the new compounds, 3β-(p-methoxybenzoyloxy)-4,16-pregnadiene-6,20-dione revealed that the A, B, C, and D ring adopted half chair, distorted chair, distorted chair, and distorted envelope conformation, respectively. The molecules in the crystal were packed face-to-face at the normal van der Waals distances.
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28
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Aggarwal S, Thareja S, Bhardwaj TR, Kumar M. Self-organizing molecular field analysis on pregnane derivatives as human steroidal 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. Steroids 2010; 75:411-8. [PMID: 20170668 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 01/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal growth and development of human prostate is regulated by the androgens which balances cell proliferation and apoptosis. Testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the two key androgens that stimulate most of the androgen action in prostate. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the membrane bound NADPH-dependent 5alpha-reductase enzyme. As a consequence of the important observation that progesterone and deoxycortisone inhibits the synthesis of DHT by competing with 4-en-3-one function of the testosterone for the 5alpha-reductase enzyme a number of pregnane derivatives were synthesized and have been reported as inhibitors of human 5alpha-reductase enzyme. Due to lack of information on the crystal structure of human 5alpha-reductase, ligand-based 3D-QSAR study has been performed on pregnane derivatives using self-organizing molecular field analysis (SOMFA) for rationalizing the molecular properties and human 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activities. The statistical results having good cross-validated r(cv)(2) (0.881), non-cross-validated r(2) (0.893) and F-test value (175.527), showed satisfied predictive ability r(pred)(2) (0.777). Analysis of SOMFA models through electrostatic and shape grids provide useful information for the design and optimization of steroidal structure as novel human 5alpha-reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Aggarwal
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, U.T., India
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29
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Kim S, Ma E. Synthesis of pregnane derivatives, their cytotoxicity on LNCap and PC-3 cells, and screening on 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity. Molecules 2009; 14:4655-68. [PMID: 19924093 PMCID: PMC6255262 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of epoxy- and/or 20-oxime pregnanes were synthesized from commercially available pregnenolone. Compounds 1, 3, 7, 8 and 11-13 were evaluated for cytotoxicity activity towards LNCaP (androgen-dependent) and PC-3 (androgen-independent) prostate cancer cells. Compound 13 showed the highest activity on both LNCaP (IC50 15.17 μM) and PC-3 (IC50 11.83 μM) cell lines. Compound 11 showed weak activity on LNCaP cells (IC 50 71.85 μM) and 8 showed the weak activity on PC-3 cells (IC50 68.95 μM), respectively. The 5α-reductase II (5AR2) inhibitory effects of compounds 1-3, 5 and 7-13 were investigated in a convenient screening model, in which compounds 5, 8, 11 and 12 were observed to be potential inhibitors of 5α-reductase, in particular, the 4-azasteroid 11, that also inhibited cell proliferation of androgen-dependent cells and 8, that in addition inhibited PC-3 cells more potently than LNCaP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eunsook Ma
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-53-850-3621, Fax: +82-53-850-3602
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30
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Bratoeff E, Zambrano A, Heuze I, Palacios A, Ramírez D, Cabeza M. Synthesis and biological activity of progesterone derivatives as 5α-reductase inhibitors, and their effect on hamster prostate weight. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 25:306-11. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903179401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bratoeff
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F., México
| | - Armando Zambrano
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D. F., México
| | - Ivonne Heuze
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México D. F., México
| | - Anay Palacios
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México D. F., México
| | - Daniela Ramírez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México D. F., México
| | - Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos y de Producción Agrícola y Animal Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México D. F., México
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31
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Bratoeff E, Segura T, Recillas S, Carrizales E, Palacios A, Heuze I, Cabeza M. Aromatic esters of progesterone as 5α-reductase and prostate growth inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2009; 24:655-62. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802323720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bratoeff
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Tania Segura
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Sergio Recillas
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Eric Carrizales
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Anay Palacios
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Ivonne Heuze
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Marisa Cabeza
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production, Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico D.F., Mexico
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32
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Carvalho JFS, Cruz Silva MM, Moreira JN, Simões S, Sá e Melo ML. Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis, Cytotoxic Evaluation, and SAR of Epoxysterols. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4007-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João F. S. Carvalho
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Manuel Cruz Silva
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João N. Moreira
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Simões
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Sá e Melo
- Centro de Estudos Farmacêuticos, Laboratório Quíımica Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal, Center for Neurosciense and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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Carvalho JF, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Highly efficient epoxidation of unsaturated steroids using magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pandit S, Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. Effect ofCuscuta reflexaRoxb on androgen-induced alopecia. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008; 7:199-204. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Bratoeff E, Cabeza M, Pérez-Ornelas V, Recillas S, Heuze I. In vivo and in vitro effect of novel 4,16-pregnadiene-6,20-dione derivatives, as 5alpha-reductase inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 111:275-81. [PMID: 18644453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of several new 3-substituted pregna-4,16-diene-6,20-dione derivatives (11a-11d). These compounds were prepared from the commercially available 16-dehydropregnenolone acetate. The biological effect of these steroids was demonstrated in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiments, we measured the activity of the 11a-11d on the weight of the prostate gland of gonadectomized hamsters treated with testosterone plus finasteride or with the new steroids. For the studies in vitro, we determined the IC50 values by measuring the steroid concentration that inhibits 50% of the activity of 5alpha-reductase present in human prostate. In order to study the mechanism of action of 11a-11d, we also determined the capacity of these steroids to bind to the androgen receptor (AR) present in the rat prostate cytosol using labeled mibolerone as a tracer. The results from this work indicated that compounds 11a-11d significantly decreased the weight of the prostate as compared to testosterone treated animals and this reduction of the weight of the prostate was comparable to that produced by the finasteride. On the other hand 11a-11d exhibited a high inhibitory activity for the human 5alpha-reductase enzyme with IC50 values of 1.4 x 10(-8), 1.8 x 10(-9), 1.0 x 10(-8) and 4 x 10(-5) respectively. However the IC50 value of 11a (1.8 x 10(-9)) was the only one lower than that of finasteride (8.5 x 10(-9)). Nevertheless this compound did not show a higher potency in vivo as compared to that of compounds 11b-11d. The competition analysis for the androgen receptor indicated that the IC50 value of non-labeled mibolerone used in this experiment was 1nM, whereas steroids 10, 11a-11d did not inhibit the labeled mibolerone binding to the androgen receptor. On the other hand, steroid 10 did not show any activities in vitro or in vivo, and for this reason these steroidal derivatives (11a-11d) cannot be considered as prodrugs of compound 10. In conclusion, the compounds containing chlorine 11a, bromine 11b, iodine 11c atoms, and 11d (without any substituent in the ester moiety) at C-3 produce a significant decrease of the prostate weight in castrated animals treated with T and inhibits the activity of the 5alpha-reductase. Apparently the presence of the halogen atoms in compounds 11a-11c enhances the inhibitory activity for the 5alpha-reductase enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Bratoeff
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico City, Mexico D.F., Mexico
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Cabeza M, Bratoeff E, Ramírez E, Heuze I, Recillas S, Berrios H, Cruz A, Cabrera O, Perez V. Biological activity of novel progesterone derivatives having a bulky ester side chains at C-3. Steroids 2008; 73:838-43. [PMID: 18472120 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antiandrogens are widely used agents for the treatment of androgen dependent diseases as inhibitors of androgen receptors (AR) action. Although the precise mechanism of antiandrogen action is not yet elucidated, recent studies indicate the involvement of the structure of the ligand in relation with the nuclear co-repressors. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between logP (the partition coefficient) of four pregnane derivatives 9a-9d and their biological activity. For this purpose, we determined the relative binding affinity (RBA) of steroids 9a-9d to androgen receptor (AR) obtained from rat prostate cytosol, using labeled mibolerone (MIB) as ligand. The IC(50) value of each compound was calculated according to the plots of concentration versus percentage of binding. The in vivo effect of 9a-9d was determined on the weight of the prostate and seminal vesicles from castrated hamsters treated with dihydrotestosterone. The four compounds bind to the androgen receptor with different relative binding affinity (RBA). Compound 9d having a logP of 4.17 showed the highest RBA>100% as compared to compound 9a having a logP of 2.92 which exhibited a RBA of only 2.85%. These data show a very good correlation between the lipophilicity of these compounds represented by logP and the percentage of RBA. The in vivo experiments showed that all new compound 9a-9d reduced the weight of the prostate gland as well as the seminal vesicles. Steroids 9c and 9d having a logP of 3.75 and 4.17, respectively, showed the highest antiandrogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Department of Biological Systems and Animal Production Metropolitan University-Xochimilco, Mexico DF, Mexico.
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Sethi A, Maurya A, Tewari V, Srivastava S, Faridi S, Bhatia G, Khan MM, Khanna AK, Saxena JK. Expeditious and convenient synthesis of pregnanes and its glycosides as potential anti-dyslipidemic and anti-oxidant agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4520-7. [PMID: 17485213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of new pregnane derivatives and its glycosides were synthesized in order to find new 'leads' against some important targets. The 3beta-hydroxy-16alpha-(2-hydroxy ethoxy) pregn-5-en-20-one (5) was synthesized from 3beta-hydroxy-5,16-pregnadiene-20-one (2) by adopting general modified procedure using BF(3):Et(2)O as a catalyst. Reduction of 5, with sodium borohydride yielded 3beta,20beta-dihydroxy-16alpha-(2-hydroxy ethoxy) pregn-5-en (7) as the major isolable product. O-alkylation of the C-20-oxime-pregnadiene (9) with 1,5-dibromopentane yielded 20-(O-5-bromopentyl)-oximino-3beta-hydroxy-pregn-5,16-diene (11). Synthesis of C-16 substituted pregnane glycosides (20) and (21) were accomplished with the imidate method using BF(3):Et(2)O. The synthesis of 4-chlorobenzoate (3) and 2-chlorobenzoate (4), derivatives of 2 were also accomplished. These compounds were evaluated for their anti-dyslipidemic and anti-oxidant activity and amongst them compounds 3 and 7 showed more lipid lowering and anti-oxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sethi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
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Hunter AC, Priest SM. An efficient one-pot synthesis generating 4-ene-3,6-dione functionalised steroids from steroidal 5-en-3beta-ols using a modified Jones oxidation methodology. Steroids 2006; 71:30-3. [PMID: 16183090 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroids with 4-ene-3,6-dione functionality have application in natural product chemistry, as synthetic intermediates and as aromatase inhibitors. Here, we report a two-phase oxidation of a range of steroidal 5-en-3beta-ols into corresponding 4-ene-3,6-diones using a modified Jones oxidation. The new reaction affords high yields (77-89%) of product in relatively short reaction times (1-2h). The simplicity of this reaction gives significant advantages over previously reported methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christy Hunter
- Molecular Targeting and Polymer Toxicology Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, UK.
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