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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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2
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Cen YK, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Meng XF, Li Y, Xiang C, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Not exclusively the activity, but the sweet spot: a dehydrogenase point mutation synergistically boosts activity, substrate tolerance, thermal stability and yield. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3009-3018. [PMID: 38529785 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic activity is undoubtedly a key focus in enzyme engineering. The complicated reaction conditions hinder some enzymes from industrialization even though they have relatively promising activity. This has occurred to some dehydrogenases. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) specifically catalyze the conversion between hydroxyl and keto groups, and hold immense potential in the synthesis of steroid medicines. We underscored the importance of 7α-HSDH activity, and analyzed the overall robustness and underlying mechanisms. Employing a high-throughput screening approach, we comprehensively assessed a mutation library, and obtained a mutant with enhanced enzymatic activity and overall stability/tolerance. The superior mutant (I201M) was identified to harbor improved thermal stability, substrate susceptibility, cofactor affinity, as well as the yield. This mutant displayed a 1.88-fold increase in enzymatic activity, a 1.37-fold improvement in substrate tolerance, and a 1.45-fold increase in thermal stability when compared with the wild type (WT) enzyme. The I201M mutant showed a 2.25-fold increase in the kcat/KM ratio (indicative of a stronger binding affinity for the cofactor). This mutant did not exhibit the highest enzyme activity compared with all the tested mutants, but these improved characteristics contributed synergistically to the highest yield. When a substrate at 100 mM was present, the 24 h yield by I201M reached 89.7%, significantly higher than the 61.2% yield elicited by the WT enzyme. This is the first report revealing enhancement of the catalytic efficiency, cofactor affinity, substrate tolerance, and thermal stability of NAD(H)-dependent 7α-HSDH through a single-point mutation. The mutated enzyme reached the highest enzymatic activity of 7α-HSDH ever reported. High enzymatic activity is undoubtedly crucial for enabling the industrialization of an enzyme. Our findings demonstrated that, when compared with other mutants boasting even higher enzymatic activity, mutants with excellent overall robustness were superior for industrial applications. This principle was exemplified by highly active enzymes such as 7α-HSDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ke Cen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Fu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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3
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Song P, Zhang X, Feng W, Xu W, Wu C, Xie S, Yu S, Fu R. Biological synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1140662. [PMID: 36910199 PMCID: PMC9998936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1140662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a fundamental treatment drug for numerous hepatobiliary diseases that also has adjuvant therapeutic effects on certain cancers and neurological diseases. Chemical UDCA synthesis is environmentally unfriendly with low yields. Biological UDCA synthesis by free-enzyme catalysis or whole-cell synthesis using inexpensive and readily available chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), cholic acid (CA), or lithocholic acid (LCA) as substrates is being developed. The free enzyme-catalyzed one-pot, one-step/two-step method uses hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH); whole-cell synthesis, mainly uses engineered bacteria (mainly Escherichia coli) expressing the relevant HSDHs. To further develop these methods, HSDHs with specific coenzyme dependence, high enzyme activity, good stability, and high substrate loading concentration, P450 monooxygenase with C-7 hydroxylation activity and engineered strain harboring HSDHs must be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.,Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Chaoyun Wu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Shaoqing Xie
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Sisi Yu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanchang, China
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4
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Favale N, Costa S, Scapoli C, Carrieri A, Sabbioni S, Tamburini E, Benazzo A, Bernacchia G. Reconstruction of Acinetobacter johnsonii ICE_NC genome using hybrid de novo genome assemblies and identification of the 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1506-1519. [PMID: 35686660 PMCID: PMC9540589 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The role of a Acinetobacter johnsonii strain, isolated from a soil sample, in the biotransformation of bile acids (BAs) was already described but the enzymes responsible for these transformations were only partially purified and molecularly characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS This study describes the use of hybrid de novo assemblies, that combine long-read Oxford Nanopore and short-read Illumina sequencing strategies, to reconstruct the entire genome of A. johnsonii ICE_NC strain and to identify the coding region for a 12α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (12α-HSDH), involved in BAs metabolism. The de novo assembly of the A. johnsonii ICE_NC genome was generated using Canu and Unicycler, both strategies yielded a circular chromosome of about 3.6 Mb and one 117 kb long plasmid. Gene annotation was performed on the final assemblies and the gene for 12α-HSDH was detected on the plasmid. CONCLUSIONS Our findings illustrate the added value of long read sequencing in addressing the challenges of whole genome characterization and plasmid reconstruction in bacteria. These approaches also allowed the identification of the A. johnsonii ICE_NC gene for the 12α-HSDH enzyme, whose activity was confirmed at the biochemical level. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OR THE STUDY At present, this is the first report on the characterization of a 12α-HSDH gene in an A. johnsonii strain able to biotransform cholic acid into ursodeoxycholic acid, a promising therapeutic agent for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Favale
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Costa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Carrieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Andrea Benazzo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bernacchia
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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5
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Yi D, Bayer T, Badenhorst CPS, Wu S, Doerr M, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT. Recent trends in biocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8003-8049. [PMID: 34142684 PMCID: PMC8288269 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone revolutionary progress in the past century. Benefited by the integration of multidisciplinary technologies, natural enzymatic reactions are constantly being explored. Protein engineering gives birth to robust biocatalysts that are widely used in industrial production. These research achievements have gradually constructed a network containing natural enzymatic synthesis pathways and artificially designed enzymatic cascades. Nowadays, the development of artificial intelligence, automation, and ultra-high-throughput technology provides infinite possibilities for the discovery of novel enzymes, enzymatic mechanisms and enzymatic cascades, and gradually complements the lack of remaining key steps in the pathway design of enzymatic total synthesis. Therefore, the research of biocatalysis is gradually moving towards the era of novel technology integration, intelligent manufacturing and enzymatic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mark Doerr
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
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6
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Guzior DV, Quinn RA. Review: microbial transformations of human bile acids. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:140. [PMID: 34127070 PMCID: PMC8204491 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids play key roles in gut metabolism, cell signaling, and microbiome composition. While the liver is responsible for the production of primary bile acids, microbes in the gut modify these compounds into myriad forms that greatly increase their diversity and biological function. Since the early 1960s, microbes have been known to transform human bile acids in four distinct ways: deconjugation of the amino acids glycine or taurine, and dehydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and epimerization of the cholesterol core. Alterations in the chemistry of these secondary bile acids have been linked to several diseases, such as cirrhosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. In addition to the previously known transformations, a recent study has shown that members of our gut microbiota are also able to conjugate amino acids to bile acids, representing a new set of "microbially conjugated bile acids." This new finding greatly influences the diversity of bile acids in the mammalian gut, but the effects on host physiology and microbial dynamics are mostly unknown. This review focuses on recent discoveries investigating microbial mechanisms of human bile acids and explores the chemical diversity that may exist in bile acid structures in light of the new discovery of microbial conjugations. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas V. Guzior
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Robert A. Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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7
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Grobe S, Badenhorst CPS, Bayer T, Hamnevik E, Wu S, Grathwol CW, Link A, Koban S, Brundiek H, Großjohann B, Bornscheuer UT. Modifikation der Regioselektivität einer P450‐Monooxygenase ermöglicht die Synthese von Ursodeoxycholsäure durch die 7β‐Hydroxylierung von Lithocholsäure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grobe
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Emil Hamnevik
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Shuke Wu
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Christoph W. Grathwol
- Institut für Pharmazie Universität Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Andreas Link
- Institut für Pharmazie Universität Greifswald Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Sven Koban
- Enzymicals AG Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Henrike Brundiek
- Enzymicals AG Walther-Rathenau-Str. 49 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Beatrice Großjohann
- HERBRAND PharmaChemicals GmbH, Betriebsstätte Anklam An der Redoute 1 17390 Murchin Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Abteilung für Biotechnologie und Enzymkatalyse Institut für Biochemie Universität Greifswald Felix Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
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8
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Grobe S, Badenhorst CPS, Bayer T, Hamnevik E, Wu S, Grathwol CW, Link A, Koban S, Brundiek H, Großjohann B, Bornscheuer UT. Engineering Regioselectivity of a P450 Monooxygenase Enables the Synthesis of Ursodeoxycholic Acid via 7β-Hydroxylation of Lithocholic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:753-757. [PMID: 33085147 PMCID: PMC7839452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We engineered the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP107D1 (OleP) from Streptomyces antibioticus for the stereo- and regioselective 7β-hydroxylation of lithocholic acid (LCA) to yield ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). OleP was previously shown to hydroxylate testosterone at the 7β-position but LCA is exclusively hydroxylated at the 6β-position, forming murideoxycholic acid (MDCA). Structural and 3DM analysis, and molecular docking were used to identify amino acid residues F84, S240, and V291 as specificity-determining residues. Alanine scanning identified S240A as a UDCA-producing variant. A synthetic "small but smart" library based on these positions was screened using a colorimetric assay for UDCA. We identified a nearly perfectly regio- and stereoselective triple mutant (F84Q/S240A/V291G) that produces 10-fold higher levels of UDCA than the S240A variant. This biocatalyst opens up new possibilities for the environmentally friendly synthesis of UDCA from the biological waste product LCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Grobe
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Emil Hamnevik
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoph W. Grathwol
- Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GreifswaldFriedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 1717487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GreifswaldFriedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 1717487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Sven Koban
- Enzymicals AGWalther-Rathenau-Str. 4917487GreifswaldGermany
| | | | - Beatrice Großjohann
- HERBRAND PharmaChemicals GmbH, Betriebsstätte AnklamAn der Redoute 117390MurchinGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldFelix Hausdorff-Str. 417487GreifswaldGermany
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Vasiljević BR, Petri ET, Bekić SS, Ćelić AS, Grbović LM, Pavlović KJ. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of bile acid derivatives and evaluation of glucocorticoid receptor binding. RSC Med Chem 2020; 12:278-287. [PMID: 34046616 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present microwave-assisted AlCl3 catalyzed oxidation of bile acid hydroxyl groups in the presence of Oxone® in water media. Significant rate enhancements were observed for Wolff-Kishner reduction of synthesized bile acids oxo derivatives to the 5β-cholanic acid. Reaction of amidation of the simplest bile acid and aminolysis of the deoxycholic acid was accomplished in the absence of solvent and catalysts under sealed vessel microwave conditions. Because 5β-cholanic acid reportedly modulates glucocorticoid receptor signaling in cell models of Parkinson's disease, we tested the affinity of 5β-cholanic acid and deoxycholic acid derivatives for the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro using a yeast-based fluorescent screen. Treatment of GR-expressing yeast with prednisolone resulted in a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence; whereas 5β-cholanic acid binds to the glucocorticoid receptor with more moderate affinity. Similarly, molecular docking also suggests that 5β-cholanic acid can bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, with similar geometry to known GR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana R Vasiljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Edward T Petri
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Sofija S Bekić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Andjelka S Ćelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ljubica M Grbović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ksenija J Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
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10
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Liang YY, Huang H, Li Y, Du RK, Li J, Liu YH, Li S, Zhang L. Efficient synthesis of cholic acid derivates through stereoselective C-H functionalization from hyodeoxycholic acid. Steroids 2020; 157:108594. [PMID: 32068077 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Five cholic acid derivatives (including allo-ω-muricholic acid and CDCA) were synthesized from hyodeoxycholic acid via selective oxidation of C3- or C6-hydroxyl groups by IBX and NBS oxidants and stereocontrolled conversion. The hydroxyl group could be introduced through hydrolyzing α-Br keto with K2CO3 aqueous solution or through oxidizing the double bond by monoperoxyphthalic acid. The reduction of C6-O6 carbonyl to methylene could undergo with PTSH, NaBH3CN and ZnCl2 only at 5β configuration. A feasible synthetic route of CDCA from HDCA has been established to avoid the epimerization with the yield of 45% (8 steps). These strategies provided good yields, stereoselectivity and reproducibility for the preparation of cholic acid derivates and CDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yan Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huan Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Rong-Kai Du
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Medicine, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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11
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Shi S, You Z, Zhou K, Chen Q, Pan J, Qian X, Xu J, Li C. Efficient Synthesis of 12‐Oxochenodeoxycholic Acid Using a 12α‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase fromRhodococcus ruber. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shou‐Cheng Shi
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Neng You
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Pan
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao‐Long Qian
- Suzhou Bioforany EnzyTech Co. Ltd. No. 8 Yanjiuyuan Road, Economic Development Zone, Changshu Jiangsu 215512 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐He Xu
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
| | - Chun‐Xiu Li
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Synthetic Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, School of BiotechnologyEast China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 People's Republic of China
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12
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Tonin F, Otten LG, Arends IWCE. NAD + -Dependent Enzymatic Route for the Epimerization of Hydroxysteroids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3192-3203. [PMID: 30265441 PMCID: PMC6681466 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Epimerization of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid (CA and CDCA, respectively) is a notable conversion for the production of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Two enantiocomplementary hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (7α- and 7β-HSDHs) can carry out this transformation fully selectively by specific oxidation of the 7α-OH group of the substrate and subsequent reduction of the keto intermediate to the final product (7β-OH). With a view to developing robust and active biocatalysts, novel NADH-active 7β-HSDH species are necessary to enable a solely NAD+ -dependent redox-neutral cascade for UDCA production. A wild-type NADH-dependent 7β-HSDH from Lactobacillus spicheri (Ls7β-HSDH) was identified, recombinantly expressed, purified, and biochemically characterized. Using this novel NAD+ -dependent 7β-HSDH enzyme in combination with 7α-HSDH from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia permitted the biotransformations of CA and CDCA in the presence of catalytic amounts of NAD+ , resulting in high yields (>90 %) of UCA and UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Linda G. Otten
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityBudapestlaan 63584 CDUtrechtThe Netherlands
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13
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Tonin F, Alvarenga N, Ye JZ, Arends IWCE, Hanefeld U. Clean Enzymatic Oxidation of 12α‐Hydroxysteroids to 12‐Oxo‐Derivatives Catalyzed by Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Natália Alvarenga
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Zheng Ye
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W. C. E. Arends
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Present address: Faculty of Science Utrecht University Budapestlaan 6 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Hanefeld
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Chen X, Cui Y, Feng J, Wang Y, Liu X, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Flavin Oxidoreductase‐Mediated Regeneration of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide with Dioxygen and Catalytic Amount of Flavin Mononucleotide for One‐Pot Multi‐Enzymatic Preparation of Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhe Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes and Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Biocatalytic Technology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin 300308, People's Republic of China
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15
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Enhanced activity and substrate tolerance of 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by directed evolution for 7-ketolithocholic acid production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2665-2674. [PMID: 30734123 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
7-Ketolithocholic acid (7-KLCA) is an important intermediate for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). UDCA is the main effective component of bear bile powder that is used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of human cholesterol gallstones. 7α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (7α-HSDH) is the key enzyme used in the industrial production of 7-KLCA. Unfortunately, the natural 7α-HSDHs reported have difficulty meeting the requirements of industrial application, due to their poor activities and strong substrate inhibition. In this study, a directed evolution strategy combined with high-throughput screening was applied to improve the catalytic efficiency and tolerance of high substrate concentrations of NADP+-dependent 7α-HSDH from Clostridium absonum. Compared with the wild type, the best mutant (7α-3) showed 5.5-fold higher specific activity and exhibited 10-fold higher and 14-fold higher catalytic efficiency toward chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and NADP+, respectively. Moreover, 7α-3 also displayed significantly enhanced tolerance in the presence of high concentrations of substrate compared to the wild type. Owing to its improved catalytic efficiency and enhanced substrate tolerance, 7α-3 could efficiently biosynthesize 7-KLCA with a substrate loading of 100 mM, resulting in 99% yield of 7-KLCA at 2 h, in contrast to only 85% yield of 7-KLCA achieved for the wild type at 16 h.
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16
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Tonin F, Arends IWCE. Latest development in the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA): a critical review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:470-483. [PMID: 29520309 PMCID: PMC5827811 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a pharmaceutical ingredient widely used in clinics. As bile acid it solubilizes cholesterol gallstones and improves the liver function in case of cholestatic diseases. UDCA can be obtained from cholic acid (CA), which is the most abundant and least expensive bile acid available. The now available chemical routes for the obtainment of UDCA yield about 30% of final product. For these syntheses several protection and deprotection steps requiring toxic and dangerous reagents have to be performed, leading to the production of a series of waste products. In many cases the cholic acid itself first needs to be prepared from its taurinated and glycilated derivatives in the bile, thus adding to the complexity and multitude of steps involved of the synthetic process. For these reasons, several studies have been performed towards the development of microbial transformations or chemoenzymatic procedures for the synthesis of UDCA starting from CA or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). This promising approach led several research groups to focus their attention on the development of biotransformations with non-pathogenic, easy-to-manage microorganisms, and their enzymes. In particular, the enzymatic reactions involved are selective hydrolysis, epimerization of the hydroxy functions (by oxidation and subsequent reduction) and the specific hydroxylation and dehydroxylation of suitable positions in the steroid rings. In this minireview, we critically analyze the state of the art of the production of UDCA by several chemical, chemoenzymatic and enzymatic routes reported, highlighting the bottlenecks of each production step. Particular attention is placed on the precursors availability as well as the substrate loading in the process. Potential new routes and recent developments are discussed, in particular on the employment of flow-reactors. The latter technology allows to develop processes with shorter reaction times and lower costs for the chemical and enzymatic reactions involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Tonin
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel W C E Arends
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Long SL, Gahan CGM, Joyce SA. Interactions between gut bacteria and bile in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:54-65. [PMID: 28602676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and released into the intestine to aid the digestion of dietary lipids. The host enzymes that contribute to bile acid synthesis in the liver and the regulatory pathways that influence the composition of the total bile acid pool in the host have been well established. In addition, the gut microbiota provides unique contributions to the diversity of bile acids in the bile acid pool. Gut microbial enzymes contribute significantly to bile acid metabolism through deconjugation and dehydroxylation reactions to generate unconjugated bile acids and secondary bile acids. These microbial enzymes (which include bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and bile acid-inducible (BAI) enzymes) are essential for bile acid homeostasis in the host and represent a vital contribution of the gut microbiome to host health. Perturbation of the gut microbiota in disease states may therefore significantly influence bile acid signatures in the host, especially in the context of gastrointestinal or systemic disease. Given that bile acids are ligands for host cell receptors (including the FXR, TGR5 and Vitamin D Receptor) alterations to microbial enzymes and associated changes to bile acid signatures have significant consequences for the host. In this review we examine the contribution of microbial enzymes to the process of bile acid metabolism in the host and discuss the implications for microbe-host signalling in the context of C. difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease and other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Long
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Bakonyi D, Hummel W. Cloning, expression, and biochemical characterization of a novel NADP +-dependent 7α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Clostridium difficile and its application for the oxidation of bile acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 99:16-24. [PMID: 28193327 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a novel 7α-specific NADP+-dependent hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Clostridium difficile was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzyme was purified using an N-terminal hexa-his-tag and biochemically characterized. The optimum temperature is at 60°C, but the enzyme is inactivated at this temperature with a half-life time of 5min. Contrary to other known 7α-HSDHs, for example from Clostridium sardiniense or E. coli, the enzyme from C. difficile does not display a substrate inhibition. In order to demonstrate the applicability of this enzyme, a small-scale biotransformation of the bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) into 7-ketolithocholic acid (7-KLCA) was carried out with simultaneous regeneration of NADP+ using an NADPH oxidase that resulted in a complete conversion (<99%). Furthermore, by a structure-based site-directed mutagenesis, cofactor specificity of the 7α-HSDH from Clostridium difficile was altered to accept NAD(H). This mutant was biochemically characterized and compared to the wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
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19
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Costa S, Maldonado Rodriguez ME, Rugiero I, De Bastiani M, Medici A, Tamburini E, Pedrini P. Biotransformations of Bile Acids with Bacteria from Cayambe Slaughterhouse (Ecuador): Synthesis of Bendigoles. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:969-75. [PMID: 27358241 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformations of cholic acid (1a), deoxycholic acid (1b), and hyodeoxycholic acid (1c) to bendigoles and other metabolites with bacteria isolated from the rural slaughterhouse of Cayambe (Pichincha Province, Ecuador) were reported. The more active strains were characterized, and belong to the genera Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus. Various biotransformation products were obtained depending on bacteria and substrates. Cholic acid (1a) afforded the 3-oxo and 3-oxo-4-ene derivatives 2a and 3a (45% and 45%, resp.) with P. mendocina ECS10, 3,12-dioxo-4-ene derivative 4a (60%) with Rh. erythropolis ECS25, and 9,10-secosteroid 6 (15%) with Rh. erythropolis ECS12. Bendigole F (5a) was obtained in 20% with P. fragi ECS22. Deoxycholic acid (1b) gave 3-oxo derivative 2b with P. prosekii ECS1 and Rh. erythropolis ECS25 (20% and 61%, resp.), while 3-oxo-4-ene derivative 3b was obtained with P. prosekii ECS1 and P. mendocina ECS10 (22% and 95%, resp.). Moreover, P. fragi ECS9 afforded bendigole A (8b; 80%). Finally, P. mendocina ECS10 biotransformed hyodeoxycholic acid (1c) to 3-oxo derivative 2c (50%) and Rh. erythropolis ECS12 to 6α-hydroxy-3-oxo-23,24-dinor-5β-cholan-22-oic acid (9c, 66%). Bendigole G (5c; 13%) with P. prosekii ECS1 and bendigole H (8c) with P. prosekii ECS1 and Rh. erythropolis ECS12 (20% and 16%, resp.) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, IT-44121 Ferrara
| | | | - Irene Rugiero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-27, IT-44121 Ferrara
| | - Morena De Bastiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, IT-44121 Ferrara
| | - Alessandro Medici
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-27, IT-44121 Ferrara
| | - Elena Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, IT-44121 Ferrara
| | - Paola Pedrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, IT-44121 Ferrara
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20
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Miro P, Marin ML, Miranda MA. Radical-mediated dehydrogenation of bile acids by means of hydrogen atom transfer to triplet carbonyls. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2679-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02561c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to explore the potential of radical-mediated dehydrogenation of bile salts (BSs), which is reminiscent of the enzymatic action of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (HSDH).
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Miro
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)
- Departamento de Química. Universitat Politècnica de València
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - M. L. Marin
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)
- Departamento de Química. Universitat Politècnica de València
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - M. A. Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)
- Departamento de Química. Universitat Politècnica de València
- Valencia
- Spain
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21
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Eggert T, Bakonyi D, Hummel W. Enzymatic routes for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:11-21. [PMID: 25131646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, is used as a drug for the treatment of various liver diseases, the optimal dose comprises the range of 8-10mg/kg/day. For industrial syntheses, the structural complexity of this bile acid requires the use of an appropriate starting material as well as the application of regio- and enantio-selective enzymes for its derivatization. Most strategies for the synthesis start from cholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid. The latter requires the conversion of the hydroxyl group at C-7 from α- into β-position in order to obtain ursodeoxycholic acid. Cholic acid on the other hand does not only require the same epimerization reaction at C-7 but the removal of the hydroxyl group at C-12 as well. There are several bacterial regio- and enantio-selective hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDHs) to carry out the desired reactions, for example 7α-HSDHs from strains of Clostridium, Bacteroides or Xanthomonas, 7β-HSDHs from Clostridium, Collinsella, or Ruminococcus, or 12α-HSDH from Clostridium or from Eggerthella. However, all these bioconversion reactions need additional steps for the regeneration of the coenzymes. Selected multi-step reaction systems for the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Eggert
- evocatal GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Str. 10, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bakonyi
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany.
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22
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Costa S, Giovannini PP, Fantin G, Medici A, Pedrini P. New 9,10-Secosteroids from Biotransformations of Hyodeoxycholic Acid withRhodococcusspp. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Dangate PS, Salunke CL, Akamanchi KG. Regioselective oxidation of cholic acid and its 7β epimer by using o-iodoxybenzoic acid. Steroids 2011; 76:1397-9. [PMID: 21820458 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rational exploration directed by DFT (density functional theory) based atomic Fukui indices, lead to development of regioselective oxidation of cholic acid and its 7β epimer by o-iodoxybenzoic acid. In case of cholic acid only, 7α-hydroxyl underwent oxidation, where as in its 7β epimer the selectivity was towards 12α-hydroxy group. Since these oxidations are the key steps in synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid starting from cholic acid these findings may be useful in devising a protection free synthetic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad S Dangate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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24
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Monti D, Ottolina G, Carrea G, Riva S. Redox Reactions Catalyzed by Isolated Enzymes. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4111-40. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100334x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ottolina
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Carrea
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Sergio Riva
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QJ, UK
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