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Wang T, Xu H, Wu S, Guo Y, Zhao G, Wang D. Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of the Green Tea Polyphenol EGCG in Sarcopenia Prevention and Management. J Agric Food Chem 2023. [PMID: 37316469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is prevalent among the older population and severely affects human health. Tea catechins may benefit for skeletal muscle performance and protect against secondary sarcopenia. However, the mechanisms underlying their antisarcopenic effect are still not fully understood. Despite initial successes in animal and early clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin of green tea, many challenges, problems, and unanswered questions remain. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the potential role and underlying mechanisms of EGCG in sarcopenia prevention and management. We thoroughly review the general biological activities and general effects of EGCG on skeletal muscle performance, EGCG's antisarcopenic mechanisms, and recent clinical evidence of the aforesaid effects and mechanisms. We also address safety issues and provide directions for future studies. The possible concerted actions of EGCG indicate the need for further studies on sarcopenia prevention and management in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 212000 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangshan Zhao
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, 212100 Zhenjiang, China
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2
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Hu X, Li X, Deng P, Zhang Y, Liu R, Cai D, Xu Q, Jiang X, Sun J, Bai W. The consequence and mechanism of dietary flavonoids on androgen profiles and disorders amelioration. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11327-11350. [PMID: 35796699 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2090893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Androgen is a kind of steroid hormone that plays a vital role in reproductive system and homeostasis of the body. Disrupted androgen balance serves as the causal contributor to a series of physiological disorders and even diseases. Flavonoids, as an extremely frequent family of natural polyphenols, exist widely in plants and foods and have received great attention when considering their inevitable consumption and estrogen-like effects. Mounting evidence illustrates that flavonoids have a propensity to interfere with androgen synthesis and metabolism, and also have a designated improvement effect on androgen disorders. Therefore, flavonoids were divided into six subclasses based on the structural feature in this paper, and the literature about their effects on androgens published in the past ten years was summarized. It could be concluded that flavonoids have the potential to regulate androgen levels and biological effects, mainly by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, androgen synthesis and metabolism, androgen binding with its receptors and membrane receptors, and antioxidant effects. The faced challenges about androgen regulation by flavonoids masterly include target mechanism exploration, individual heterogeneity, food matrixes interaction, and lack of clinical study. This review also provides a scientific basis for nutritional intervention using flavonoids to improve androgen disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xusheng Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Pan Deng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ruijing Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Based Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dongbao Cai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qingjie Xu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xinwei Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianxia Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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3
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El Tabaa MM, Sokkar SS, Ramdan ES, El Salam IZA, Anis A. Does ( -)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate protect the neurotoxicity induced by bisphenol A in vivo? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:32190-32203. [PMID: 35013969 PMCID: PMC9054912 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the chemicals that is firmly accompanied by hippocampal neuronal injury. As oxidative stress appears to be a major contributor to neurotoxicity induced by BPA, antioxidants with remarkable neuroprotective effects can play a valuable protective role. Around the world, ( -)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was one of the most popular antioxidants that could exert a beneficial neuroprotective role. Here, we examined the potential efficiency of EGCG against neurotoxicity induced by BPA in the hippocampal CA3 region of the rat model. This study revealed that EGCG was unable to abrogate the significant decrease in circulating adiponectin level and hippocampal superoxide dismutase activity as well as an increase in hippocampal levels of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. Notably, EGCG failed to antagonize the oxidative inhibitory effect of BPA on hippocampal neurotransmission and its associated cognitive deficits. In addition, the histopathological examination with immunohistochemical detection of caspase-3 and NF-kB/p65 emphasized that EGCG failed to protect hippocampal CA3 neurons from apoptotic and necrotic effects induced by BPA. Our study revealed that EGCG showed no protective role against the neurotoxic effect caused by BPA, which may be attributed to its failure to counteract the BPA-induced oxidative stress in vivo. The controversial effect is probably related to EGCG's ability to impede BPA glucuronidation and thus, its detoxification. That inference requires further additional experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Mohammed El Tabaa
- Pharmacology & Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Studies & Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Samia Salem Sokkar
- Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | - Inas Zakria Abd El Salam
- Medicinal Plants, Environmental Studies & Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
| | - Anis Anis
- Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat, Egypt
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4
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Boronat A, Rodriguez-Morató J, Serreli G, Fitó M, Tyndale RF, Deiana M, de la Torre R. Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:2172-2189. [PMID: 34388248 PMCID: PMC8634308 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of dietary phytochemicals has been associated with several health benefits and relevant biological activities. It is postulated that biotransformations of these compounds regulated by the microbiota, Phase I/II reactions, transport proteins, and deconjugating enzymes contribute not only to their metabolic clearance but also, in some cases, to their bioactivation. A number of factors (age, genetics, sex, physiopathological conditions, and the interplay with other dietary phytochemicals) modulating metabolic activities are important sources and contributors to the interindividual variability observed in clinical studies evaluating the biological activities of phytochemicals. In this review, we discuss all the processes that can affect the bioaccessibility and beneficial effects of these bioactive compounds. Herein, we argue that the role of these factors must be further studied to correctly understand and predict the effects observed following the intake of phytochemicals. This is, in particular, with regard to in vitro investigations, which have shown great inconsistency with preclinical and clinical studies. The complexity of in vivo metabolic activity and biotransformation should therefore be considered in the interpretation of results in vitro and their translation to human physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boronat
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Rodriguez-Morató
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain,Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (UPF-CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Serreli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Pathology Section, Experimental Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Montserrato, Italy
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain,Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute (CAMH), Toronto, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Monica Deiana
- Department of Biomedical Science, Pathology Section, Experimental Pathology Unit, University of Cagliari, Montserrato, Italy
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5
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Salhab H, Naughton DP, Barker J. Potential Assessment of UGT2B17 Inhibition by Salicylic Acid in Human Supersomes In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:4410. [PMID: 34361561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation is a Phase 2 metabolic pathway responsible for the metabolism and excretion of testosterone to a conjugate testosterone glucuronide. Bioavailability and the rate of anabolic steroid testosterone metabolism can be affected upon UGT glucuronidation enzyme alteration. However, there is a lack of information about the in vitro potential assessment of UGT2B17 inhibition by salicylic acid. The purpose of this study is to investigate if UGT2B17 enzyme activity is inhibited by salicylic acid. A UGT2B17 assay was developed and validated by HPLC using a C18 reversed phase column (SUPELCO 25 cm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 246 nm using a gradient elution mobile phase system: (A) phosphate buffer (0.01 M) at pH = 3.8, (B) HPLC grade acetonitrile and (C) HPLC grade methanol. The UGT2B17 metabolite (testosterone glucuronide) was quantified using human UGT2B17 supersomes by a validated HPLC method. The type of inhibition was determined by Lineweaver–Burk plots. These were constructed from the in vitro inhibition of salicylic acid at different concentration levels. The UGT2B17 assay showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99), acceptable recovery and accuracy (80–120%), good reproducibility and acceptable inter and intra-assay precision (<15%), low detection (6.42 and 2.76 μM) and quantitation limit values (19.46 and 8.38 μM) for testosterone and testosterone glucuronide respectively, according to ICH guidelines. Testosterone and testosterone glucuronide were found to be stable up to 72 h in normal laboratory conditions. Our investigational study showed that salicylic acid uncompetitively inhibited UGT2B17 enzyme activity. Thus, drugs that are substrates for the UGT2B17 enzyme have negligible potential effect of causing interaction with salicylic acid in humans.
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Coll S, Matabosch X, Garrostas L, Monfort N, Perez-Maña C, Pizarro N, Mateus JA, Ezzel M, de la Torre R, Ventura R. The effect of tea consumption on the steroid profile. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1438-1447. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Coll
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
| | - Clara Perez-Maña
- Integrated Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, IMIM; Barcelona Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Nieves Pizarro
- Integrated Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, IMIM; Barcelona Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Julián A. Mateus
- Integrated Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, IMIM; Barcelona Spain
| | - Mohammed Ezzel
- Integrated Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, IMIM; Barcelona Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
- Integrated Pharmacology and Neurosciences Systems Research Group, IMIM; Barcelona Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN); Instituto Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Anti-Doping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Barcelona Spain
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7
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Lv X, Zhang JB, Wang XX, Hu WZ, Shi YS, Liu SW, Hao DC, Zhang WD, Ge GB, Hou J, Yang L. Amentoflavone is a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 284:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Tian DD, Kellogg JJ, Okut N, Oberlies NH, Cech NB, Shen DD, McCune JS, Paine MF. Identification of Intestinal UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Inhibitors in Green Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Using a Biochemometric Approach: Application to Raloxifene as a Test Drug via In Vitro to In Vivo Extrapolation. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:552-560. [PMID: 29467215 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea (Camellia sinensis) is a popular beverage worldwide, raising concern for adverse interactions when co-consumed with conventional drugs. Like many botanical natural products, green tea contains numerous polyphenolic constituents that undergo extensive glucuronidation. As such, the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), particularly intestinal UGTs, represent potential first-pass targets for green tea-drug interactions. Candidate intestinal UGT inhibitors were identified using a biochemometrics approach, which combines bioassay and chemometric data. Extracts and fractions prepared from four widely consumed teas were screened (20-180 μg/ml) as inhibitors of UGT activity (4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation) in human intestinal microsomes; all demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition. A biochemometrics-identified fraction rich in UGT inhibitors from a representative tea was purified further and subjected to second-stage biochemometric analysis. Five catechins were identified as major constituents in the bioactive subfractions and prioritized for further evaluation. Of these catechins, (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate showed concentration-dependent inhibition, with IC50 values (105 and 59 μM, respectively) near or below concentrations measured in a cup (240 ml) of tea (66 and 240 μM, respectively). Using the clinical intestinal UGT substrate raloxifene, the Ki values were ∼1.0 and 2.0 μM, respectively. Using estimated intestinal lumen and enterocyte inhibitor concentrations, a mechanistic static model predicted green tea to increase the raloxifene plasma area under the curve up to 6.1- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Application of this novel approach, which combines biochemometrics with in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, to other natural product-drug combinations will refine these procedures, informing the need for further evaluation via dynamic modeling and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Joshua J Kellogg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Neşe Okut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Danny D Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Jeannine S McCune
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
| | - Mary F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington (D.-D.T., M.F.P.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina (J.J.K., N.O., N.H.O., N.B.C.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (D.D.S.); and Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, California (J.S.M.)
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9
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Zachár G, Deshmukh NIK, Petróczi A, Székely AD, Shah I, Barker J, Naughton DP. Inhibitory Effects of Diclofenac on Steroid Glucuronidation In Vivo Do Not Affect Hair-Based Doping Tests for Stanozolol. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060976. [PMID: 28604639 PMCID: PMC6152663 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies show that diclofenac inhibits enzymatic steroid glucuronidation. This study was designed to investigate the influence of diclofenac on the excretion of stanozolol and 3′-hydroxystanozolol via analyses in hair, blood and urine in vivo in a rat study. Brown Norway rats were administered with stanozolol (weeks 1–3) and diclofenac (weeks 1–6). Weekly assessment of steroid levels in hair was complemented with spot urine and serum tests. Levels of both stanozolol and 3′-hydroxystanozolol steadily increased in hair during stanozolol treatment and decreased post-treatment, but remained readily detectable for 6 weeks. In contrast, compared to control rats, diclofenac significantly reduced urinary excretion of 3′-hydroxystanozolol which was undetectable in most samples. This is the first report of diclofenac altering steroid metabolism in vivo, detrimentally affecting detection in urine, but not in hair, which holds considerable advantages over urinalysis for anti-doping tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Zachár
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary.
| | - Naved I K Deshmukh
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Andrea Petróczi
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Andrea D Székely
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary.
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 009713, UAE.
| | - James Barker
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Declan P Naughton
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK.
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10
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Abstract
While gene doping and other technological means of sport enhancement have become a topic of ethical debate, a major outcome from genomic research in sports is often linked to the regulation of doping. In particular, researchers within the field of anti-doping science, a regulatory science that aims to develop scientific solutions for regulating doped athletes, have conducted genomic research on anabolic-androgenic steroids. Genomic knowledge on anabolic-androgenic steroids, a knowledge base that has been produced to improve doping regulation, has caused the ‘geneticization’ of cultural objects such as ethnic identities and dietary habits. Through examining how anti-doping genomic knowledge and its media representation unnecessarily reify cultural objects in terms of genomics, I argue that Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) research programs in human enhancement should include the social impacts of anti-doping science in their discussions. Furthermore, this article will propose that ELSI scholars begin their academic analysis on anti-doping science by engaging with the recent ELSI scholarship on genomics and race and consider the regulatory and political natures of anti-doping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Hyun
- Interdisciplinary Program in History and Philosophy of Science, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National UniversitySeoul, South Korea
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11
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Lazzeroni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Gandini S, Johansson H, Serrano D, Cazzaniga M, Aristarco V, Macis D, Mora S, Caldarella P, Pagani G, Pruneri G, Riva A, Petrangolini G, Morazzoni P, DeCensi A, Bonanni B. A Presurgical Study of Lecithin Formulation of Green Tea Extract in Women with Early Breast Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:363-370. [PMID: 28400479 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic data support an inverse association between green tea intake and breast cancer risk. Greenselect Phytosome (GSP) is a lecithin formulation of a caffeine-free green tea catechin extract. The purpose of the study was to determine the tissue distribution of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) and its effect on cell proliferation and circulating biomarkers in breast cancer patients. Twelve early breast cancer patients received GSP 300 mg, equivalent to 44.9 mg of EGCG, daily for 4 weeks prior to surgery. The EGCG levels were measured before (free) and after (total) enzymatic hydrolysis by HPLC-MS/MS in plasma, urine, breast cancer tissue, and surrounding normal breast tissue. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline, before the last administration, and 2 hours later. Repeated administration of GSP achieved levels of total EGCG ranging from 17 to 121 ng/mL in plasma. Despite a high between-subject variability, total EGCG was detectable in all tumor tissue samples collected up to 8 ng/g. Median total EGCG concentration was higher in the tumor as compared with the adjacent normal tissue (3.18 ng/g vs. 0 ng/g, P = 0.02). Free EGCG concentrations ranged from 8 to 65.8 ng/mL in plasma (P between last administration and 2 hours after <0.001). Free EGCG plasma levels showed a significant positive correlation with the Ki-67 decrease in tumor tissue (P = 0.02). No change in any other biomarkers was noted, except for a slight increase in testosterone levels after treatment. Oral GSP increases bioavailability of EGCG, which is detectable in breast tumor tissue and is associated with antiproliferative effects on breast cancer tissue. Cancer Prev Res; 10(6); 363-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lazzeroni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Harriet Johansson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Serrano
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cazzaniga
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Aristarco
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Debora Macis
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Mora
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea DeCensi
- Division of Medical Oncology, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy.,Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Cheng Y, Zhou J, Wang M, Liu Y, Guo B, Chen B. Single-shot multi-reaction monitoring of intact marker conjugates for quantitative profiling of human major microsomal glucuronidations and its utility to screen inhibitors from medicinal herbs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8117-8132. [PMID: 27604270 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) is a polymorphic family of conjugating enzymes responsible for the elimination of a myriad of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The precise reaction phenotyping of this multi-isoform superfamily is hampered by a lack of fast generic methods for directly measuring the diverse glucuronoconjugate metabolites for comprehensive profiling of UGT isoform-specific glucuronidations. We report here a single-shot liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method enabling the simultaneous direct measurement of nine intact glucuronides from hepatic microsomal glucuronidations mediated by a battery of isoforms (1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17), which represent the majority of human UGTs in drug metabolism. This new method is based on post-incubation pooling of the individual probe reaction samples for nine-in-one cassette analysis with polarity switching multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) of all the marker glucuronides within a single LC-MS/MS injection. The pooled sample strategy overcomes the cross-interferences among the cocktail substrates and also increases the throughput. The periodic polarity switching of the LC-MRM acquisition expands the glucuronide profiling coverage using a generic single-run analysis. The source-induced dissociation of the glucuronoconjugates was evaluated as a generic alternative for their quantitation as their free aglycones, but a significant bias occurs against the traditional assumption that the parent substrates could be used as the surrogates for quantifying their glucuronide metabolites without authentic standards. After collective validations for analyte quantitation and enzyme kinetics, this single-shot cassette quantitative profiling approach may prove useful in large-scale phenotyping of human glucuronidations and rapid screening for UGT inhibitors in natural products. Graphical abstract Multi-reaction monitoring of intact conjugate metabolites for quantitative profiling of human major glucuronidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
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Cifuentes-Gomez T, Rodriguez-Mateos A, Gonzalez-Salvador I, Alañon ME, Spencer JPE. Factors Affecting the Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Cocoa Flavanols in Humans. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:7615-7623. [PMID: 25711140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa is rich in a subclass of flavonoids known as flavanols, the cardiovascular health benefits of which have been extensively reported. The appearance of flavanol metabolites in the systemic circulation after flavanol-rich food consumption is likely to mediate the physiological effects on the vascular system, and these levels are influenced by numerous factors, including food matrix, processing, intake, age, gender, or genetic polymorphisms, among others. This review will focus on our current understanding of factors affecting the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cocoa flavanols in humans. Second, it will identify gaps in these contributing factors that need to be addressed to conclusively translate our collective knowledge into the context of public health, dietary guidelines, and evidence-based dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Cifuentes-Gomez
- Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Reading RG2 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Rodriguez-Mateos
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Isidro Gonzalez-Salvador
- Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Reading RG2 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - María Elena Alañon
- Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Reading RG2 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P E Spencer
- Molecular Nutrition Group, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading , Reading RG2 6AP, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The recent Armstrong case, where more than 250 negative doping tests are confronted with the athlete's confession of erythropoietin use, blood doping, steroid, and growth hormone abuse, illustrates the limitations of current laboratory tests in detecting doping in sport. Despite numerous doping controls and simultaneous indications of common doping abuse among professional athletes in the last two decades, the number of positive urine tests for recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) remains remarkably low. Athletes are using various masking strategies, among them protease inhibitors, intravenous injections of rHuEPO and alternative erythropoiesis stimulating agents. As one of the countermeasures, the Athlete's Biological Passport has been introduced. The sensitivity of the Athlete's Biological Passport is limited if the effect of a low-dose doping remains within the intra-individual reference range. A possible solution could be the use of a novel Epo test (MAIIA Diagnostics). Another performance-enhancing strategy is the return to 'old' doping techniques, such as autologous blood transfusions. Several indirect methods to detect autologous blood transfusions have been proposed with the majority relying on changes in erythropoiesis-sensitive blood markers. Currently, an algorithm based on the haemoglobin (Hb) level concentration and the percentage of reticulocytes (OFF-hr model; Hb(g/l)-60·√%ret) is approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Genetic factors have been identified which may interfere with test interpretation. A large inter- and intra-ethnic variation in testosterone glucuronidation and excretion has been described. Consideration of genetic variation should improve performance of the testosterone doping test. Taking into account the pre-analytical care and better tailoring of the threshold values could increase test sensitivity. Anti-doping laboratories should routinely adjust for multiple testing as failure of doping control to detect cheaters could lead to more frequent controls. Finally, despite the huge technological progress, there is a need for increased collaboration between physiologists, analytical chemists, biostatisticians, and ethicists to reduce doping in sport.
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Tripathi SP, Bhadauriya A, Patil A, Sangamwar AT. Substrate selectivity of human intestinal UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs): in silico and in vitro insights. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:231-52. [PMID: 23461702 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.767345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current drug development process aims to produce safe, effective drugs within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Phase II metabolism (glucuronidation) can affect drug action and pharmacokinetics to a considerable extent and so its studies and prediction at initial stages of drug development are very imperative. Extensive glucuronidation is an obstacle to oral bioavailability because the first-pass glucuronidation [or premature clearance by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs)] of orally administered agents frequently results in poor oral bioavailability and lack of efficacy. Modeling of new chemical entities/drugs for UGTs and their kinetic data can be useful in understanding the binding patterns to be used in the design of better molecules. This review concentrates on first-pass glucuronidation by intestinal UGTs, including their topology, expression profile, and pharmacogenomics. In addition, recent advances are discussed with respect to substrate selectivity at the binding pocket, structural requirements, and mechanism of enzyme actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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Lundmark J, Gårevik N, Thörngren JO, Garle M, Ekström L, Rane A, Schulze JJ. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs do not influence the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone glucuronide ratio. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:51. [PMID: 23720652 PMCID: PMC3655282 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The UDP Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) enzymes are important in the pharmacokinetics, and conjugation, of a variety of drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as well as anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Testosterone glucuronidation capacity is strongly associated with a deletion polymorphism in the UGT2B17 gene. As the use of high doses of NSAIDs has been observed in athletes there is a risk for a drug-drug interaction that may influence the doping tests for AAS. In vitro studies show inhibitory potential on UGT2B7, 2B15, and 2B17 enzymes by NSAIDs. The aim of this study was to investigate if concomitant use of NSAIDs and a single dose of testosterone enanthate would affect the excretion rate of testosterone and epitestosterone glucuronide (TG and EG) as well as the T/E ratio, thereby affecting the outcome of the testosterone doping test. The study was designed as an open, randomized, cross-over study with subjects being their own control. The 23 male healthy volunteers, with either two, one or no allele (ins/ins, ins/del, or del/del) of the UGT2B17 gene, received the maximum recommended dose of NSAID (Ibuprofen or Diclofenac) for 6 days. On day three, 500 mg of testosterone enanthate was administered. Spot urine samples were collected for 17 days. After a wash-out period of 4 months the volunteers received 500 mg testosterone enanthate only, with subsequent spot urine collection for 14 days. The glucuronides of testosterone and epitestosterone were quantified. NSAIDs did not affect the excretion of TG or EG before the administration of testosterone. The concomitant use of NSAIDs and testosterone slightly increased the TG excretion while the EG excretion was less suppressed compared to testosterone use only. The effects of the NSAIDs on the TG and EG excretion did not differ between the UGT2B17 genotype groups. In conclusion, the outcome of testosterone doping tests does not seem to be affected by the use of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Lundmark
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - John-Olof Thörngren
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Garle
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny J. Schulze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jenny J. Schulze, Clinical Pharmacology C1:68, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden. e-mail:
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Bang AK, Jørgensen N, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Juul A. UGT2B17 Genotype and the Pharmacokinetic Serum Profile of Testosterone during Substitution Therapy with Testosterone Undecanoate. A Retrospective Experience from 207 Men with Hypogonadism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:94. [PMID: 23908645 PMCID: PMC3725801 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone (T) is mainly excreted in the urine as testosterone glucuronide (TG). This glucuronidation is partly dependent on the UGT2B17 genotype, and TG excretion is therefore lower in men having the UGT2B17 deletion. However, the possible influence of UGT2B17 genotype on serum T during androgen therapy is unknown. We retrospectively investigated the possible association between the UGT2B17 gene polymorphism and serum T levels in hypogonadal men during Testosterone undecanoate (TU) substitution therapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two hundred and seven patients treated with TU (Nebido(®)) were genotyped by quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the UGT2B17 deletion polymorphism. All were given 1000 mg TU per injection at 0, 6, and 18 weeks. Blood samples were taken 2 and 6 weeks after the first and second injection, prior to the third injection, and after 2-3 years of treatment. We analyzed for the levels of T, luteinizing hormone (LH), sex-hormone-binding globulin, estradiol, prostate specific antigen, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and total cholesterol. RESULTS The UGT2B17 genotype frequency was: ins/ins: 42%, ins/del: 44%, and del/del: 14%. During the initial 18 weeks of TU treatment, large intra- and inter-individual variations in serum T levels were observed. Large peaks in T levels, ranging from 6.7 to 69.5 nmol/l, were noted 2 weeks after injections, regardless of the genotype. T levels did not differ between the three genotypes prior to the third injection, but the del/del group had significantly lower levels of LH. At follow-up after 2-3 years, the injection interval or daily T dosage was not dependent on the UGT2B17 genotype. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found large intra- and inter-individual variations in serum T during standard TU treatment regimen in hypogonadal men. Only subtle differences in serum T and LH were noted according to UGT2B17 genotype, which however suggest that the UGT2B17 genotype exert modest influence on the pharmacokinetic profile of T after TU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kirstine Bang
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Anne Kirstine Bang, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark e-mail:
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Jenkinson C, Petroczi A, Naughton DP. Effects of Dietary Components on Testosterone Metabolism via UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:80. [PMID: 23847592 PMCID: PMC3703584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
THE POTENTIAL INTERFERENCE IN TESTOSTERONE METABOLISM THROUGH INGESTED SUBSTANCES HAS RAMIFICATIONS FOR: (i) a range of pathologies such as prostate cancer, (ii) medication contra-indications, (iii) disruption to the endocrine system, and (iv) potential confounding effects on doping tests. Conjugation of anabolic steroids during phase II metabolism, mainly driven by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17, has been shown to be impaired in vitro by a range of compounds including xenobiotics and pharmaceuticals. Following early reports on the effects of a range of xenobiotics on UGT activity in vitro, the work was extended to reveal similar effects with common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Notably, recent studies have evidenced inhibitory effects of the common foodstuffs green tea and red wine, along with their constituent flavonoids and catechins. This review amalgamates the existing evidence for the inhibitory effects of various pharmaceutical and dietary substances on the rate of UGT glucuronidation of testosterone; and evaluates the potential consequences for health linked to steroid levels, interaction with treatment drugs metabolized by the UGT enzyme and steroid abuse in sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Andrea Petroczi
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Declan P. Naughton
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
- *Correspondence: Declan P. Naughton, School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK e-mail:
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Deshmukh NI, Zachar G, Petróczi A, Székely AD, Barker J, Naughton DP. Determination of stanozolol and 3'-hydroxystanozolol in rat hair, urine and serum using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Cent J 2012; 6:162. [PMID: 23259549 PMCID: PMC3542005 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anabolic androgenic steroids, such as stanozolol, are typically misused by athletes during preparation for competition. Out-of-competition testing presents a unique challenge in the current anti-doping detection system owing to logistic reasons. Analysing hair for the presence of a prohibited drug offers a feasible solution for covering the wider window in out-of-competition testing. To assist in vivo studies aiming to establish a relationship between drug levels detected in hair, urine and blood, sensitive methods for the determination of stanozolol and its major metabolite 3′-hydroxystanozolol were developed in pigmented hair, urine and serum, using brown Norway rats as a model system and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results For method development, spiked drug free rat hair, blood and urine samples were used. The newly developed method was then applied to hair, urine and serum samples from five brown Norway rats after treatment (intraperitoneal) with stanozolol for six consecutive days at 5.0 mg/kg/day. The assay for each matrix was linear within the quantification range with determination coefficient (r2) values above 0.995. The respective assay was capable of detecting 0.125 pg/mg stanozolol and 0.25 pg/mg 3′-hydroxystanozolol with 50 mg hair; 0.063 ng/mL stanozolol and 0.125 ng/mL 3′-hydroxystanozolol with 100 μL of urine or serum. The accuracy, precision and extraction recoveries of the assays were satisfactory for the detection of both compounds in all three matrices. The average concentrations of stanozolol and 3′-hydroxystanozolol, were as follows: hair = 70.18 ± 22.32 pg/mg and 13.01 ± 3.43 pg/mg; urine = 4.34 ± 6.54 ng/mL and 9.39 ± 7.42 ng/mL; serum = 7.75 ± 3.58 ng/mL and 7.16 ± 1.97 ng/mL, respectively. Conclusions The developed methods are sensitive, specific and reproducible for the determination of stanozolol and 3′-hydroxystanozolol in rat hair, urine and serum. These methods can be used for in vivo studies further investigating stanozolol metabolism, but also could be extended for doping testing. Owing to the complementary nature of these tests, with urine and serum giving information on recent drug use and hair providing retrospective information on habitual use, it is suggested that blood or urine tests could accompany hair analysis and thus avoid false doping results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawed Ik Deshmukh
- School of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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Abstract
Background The metabolism and excretion of the anabolic steroid testosterone occurs by glucuronidation to the conjugate testosterone glucuronide which is then excreted in urine. Alterations in UGT glucuronidation enzyme activity could alter the rate of testosterone excretion and thus its bioavailability. The aim of this study is to investigate if red wine, a common dietary substance, has an inhibitory effect on UGT2B17. Methods Testosterone glucuronidation was assayed using human UGT2B17 supersomes with quantification of unglucuronidated testosterone over time using HPLC with DAD detection. The selected red wine was analyzed using HPLC; and the inhibitory effects of the wine and phenolic components were tested independently in a screening assay. Further analyses were conducted for the strongest inhibitors at physiologically relevant concentrations. Control experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the ethanol on UGT2B17. Results Over the concentration range of 2 to 8%, the red wine sample inhibited the glucuronidation of testosterone by up to 70% over 2 hours. The ethanol content had no significant effect. Three red wine phenolics, identified by HPLC analyses, also inhibited the enzyme by varying amounts in the order of quercetin (72%), caffeic acid (22%) and gallic acid (9%); using a ratio of phenolic:testosterone of 1:2.5. In contrast p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid had no effect on the UGT2B17. The most active phenolic was selected for a detailed study at physiologically relevant concentrations, and quercetin maintained inhibitory activity of 20% at 2 μM despite a ten-fold excess of testosterone. Conclusion This study reports that in an in vitro supersome-based assay, the key steroid-metabolizing enzyme UGT2B17 is inhibited by a number of phenolic dietary substances and therefore may reduce the rate of testosterone glucuronidation in vivo. These results highlight the potential interactions of a number of common dietary compounds on testosterone metabolism. Considering the variety of foodstuffs that contain flavonoids, it is feasible that diet can elevate levels of circulating testosterone through reduction in urinary excretion. These results warrant further investigation and extension to a human trial to delineate the health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Jenkinson
- School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, London, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
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