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Zhai Y, Wang S, Zhang B, Tang Y, Wang H, Li J, Hu Z, Wang Y, Li H, Ge RS. The analysis of pesticides and fungicides in the inhibition of human and rat placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity: mode of inhibition and mechanism. Toxicol Lett 2023; 379:76-86. [PMID: 36965607 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/steroid Δ5,4-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1) plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone in the human placenta to maintain normal pregnancy. Whether they inhibit placental 3β-HSD1 and mode of inhibition remains unclear. In this study, we screened 21 pesticides and fungicides in five classes to inhibit human 3β-HSD1 and compared them to rat homolog 3β-HSD4. 3β-HSD activity was measured by catalyzing pregnenolone to progesterone in the presence of NAD+. Of the 21 chemicals, azoles (difenoconazole), thiocarbamates (thiram and ferbam) and organochlorine (hexachlorophene) significantly inhibited human 3β-HSD1 with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 2.77, 0.24, 0.68, and 17.96 μM, respectively. We also found that difenoconazole, ferbam and hexachlorophene are mixed/competitive inhibitors of 3β-HSD1 while thiram is a mixed/noncompetitive inhibitor. Docking analysis showed that difenoconazole and hexachlorophene bound steroid-binding site. Difenoconazole and hexachlorophene except thiram and ferbam also significantly inhibited rat 3β-HSD4 activity with IC50 of 1.12 and 2.28µM, respectively. Thiram and ferbam significantly inhibited human 3β-HSD1 possibly by interfering with cysteine residues, while they had no effects on rat 3β-HSD4. In conclusion, some pesticides potently inhibit placental 3β-HSD, leading to the reduction of progesterone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Zhai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Bingru Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yunbing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiyan Hu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anaesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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2
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Basili D, Reynolds J, Houghton J, Malcomber S, Chambers B, Liddell M, Muller I, White A, Shah I, Everett LJ, Middleton A, Bender A. Latent Variables Capture Pathway-Level Points of Departure in High-Throughput Toxicogenomic Data. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:670-683. [PMID: 35333521 PMCID: PMC9019810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Estimation
of points of departure (PoDs) from high-throughput transcriptomic
data (HTTr) represents a key step in the development of next-generation
risk assessment (NGRA). Current approaches mainly rely on single key
gene targets, which are constrained by the information currently available
in the knowledge base and make interpretation challenging as scientists
need to interpret PoDs for thousands of genes or hundreds of pathways.
In this work, we aimed to address these issues by developing a computational
workflow to investigate the pathway concentration–response
relationships in a way that is not fully constrained by known biology
and also facilitates interpretation. We employed the Pathway-Level
Information ExtractoR (PLIER) to identify latent variables (LVs) describing
biological activity and then investigated in vitro LVs’ concentration–response
relationships using the ToxCast pipeline. We applied this methodology
to a published transcriptomic concentration–response data set
for 44 chemicals in MCF-7 cells and showed that our workflow can capture
known biological activity and discriminate between estrogenic and
antiestrogenic compounds as well as activity not aligning with the
existing knowledge base, which may be relevant in a risk assessment
scenario. Moreover, we were able to identify the known estrogen activity
in compounds that are not well-established ER agonists/antagonists
supporting the use of the workflow in read-across. Next, we transferred
its application to chemical compounds tested in HepG2, HepaRG, and
MCF-7 cells and showed that PoD estimates are in strong agreement
with those estimated using a recently developed Bayesian approach
(cor = 0.89) and in weak agreement with those estimated using a well-established
approach such as BMDExpress2 (cor = 0.57). These results demonstrate
the effectiveness of using PLIER in a concentration–response
scenario to investigate pathway activity in a way that is not fully
constrained by the knowledge base and to ease the biological interpretation
and support the development of an NGRA framework with the ability
to improve current risk assessment strategies for chemicals using
new approach methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Basili
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Jade Houghton
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Sophie Malcomber
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Bryant Chambers
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Mark Liddell
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Iris Muller
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andrew White
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Imran Shah
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Logan J Everett
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Alistair Middleton
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, U.K
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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3
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Colicino E, Ferrari F, Cowell W, Niedzwiecki MM, Foppa Pedretti N, Joshi A, Wright RO, Wright RJ. Non-linear and non-additive associations between the pregnancy metabolome and birthweight. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106750. [PMID: 34256302 PMCID: PMC9244839 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birthweight is an indicator of fetal growth and environmental-related alterations of birthweight have been linked with multiple disorders and conditions progressing into adulthood. Although a few studies have assessed the association between birthweight and the totality of exogenous exposures and their downstream molecular responses in maternal urine and cord blood; no prior research has considered a) the maternal serum prenatal metabolome, which is enriched for hormones, and b) non-linear and synergistic associations among exposures. METHODS We measured the maternal serum metabolome during pregnancy using an untargeted metabolomics approach and birthweight for gestational age (BWGA) z-score in 410 mother-child dyads enrolled in the PRogramming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms (PRISM) cohort. We leveraged a Bayesian factor analysis for interaction to select the most important metabolites associated with BWGA z-score and to evaluate their linear, non-linear and non-additive associations. We also assessed the primary biological functions of the identified proteins using the MetaboAnalyst, a centralized repository of curated functional information. We compared our findings with those of a traditional metabolite-wide association study (MWAS) in which metabolites are individually associated with BWGA z-score. RESULTS Among 1110 metabolites, 46 showed evidence of U-shape associations with BWGA z-score. Most of the identified metabolites (85%) were lipids primarily enriched for pathways central to energy production, immune function, and androgen and estrogen metabolism, which are essential for pregnancy and parturition processes. Metabolites within the same class, i.e. steroids and phospholipids, showed synergistic relationships with each other. CONCLUSIONS Our results support that the aspects of the maternal metabolome during pregnancy contribute linearly, non-linearly and synergistically to variation in newborn birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - F Ferrari
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - W Cowell
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M M Niedzwiecki
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Foppa Pedretti
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Joshi
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R J Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Kravis Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Todosijević J, Scherbakov A, Volkova Y, Jurišić V. Investigation of the effect of steroidal imidazoheterocycles hormone derivatives on JEG-3 trophoblast cells of choriocarcinoma. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci2143099t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the biological activities of unique steroid hormone derivatives-steroidal imidazoheterocycles. The activity synthesized steroidal compounds were tested for the viability of JEG-3 trophoblast cells of choriocarcinoma. The results of the MTT cytotoxicity test showed that most of the examined steroidal imidazoheterocycles act proliferatively on the JEG-3 cell line, except (E, F, and J). Antiproliferative activity of these derivates is probably influenced by different substituents at position 17-C atom in the chemical structure of the hormone and by different substituents on the oxygen atom of acetamide group in the hormone molecule. In order to better confirm the antiproliferative activity of these derivatives, it is necessary to performed complex research on a large panel of cancer cell lines and by different assay.
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5
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Zhu Q, Pan P, Chen X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Mo J, Li X, Ge RS. Human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/steroid Δ5,4-isomerase 1: Identity, regulation and environmental inhibitors. Toxicology 2019; 425:152253. [PMID: 31351905 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human placental 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/steroid Δ5, 4-isomerase 1 (HSD3B1), a high-affinity type I enzyme, uses pregnenolone to make progesterone, which is critical for maintenance of pregnancy. HSD3B1 is located in the mitochondrion and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of placental cells and is encoded by HSD3B1 gene. HSD3B1 contains GATA and TEF-5 regulatory elements. Many endocrine disruptors, including phthalates, methoxychlor and its metabolite, organotins, and gossypol directly inhibit placental HSD3B1 thus blocking progesterone production. In this review, we discuss the placental HSD3B1, its gene regulation, biochemistry, subcellular location, and inhibitors from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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6
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Prenatal salivary sex hormone levels and birth-weight-for-gestational age. J Perinatol 2019; 39:941-948. [PMID: 31110244 PMCID: PMC6592744 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether prenatal sex hormones from maternal saliva are associated with birth-weight-for-gestational age. STUDY DESIGN We measured salivary progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and cortisone in 504 pregnant women in a Mexico City cohort. We performed linear and modified Poisson regression to examine associations of log-transformed hormones with birth-weight-for-gestational age z-scores and the risk of small-for-gestational age (SGA) and large-for-gestational age (LGA) adjusting for maternal age, sex, BMI, parity, smoking, education, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS In total, 15% of infants were SGA and 2% were LGA. Each interquartile range increment in testosterone/estradiol ratio was associated with a 0.12 decrement in birth-weight-for-gestational age z-score (95% CI: -0.27 to -0.02) and a 50% higher risk of SGA versus appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) (95% CI: 1.13-1.99). CONCLUSION Higher salivary testosterone/estradiol ratios may affect fetal growth, and identifying the predictors of hormone levels may be important to optimizing fetal growth.
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7
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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8
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Wang Y, Pan P, Li X, Zhu Q, Huang T, Ge RS. Food components and environmental chemicals of inhibiting human placental aromatase. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:46-53. [PMID: 30922969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human placental CYP19A1 catalyzes the estrogen synthesis from androgens. The enzyme is encoded by CYP19A1 gene located in chromosome 15q21. This enzyme is a monooxygenase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The various promoters of the CYP19A1 gene determine its expression in different tissues and the distal promoter I.1 controls its expression in the placenta and retinoids can regulate the expression. Many food components and environmental chemicals inhibit CYP19A1 activity via different modes of action. These chemicals include gossypol, flavones, flavanones, chalconoids, resveratrol, and tobacco alkaloids derived from foods as well as phthalates, insecticides, fungicides, and biocides in the contaminated foods. The inhibition of placental CYP19A1 could impair pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Liu J, Wang Y, Fang Y, Ni C, Ma L, Zheng W, Bao S, Li X, Lian Q, Ge RS. Gestational exposure to ziram disrupts rat fetal Leydig cell development. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:393-401. [PMID: 29627606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ziram is an endocrine disruptor and may cause birth abnormality of the male reproductive system. However, the effects of ziram on fetal Leydig cell (FLC) development are still unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the endocrine-disrupting effect of ziram on rat FLC development after gestational exposure. Pregnant Sprague Dawley dams were randomly divided into 5 groups and were gavaged with 0 (corn oil, the control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg ziram from gestational day 12 (GD12) to GD21. FLC development was evaluated by measuring serum testosterone, FLC number and distribution, and the expression levels of Leydig and Sertoli cell genes. Ziram significantly increased serum testosterone level at 1 mg/kg (1.350 ± 0.099 ng/ml vs. 0.989 ± 0.106 ng/ml in the control), while it remarkably lowered it at 8 mg/kg (0.598 ± 0.086 ng/ml). Quantitative immunohistochemical staining showed that ziram increased FLC number via stimulating cell proliferation at 1 mg/kg and lowered it via inhibiting its proliferation at 8 mg/kg without affecting Sertoli cell number. Further study demonstrated that the expression of Nr5a1, Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, and Cyp17a1 genes and proteins in the testis was upregulated at 1 mg/kg and the expression of Leydig (Nr5a1, Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Insl3) and Sertoli cell (Fshr, Hsd17b3, Dhh, Amh, and Sox9) genes and proteins was downregulated by ziram at 8 mg/kg. In conclusion, ziram had biphasic effects on FLC development with low dose to increase FLC number and function and high dose to decrease them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Liu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yinghui Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Leikai Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Suhao Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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