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Yazici SE, Gedik ME, Leblebici CB, Kosemehmetoglu K, Gunaydin G, Dogrul AB. Can endocan serve as a molecular "hepatostat" in liver regeneration? Mol Med 2023; 29:29. [PMID: 36849916 PMCID: PMC9972723 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00622-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intriguingly, liver regeneration after injury does not induce uncontrolled growth and the underlying mechanisms of such a "hepatostat" are still not clear. Endocan, a proteoglycan, was implicated in liver regeneration. It can support the function of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor in tissue repair after injury. Endostatin, a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, may modulate the cessation of liver regeneration. eEF2K, a protein kinase that regulates protein synthesis, can regulate angiogenesis. Thus, we investigated the role of endocan, endostatin and eEF2K during normal liver regeneration. METHODS Serum samples and regenerating remnant liver tissues were obtained on various days after partial hepatectomy in rats. mRNA expression levels of Vegf and Pcna were analyzed in addition to immunohistochemical evaluations. Liver tissue protein levels of endostatin, endocan and p-eEF2K/eEF2K were determined with Western blot. Serum levels of endostatin and endocan were assessed with ELISA. RESULTS Pcna expression level in residual liver tissues peaked on day-1, while Vegf expression reached its highest level on days 1-3 after partial hepatectomy (70%). Endocan activity declined gradually on days 1-7. The decrease in liver endocan expression was accompanied by an increase in serum endocan levels. Partial hepatectomy induced a rapid increase in liver endostatin levels. Following its surge on day-1, endostatin expression gradually declined, which was accompanied by a peak in serum endostatin. Finally, partial hepatectomy was shown to regulate eEF2K; thus, increasing protein translation. CONCLUSIONS We revealed possible mechanistic insights into liver regeneration by examining the associations of Pcna, Vegf, endocan, endostatin, eEF2K with hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Indeed, endocan might serve as a useful biomarker to monitor clinical prognosis in a plethora of conditions such as recovery of donor's remaining liver after living-donor liver transplant. Whether endocan might represent a strategy to optimize liver regeneration when given therapeutically needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Efe Yazici
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Berk Leblebici
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemal Kosemehmetoglu
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Bulent Dogrul
- Department of General Surgery, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Sihhiye, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Lu J, Zhao YL, Zhang XQ, Li LJ. The vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway regulates liver sinusoidal endothelial cells during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:139-147. [PMID: 32902336 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1815532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is a very complex and well-regulated procedure. It utilizes all liver cell types, which are associated with signaling pathways involving growth factors, cytokines, and stimulatory and inhibitory feedback of several growth-related signals. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) contribute to liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has various functions in LSECs. In this review, we summarize the relationship between VEGF and LSECs involving VEGF regulatory activity in the vascular endothelium. AREAS COVERED Maintenance of the fenestrated LSEC phenotype requires two VEGF pathways: VEGF stimulated-NO acting through the cGMP pathway and VEGF independent of nitric oxide (NO). The results suggest that VEGF is a key regenerating mediator of LSECs in the partial hepatectomy model. NO-independent pathway was also essential to the maintenance of the LSEC in liver regeneration. EXPERT OPINION Liver regeneration remains a fascinating and significative research field in recent years. The liver involved of molecular pathways except for LSEC-VEGF pathways that make the field of liver further depth studies should be put into effect to elaborate the undetermined confusions, which will be better to understand liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Ujiie N, Nakano T, Yamada M, Sato C, Nakanishi C, Fujishima F, Ito K, Shindo T, Shimokawa H, Kamei T. Low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy for a model of liver cirrhosis ameliorates liver fibrosis and liver function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2405. [PMID: 32051434 PMCID: PMC7016168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-energy extracorporeal shock waves (LESW) have been studied as a new treatment for angina pectoris and several ischemic diseases because of its effect on angiogenesis and inhibition of fibrosis of the heart. The effect of LESW on fibrosis in liver cirrhosis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to verify the amelioration of liver fibrosis by LESW and elucidate its mechanisms in a rat model of drug-induced liver cirrhosis. Male Wistar rats aged 7 weeks were injected with carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneally twice a week for 12 weeks. Eight rats underwent LESW therapy (0.25 mJ/mm2, 4 Hz, 1000 shots) under general anesthesia (shock wave group). Seven rats only underwent general anesthesia (control group). Quantitative analysis showed that the area of fibrosis in the shock wave group was significantly reduced compared with the control group (11,899.9 vs. 23,525.3 pixels per field, p < 0.001). In the shock wave group, the mRNA expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 was significantly suppressed (0.40-fold, p = 0.018) and vascular endothelial growth factor-B was significantly increased (1.77-fold, p = 0.006) compared with the control group. Serum albumin was significantly higher in the shock wave group than in the control group (3.0 vs. 2.4 g/dl, p = 0.025). Aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio decreased by LESW compared with the control group (1.49 vs. 2.04, p = 0.013). These results suggest that LESW therapy ameliorates liver fibrosis by reducing the expression of TGF-β1 and increasing the expression of angiogenic factors, and improves hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Ujiie
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Nakano
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. .,Division of Gastroenterologic and Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Masato Yamada
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sato
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Chikashi Nakanishi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Fujishima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenta Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamei
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Abstract
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), lipid mediators produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenases, regulate inflammation, angiogenesis, and vascular tone. Despite pleiotropic effects on cells, the role of these epoxyeicosanoids in normal organ and tissue regeneration remains unknown. EETs are produced predominantly in the endothelium. Normal organ and tissue regeneration require an active paracrine role of the microvascular endothelium, which in turn depends on angiogenic growth factors. Thus, we hypothesize that endothelial cells stimulate organ and tissue regeneration via production of bioactive EETs. To determine whether endothelial-derived EETs affect physiologic tissue growth in vivo, we used genetic and pharmacological tools to manipulate endogenous EET levels. We show that endothelial-derived EETs play a critical role in accelerating tissue growth in vivo, including liver regeneration, kidney compensatory growth, lung compensatory growth, wound healing, corneal neovascularization, and retinal vascularization. Administration of synthetic EETs recapitulated these results, whereas lowering EET levels, either genetically or pharmacologically, delayed tissue regeneration, demonstrating that pharmacological modulation of EETs can affect normal organ and tissue growth. We also show that soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors, which elevate endogenous EET levels, promote liver and lung regeneration. Thus, our observations indicate a central role for EETs in organ and tissue regeneration and their contribution to tissue homeostasis.
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Hoppe A, Ilkavets I, Dooley S, Holzhütter HG. Metabolic Consequences of TGFb Stimulation in CulturedPrimary Mouse Hepatocytes Screened from Transcript Data with ModeScore . Metabolites 2012; 2:983-1003. [PMID: 24957771 PMCID: PMC3901234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2040983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signaling plays a major role in the reorganization of liver tissue upon injury and is an important driver of chronic liver disease. This is achieved by a deep impact on a cohort of cellular functions. To comprehensively assess the full range of affected metabolic functions, transcript changes of cultured mouse hepatocytes were analyzed with a novel method (ModeScore), which predicts the activity of metabolic functions by scoring transcript expression changes with 987 reference flux distributions, which yielded the following hypotheses. TGFβ multiplies down-regulation of most metabolic functions occurring in culture stressed controls. This is especially pronounced for tyrosine degradation, urea synthesis, glucuronization capacity, and cholesterol synthesis. Ethanol degradation and creatine synthesis are down-regulated only in TGFβ treated hepatocytes, but not in the control. Among the few TGFβ dependently up-regulated functions, synthesis of various collagens is most pronounced. Further interesting findings include: down-regulation of glucose export is postponed by TGFβ, TGFβ up-regulates the synthesis capacity of ketone bodies only as an early response, TGFβ suppresses the strong up-regulation of Vanin, and TGFβ induces re-formation of ceramides and sphingomyelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoppe
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1/Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Iryna Ilkavets
- Molecular Hepatology and Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Clinic II, Medical Faculty Mannheim at Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, H42 E4, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology and Alcohol Associated Diseases, Medical Clinic II, Medical Faculty Mannheim at Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, H42 E4, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Hermann-Georg Holzhütter
- Institute for Biochemistry, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Charitéplatz 1/Virchowweg 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Parlakgumus A, Colakoglu T, Kayaselcuk F, Colakoglu S, Ezer A, Calıskan K, Karakaya J, Yildirim S. Two drugs with paradoxical effects on liver regeneration through antiangiogenesis and antifibrosis: Losartan and Spironolactone: a pharmacologic dilemma on hepatocyte proliferation. J Surg Res 2012; 179:60-5. [PMID: 22989552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a strong relationship between liver regeneration and angiogenesis and fibrosis. It is known that Spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist, acting on rennin-aldosterone axis, and Losartan, an angiotensin II type I antagonist, have both antifibrotic and antiangiogenic effects. Theoretically, the end result of these mechanisms with contradictory influences on liver regeneration is not known well. In this study, we aimed to reveal the effects on liver regeneration of administration of Spironolactone and Losartan, having contradicting effects on regeneration through antiangiogenesis and antifibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 Wistar albino rats were divided into control, Spironolactone, and Losartan groups and subdivided to conduct examinations on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The specimens were treated with proliferating cell nuclear antigen to evaluate the characteristics of liver regeneration; with phosphorylated Smad2 (phospho-Smad2), serum transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B) 1, and tissue TGF-B1 to evaluate the termination of regeneration and with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, Flk-1/KDR, to evaluate angiogenesis. RESULTS The proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index was found to be significantly higher in Spironolactone and Losartan groups than in the control group on days 1, 3, and 5 (P = 0.031, 0.0023, and 0.032, respectively). Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, Flk-1/KDR, expression was significantly lower in Spironolactone and Losartan groups than in the control group on days 3, 5, and 7 (P = 0.032, 0.0024, and 0.007, respectively). Phospho-Smad2 was significantly lower on days 1, 3, and 5 in Spironolactone and Losartan groups than in the control group (P = 0.011, 0.0020, and 0.05, respectively). Tissue TGF-B1 levels were significantly lower in Spironolactone and Losartan groups than in the control group only on day 3 (P = 0039). Serum TGF-B1 levels in Losartan groups were significantly different from those of control and Spironolactone groups only on day 1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Liver regeneration, expected to decrease on day 3, was prolonged and increased even on day 5 despite antiangiogenic effects of Losartan and Spironolactone, which in fact inhibit fibrosis through phospho-Smad2 and increase regeneration. In addition, serum and tissue TGF-B1 levels are not sensitive enough to show active TGF-B1 for the evaluation of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Parlakgumus
- Department of General Surgery, Adana Teaching and Research Center, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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