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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Barregård L, Benford D, Broberg K, Dogliotti E, Fletcher T, Rylander L, Abrahantes JC, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Steinkellner H, Tauriainen T, Schwerdtle T. Update of the risk assessment of inorganic arsenic in food. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8488. [PMID: 38239496 PMCID: PMC10794945 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2009 risk assessment on arsenic in food carrying out a hazard assessment of inorganic arsenic (iAs) and using the revised exposure assessment issued by EFSA in 2021. Epidemiological studies show that the chronic intake of iAs via diet and/or drinking water is associated with increased risk of several adverse outcomes including cancers of the skin, bladder and lung. The CONTAM Panel used the benchmark dose lower confidence limit based on a benchmark response (BMR) of 5% (relative increase of the background incidence after adjustment for confounders, BMDL05) of 0.06 μg iAs/kg bw per day obtained from a study on skin cancer as a Reference Point (RP). Inorganic As is a genotoxic carcinogen with additional epigenetic effects and the CONTAM Panel applied a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the risk characterisation. In adults, the MOEs are low (range between 2 and 0.4 for mean consumers and between 0.9 and 0.2 at the 95th percentile exposure, respectively) and as such raise a health concern despite the uncertainties.
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Ibraheem M, Han DY, Dobbs MR. Neurotoxicology: Clinical Approach and Causal Inference. Neurol Clin 2020; 38:737-748. [PMID: 33040858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical neurotoxicology is an unrecognized neurologic subspecialty. Few neurology residency programs offer an organized education or training in the field. Nevertheless, neurotoxic exposures and subsequent injuries are common. This article provides a basic approach to clinical assessment and causal inference. It addresses the knowledge gap for clinical practice and provides a thematic structure to use interdisciplinary resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mam Ibraheem
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 740 South Limestone, KY Clinic, J401, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; US Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington VA Medical Center, Troy Bowling Campus, 1101 Veterans Drive, Room A303a, Mail Code: 127-CD, Lexington, KY 40502, USA.
| | - Dong Y Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, 740 South Limestone, KY Clinic, J401, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael R Dobbs
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, 2102 Treasure Hills, Harlingen, TX 78550, USA
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Zhao F, Wang Z, Liao Y, Wang G, Jin Y. Alterations of NMDA and AMPA receptors and their signaling apparatus in the hippocampus of mouse offspring induced by developmental arsenite exposure. J Toxicol Sci 2020; 44:777-788. [PMID: 31708534 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Loss of cognitive function due to arsenic exposure is a serious health concern in many parts of the world, including China. The present study aims to determine the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced neurotoxicity and its consequent effect on downstream signaling pathways of mouse N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs). Drinking water containing 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg/L arsenite was provided each day to mother mice throughout gestation period until postnatal day (PND) 35 to expose the newborn mice to arsenite during early developmental period. The effect of arsenite in the expressions of different components of NMDAR (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) and AMPAR (GluR1, GluR2, GluR3), including calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and phosphorylated-CaMKII (p-CaMKII), at PND 7, 14, 21 and 35 was estimated and analyzed from the hippocampus of mice. A significant inhibition in the protein and mRNA expressions of NR1, NR2A, NR2B and GluR1 was observed in mice exposed to 50 mg/L arsenite since PND 7. Down regulation of GluR2 and GluR3 both at mRNA and protein levels was observed in mice exposed to 50 mg/L arsenite till PND 14. Moreover, both CaMKII as well as p-CaMKII expressions were significantly limited since PND 7 in 50 mg/L arsenite exposed mice group. Findings form this study suggested that the previously reported impairment in learning and memorizing abilities in later stage due to early life arsenite exposure is associated with the alterations of NMDARs, AMPARs, CaMKII and p-CaMKII expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghong Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China
| | - Zijiang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yingjun Liao
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, China
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Xu W, Xu S, Zhang S, Wu X, Jin P. Arsenic Bioaccessibility of Realgar Influenced by the Other Traditional Chinese Medicines in Niuhuang Jiedu Tablet and the Roles of Gut Microbiota. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2019; 2019:8496817. [PMID: 31929821 PMCID: PMC6942848 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8496817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Niuhuang Jiedu tablet (NJT), a realgar (As2S2) containing Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), is a well-known formula. The safety of NJT is of growing concern since arsenic (As) is considered as one of the most toxic elements. NJT was demonstrated to be safer than realgar by our previous experiments and some other studies. The toxicity of realgar has been shown to be related to the amount of soluble or bioaccessible arsenic. In this study, the influences of the other TCMs in NJT on the bioaccessibility of arsenic from realgar, and the roles of gut microbiota during this process were investigated in vitro. Results showed that Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Huangqin (Scutellariae Radix), Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix), and Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma) could significantly reduce the bioaccessibility of arsenic from realgar in artificial gastrointestinal fluids. Gut microbiota played an important role in decreasing the bioaccessibility of realgar because it was demonstrated to be able to absorb the soluble arsenic from realgar in the incubation medium. Dahuang, Huangqin, and Jiegeng could modulate the gut microbiota to enhance its arsenic absorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuejun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Beijing 100730, China
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Das A, Biswas A, Guha Mazumder DN. Association between skin lesion and arsenic concentration in hair by mixed bivariate model in chronic arsenic exposure. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:2359-2369. [PMID: 29582264 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin lesion is one of the important health hazards caused by high intake of arsenic through drinking water and diet, and the other hazards include several types of cancers (viz. skin, lung and urinary bladder), ischemic heart disease, hypertension, etc. Two most important biomarkers to measure arsenic intake in a human body are arsenic concentration in urine and hair. The primary interest of this paper is the association between skin lesion and arsenic concentration in hair for participants with chronic arsenic exposure from West Bengal, India, using bivariate regression model based on copula function. The result showed participants with high arsenic concentration in hair had higher incidence of developing skin lesion. Arsenic concentration in hair was significantly higher for the participants with an arsenic concentration in water > 10 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Das
- Department of Statistics, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700131, India.
| | - Anirban Biswas
- School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Xu HH, Ma ZC, Shi QL, Yang SH, Jiang L, Chen XM, Gao Y. Synergistic effect and different toxicities of adjuvant components of Realgar–Indigo Naturalis formula. Chinese Herbal Medicines 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Su J, Wu Z, Wang C, Zhong W, Liu X, Cui L, Zhou X, Ma Y, Xin Y, Zhang J, Wu L, Hu X, Chen X, Peng C, Gao M. Integration of microRNAome, proteomics and metabolomics to analyze arsenic-induced malignant cell transformation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90879-96. [PMID: 29207610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenic has been linked to tumorigenesis in different organs and tissues, such as skin; however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this present study, we integrated “omics” including microRNAome, proteomics and metabolomics to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms. Compared with non-malignant human keratinocytes (HaCaT), twenty-six miRNAs were significantly altered in arsenic-induced transformed cells. Among these miRNAs, the differential expression of six miRNAs was confirmed using Q-RT-PCR, representing potential oxidative stress genes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were performed to identify the differential expression of proteins in arsenic-induced transformed cells, and twelve proteins were significantly changed. Several proteins were associated with oxidative stress and carcinogenesis including heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2). Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and Q-TOF mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS), 68 metabolites including glutathione, fumaric acid, citric acid, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, related to redox metabolism, glutathione metabolism, citrate cycle, met cycle, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism were identified and quantified. Taken together, these results indicated that arsenic-induced transformed cells exhibit alterations in miRNA, protein and metabolite profiles providing novel insights into arsenic-induced cell malignant transformation and identifying early potential biomarkers for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma induced by arsenic.
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Michailidi C, Hayashi M, Datta S, Sen T, Zenner K, Oladeru O, Brait M, Izumchenko E, Baras A, VandenBussche C, Argos M, Bivalacqua TJ, Ahsan H, Hahn NM, Netto GJ, Sidransky D, Hoque MO. Involvement of epigenetics and EMT-related miRNA in arsenic-induced neoplastic transformation and their potential clinical use. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:208-21. [PMID: 25586904 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to toxicants leads to cumulative molecular changes that overtime increase a subject's risk of developing urothelial carcinoma. To assess the impact of arsenic exposure at a time progressive manner, we developed and characterized a cell culture model and tested a panel of miRNAs in urine samples from arsenic-exposed subjects, urothelial carcinoma patients, and controls. To prepare an in vitro model, we chronically exposed an immortalized normal human bladder cell line (HUC1) to arsenic. Growth of the HUC1 cells was increased in a time-dependent manner after arsenic treatment and cellular morphology was changed. In a soft agar assay, colonies were observed only in arsenic-treated cells, and the number of colonies gradually increased with longer periods of treatment. Similarly, invaded cells in an invasion assay were observed only in arsenic-treated cells. Withdrawal of arsenic treatment for 2.5 months did not reverse the tumorigenic properties of arsenic-treated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated decreased PTEN and increased AKT and mTOR in arsenic-treated HUC1 cells. Levels of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c were downregulated in arsenic-exposed HUC1 cells by quantitative RT-PCR. Furthermore, in human urine, miR-200c and miR-205 were inversely associated with arsenic exposure (P = 0.005 and 0.009, respectively). Expression of miR-205 discriminated cancer cases from controls with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.845). Our study suggests that exposure to arsenic rapidly induces a multifaceted dedifferentiation program and miR-205 has potential to be used as a marker of arsenic exposure as well as a maker of early urothelial carcinoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Michailidi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sayantan Datta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tanusree Sen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kaitlyn Zenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Oluwadamilola Oladeru
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mariana Brait
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Evgeny Izumchenko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Baras
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Maria Argos
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noah M Hahn
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Obaidul Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Caldwell KE, Labrecque MT, Solomon BR, Ali A, Allan AM. Prenatal arsenic exposure alters the programming of the glucocorticoid signaling system during embryonic development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2014; 47:66-79. [PMID: 25459689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid system, which plays a critical role in a host of cellular functions including mood disorders and learning and memory, has been reported to be disrupted by arsenic. In previous work we have developed and characterized a prenatal moderate arsenic exposure (50ppb) model and identified several deficits in learning and memory and mood disorders, as well as alterations within the glucocorticoid receptor signaling system in the adolescent mouse. In these present studies we assessed the effects of arsenic on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) pathway in both the placenta and the fetal brain in response at two critical periods, embryonic days 14 and 18. The focus of these studies was on the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes (11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2) which play a key role in glucorticoid synthesis, as well as the expression and set point of the GR negative feedback regulation. Negative feedback regulation is established early in development. At E14 we found arsenic exposure significantly decreased expression of both protein and message in brain of GR and the 11β-HSD1, while 11β-HSD2 enzyme protein levels were increased but mRNA levels were decreased in the brain. These changes in brain protein continued into the E18 time point, but mRNA levels were no longer significantly altered. Placental HSD11B2 mRNA was not altered by arsenic treatment but protein levels were elevated at E14. GR placental protein levels were decreased at E18 in the arsenic exposed condition. This suggests that arsenic exposure may alter GR expression levels as a consequence of a prolonged developmental imbalance between 11β-HSD1 and 11β-HSD2 protein expression despite decreased 11HSDB2 mRNA. The suppression of GR and the failure to turn down 11β-HSD2 protein expression during fetal development may lead to an altered set point for GR signaling throughout adulthood. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to demonstrate that gestational exposure to moderate levels of arsenic results in altered fetal programming of the glucocorticoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine E Caldwell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Matthew T Labrecque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Benjamin R Solomon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Abdulmehdi Ali
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
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