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Meng Y, Zheng X, Zhang Z, Geng H, Li X. Circulating PCSK9 relates to aggravated disease activity, Th17/Treg imbalance, and predicts treatment outcome of conventional synthetic DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ir J Med Sci 2023; 192:3187-3194. [PMID: 36826711 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-023-03323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates inflammatory response and CD4+ T cell differentiation in autoimmune diseases, while its clinical role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lacks sufficient evidence. Subsequently, this study intended to explore the vertical change of PCSK9, and its linkage with T helper (Th) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, clinical features, and treatment outcomes in RA patients. METHODS This multi-center, prospective, cohort study determined serum PCSK9 in 89 RA patients who received conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) and 50 healthy controls (HCs) after recruitment by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For RA patients, serum PCSK9 was also determined at 6th week, 12th week, and 24th week; meanwhile, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells at baseline were determined through flow cytometry. RESULTS PCSK9 was increased in RA patients compared to HCs (median: 209.2 versus 122.0 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In RA patients, PCSK9 positively correlated with Th17 cells (P = 0.023) and Th17/Treg ratio (P = 0.018), but did not link with Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th1/Th2 ratio, or Treg cells. Meanwhile, PCSK9 was not associated with any demographics and medication histories, while it positively correlated with C-reactive protein (P = 0.010), disease activity score in 28 joints (P = 0.009), physician's global assessment (P = 0.015), and clinical disease activity index (P = 0.040). Importantly, PCSK9 gradually reduced from baseline to 24th week; its decrement related to higher possibility of treatment response (P = 0.002), low disease activity (P = 0.001), and remission of csDMARDs (P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Circulating PCSK9 shows the potency as a biomarker for disease management and treatment outcome prediction of csDMARDs in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Huijuan Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Baoding People's Hospital, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, No. 212, Yuhua Dong Road, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
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2
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Feng L, Chen X, Huang Y, Zhang X, Zheng S, Xie N. Immunometabolism changes in fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1243675. [PMID: 37576819 PMCID: PMC10412938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1243675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are essential for initiating and developing the fibrotic process by releasing cytokines and growth factors that activate fibroblasts and promote extracellular matrix deposition. Immunometabolism describes how metabolic alterations affect the function of immune cells and how inflammation and immune responses regulate systemic metabolism. The disturbed immune cell function and their interactions with other cells in the tissue microenvironment lead to the origin and advancement of fibrosis. Understanding the dysregulated metabolic alterations and interactions between fibroblasts and the immune cells is critical for providing new therapeutic targets for fibrosis. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the pathophysiology of fibrosis from the immunometabolism aspect, highlighting the altered metabolic pathways in critical immune cell populations and the impact of inflammation on fibroblast metabolism during the development of fibrosis. We also discuss how this knowledge could be leveraged to develop novel therapeutic strategies for treating fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Feng
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Hainan Cancer Clinical Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Hainan Cancer Clinical Medical Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research of Hainan Province and Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pathology, Hainan Women and Children Medical Center, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Na Xie
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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3
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Meng Q, Liu H, Liu J, Pang Y, Liu Q. Advances in immunotherapy modalities for atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1079185. [PMID: 36703734 PMCID: PMC9871313 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1079185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Atherosclerosis is now understood to be a long-term immune-mediated inflammatory condition brought on by a complicated chain of factors, including endothelial dysfunction, lipid deposits in the artery wall, and monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration, in which both innate immunity and adaptive immunity play an indispensable role. Recent studies have shown that atherosclerosis can be alleviated by inducing a protective immune response through certain auto-antigens or exogenous antigens. Some clinical trials have also demonstrated that atherosclerotic is associated with the presence of immune cells and immune factors in the body. Therefore, immunotherapy is expected to be a new preventive and curative measure for atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide a summary overview of recent progress in the research of immune mechanisms of atherosclerosis and targeted therapeutic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Deparment of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Brain Research and Transformation, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Huajiang Liu
- Deparment of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinteng Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,School of Basic Medicine and Life Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China,*Correspondence: Qibing Liu,
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4
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PCSK9 pathway-noncoding RNAs crosstalk: Emerging opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches in inflammatory atherosclerosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Liu C, Chen J, Chen H, Zhang T, He D, Luo Q, Chi J, Hong Z, Liao Y, Zhang S, Wu Q, Cen H, Chen G, Li J, Wang L. PCSK9 Inhibition: From Current Advances to Evolving Future. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192972. [PMID: 36230934 PMCID: PMC9562883 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory serine protease synthesized primarily by the liver. It mainly promotes the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) by binding LDL-R, reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) clearance. In addition to regulating LDL-R, PCSK9 inhibitors can also bind Toll-like receptors (TLRs), scavenger receptor B (SR-B/CD36), low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), apolipoprotein E receptor-2 (ApoER2) and very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R) reducing the lipoprotein concentration and slowing thrombosis. In addition to cardiovascular diseases, PCSK9 is also used in pancreatic cancer, sepsis, and Parkinson’s disease. Currently marketed PCSK9 inhibitors include alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran, as well as small molecules, nucleic acid drugs, and vaccines under development. This review systematically summarized the application, preclinical studies, safety, mechanism of action, and latest research progress of PCSK9 inhibitors, aiming to provide ideas for the drug research and development and the clinical application of PCSK9 in cardiovascular diseases and expand its application in other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou 510080, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (L.W.)
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Huiqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dongyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiyuan Luo
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaxin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zebin Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yizhong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qizhe Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guangzhong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Neuroscience, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (L.W.)
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Arida A, Legaki AI, Kravvariti E, Protogerou A, Sfikakis PP, Chatzigeorgiou A. PCSK9/LDLR System and Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738764. [PMID: 34692791 PMCID: PMC8531404 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with the emergence of cardiovascular disease, while chronic inflammation is considered a common denominator for their parallel progression. The Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)/LDL-Receptor (LDLR) system is of high importance during atherogenesis, via regulating the clearance of LDL from the circulation; nevertheless the role of this molecular mechanism during RA-related atheromatosis is not known. Methods: Herein, high-resolution ultrasound measurements for arterial hypertrophy, atheromatosis and arterial stiffness as well as comprehensive biochemical profiling were performed in 85 RA patients. The circulating levels of PCSK9 and LDLR were measured and their potential associations as well as of the PCSK9/LDLR ratio with patients' characteristics and the degree of atherosclerosis were investigated. Results: Increased LDLR levels and decreased PCSK9/LDLR ratio were found in RA patients with at least 2 atheromatic plaques as compared to the ones without any plaques. In addition the levels of both PCSK9 and LDLR were positively correlated with the presence of atheromatic plaques as an age- and gender- adjusted multivariate analysis revealed. Conclusions: Our data imply that the PCSK9/LDLR system plays a significant role during RA-related atherosclerosis and may therefore be used as a screening tool for disease progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Arida
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Aigli-Ioanna Legaki
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evrydiki Kravvariti
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Protogerou
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Research Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Magnasco L, Sepulcri C, Antonello RM, Di Bella S, Labate L, Luzzati R, Giacobbe DR, Bassetti M. The role of PCSK9 in infectious diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1000-1015. [PMID: 34269657 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210714160343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many aspects of the physiological role of PCSK9 have been elucidated, particularly regarding its role in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular risk, and its role in innate immunity. Increasing evidence is available about the involvement of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of viral infections, mainly HCV, and the regulation of host response to bacterial infections, primarily sepsis and septic shock. Moreover, the action of PCSK9 has been investigated as a crucial step in the pathogenesis of malaria infection and disease severity. OBJECTIVE This paper aims to review the available published literature on the role of PCSK9 in a wide array of infectious diseases. CONCLUSION Besides the ongoing investigation on PCSK9 inhibition among HIV-infected patients to treat HIV- and ART-related hyperlipidemia, preclinical studies indicate how PCSK9 is involved in reducing the replication of HCV. Interestingly, high plasmatic PCSK9 levels have been described in patients with sepsis. Moreover, a protective role of PCSK9 inhibition has also been proposed against dengue and SARS-CoV-2 viral infections. Finally, a loss of function in the PCSK9-encoding gene has been reported to reduce malaria infection mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Magnasco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Sepulcri
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Labate
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
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Zhang XM, Gu YH, Deng H, Xu ZQ, Zhong ZY, Lyu XJ, Jin HM, Yang XH. Plasma Purification Treatment Relieves the Damage of Hyperlipidemia to PBMCs. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:691336. [PMID: 34307504 PMCID: PMC8292646 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.691336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyperlipidemia {hypercholesterolemia [cholesterol >5.18 mmol/L) or hypertriglyceridemia [triglycerides >2.3 mmol/L], mixed hyperlipidemia [cholesterol >5.18 mmol/L and triglycerides >2.3 mmol/L], and high low-density lipoproteinemia [low-density lipoprotein (LDL) >3.4 mmol/L]} is a strong risk factor for arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therapy with lipid-lowering drugs often results in many side effects. Our study aimed to investigate the potential effects of non-drug therapy with double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) on lipid metabolism-, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-, and apoptosis-related proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and after lipid clearance in patients with hyperlipidemia. Methods: Thirty-five hyperlipidemia patients were selected. Proteins related to lipid metabolism [CD36, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and LDL receptor], ER stress [glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (EIF2α)], and apoptosis [B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3)] were assayed by Western blot, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by flow cytometry (FCM), and ELISA detected serum inflammatory [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] factors. Results: Compared with their pre-DFPP values, the values of most lipid metabolic parameters, such as cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, lipoprotein a [Lp(a)], and small dense LDL (sdLDL) cholesterol, were reduced after DFPP. DFPP was associated with the downregulation of proteins related to lipid metabolism, ER stress, and apoptosis, resulting in decreased ROS and serum inflammatory factor release. Conclusion: DFPP has lipid-lowering activity and can also regulate lipid metabolism-, ER stress-, and apoptosis-related proteins in PBMCs and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors in patients with hyperlipidemia (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03491956).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Hong Gu
- Division of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Division of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Quan Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ze Yuan Zhong
- Division of Orthopedic, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Jie Lyu
- School of Basic Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Min Jin
- Division of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Hong Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zamarrón-Licona E, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Posadas-Sánchez R, Vargas-Alarcón G, Baños-González MA, Borgonio-Cuadra VM, Pérez-Hernández N. Variants of PCSK9 Gene Are Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Mexicans. The GEA Project. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050774. [PMID: 33925815 PMCID: PMC8145882 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic, inflammatory, and complex disease associated with vascular risk factors. Nowadays, the coronary artery calcium (CAC) is a specific marker of the presence and extent of atherosclerosis. Additionally, CAC is a predictor of future coronary events in asymptomatic individuals diagnosed with subclinical atherosclerosis (CAC > 0). In this study, our aim is to evaluate the participation of two polymorphisms of the PCSK9 gene as genetic markers for developing subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in asymptomatic individuals. Methods: We analyzed two PCSK9 polymorphisms (rs2479409 and rs615563) in 394 individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis and 1102 healthy controls using real time- polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Under various inheritance models adjusted for different confounding factors, the rs2479409 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of developing subclinical atherosclerosis (OR = 1.53, P recessive = 0.041). Both polymorphisms were significantly associated with several cardiometabolic parameters. Conclusions: Our data suggest that rs2479409 polymorphism could be envisaged as a risk marker for subclinical atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmo Zamarrón-Licona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
| | - Manuel Alfonso Baños-González
- Centro de Investigación y Posgrado, División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86150, Mexico;
| | | | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico; (E.Z.-L.); (J.M.R.-P.); (G.V.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-55-55732911 (ext. 26301)
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PCSK9: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Sepsis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2687692. [PMID: 33123601 PMCID: PMC7584934 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2687692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is often upregulated in the presence of sepsis and infectious diseases. In sepsis, PCSK9 degraded the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) receptors (LDL-R) of the hepatocytes and the very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptors (VLDL-R) of the adipocytes, which then subsequently reduced pathogenic lipid uptake and clearance/sequestration. Moreover, it might improve cholesterol accumulation and augment toll-like receptor function in macrophages, which supported inflammatory responses. Accordingly, PCSK9 might show detrimental effects on immune host response and survival in sepsis. However, the exact roles of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of sepsis are still not well defined. In this review, we summarized the literatures focusing on the roles of PCSK9 in sepsis. Our review provided an additional insight in the role of PCSK9 in sepsis, which might serve as a potential target for the treatment of sepsis.
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Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9, Angiopoietin-Like Protein 8, Sortilin, and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein-Friends of Foes for Psoriatic Patients at the Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Syndrome? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103682. [PMID: 32456228 PMCID: PMC7279158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic, immune-metabolic disease with strong genetic predispositions and autoimmune pathogenic traits. During psoriasis progression, a wide spectrum of comorbidities comes into play with the leading role of the cardio-metabolic syndrome (CMS) that occurs with the frequency of 30–50% amongst the psoriatic patients. Both conditions—psoriasis and CMS—have numerous common pathways, mainly related to proinflammatory pathways and cytokine profiles. Surprisingly, despite the years of research, the exact pathways linking the occurrence of CMS in the psoriasis population are still not fully understood. Recently published papers, both clinical and based on the basic science, shed new light into this relationship providing an insight into novel key-players proteins with plausible effects on above-mentioned interplay. Taking into account recent advances in this important medical matter, this review aims to discuss comprehensively the role of four proteins: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PSCK9), angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPLT8), sortilin (SORT1), and cholesteryl ester transfer proteins (CEPT) as plausible links between psoriasis and CMS.
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Lee GE, Kim J, Lee JS, Ko J, Lee EJ, Yoon JS. Role of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Orbitopathy in Orbital Fibroblasts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:607144. [PMID: 33488522 PMCID: PMC7821242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.607144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. We sought to investigate the role of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and whether it may be a legitimate target for treatment. METHODS The PCSK9 was compared between GO (n=11) and normal subjects (n=7) in orbital tissue explants using quantitative real-time PCR, and in cultured interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated fibroblasts using western blot. Western blot was used to identify the effects of PCSK9 inhibition on IL-1β-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production and signaling molecules expression as well as levels of adipogenic markers and oxidative stress-related proteins. Adipogenic differentiation was identified using Oil Red O staining. The plasma PCSK9 concentrations were compared between patients with GO (n=44) and healthy subjects (n=26) by ELISA. RESULTS The PCSK9 transcript level was higher in GO tissues. The depletion of PCSK9 blunted IL-1β-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), IL-6, IL-8, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in GO and non-GO fibroblasts. The levels of activated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and phosphorylated forms of Akt and p38 were diminished when PCSK9 was suppressed in GO fibroblasts. Decreases in lipid droplets and attenuated levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), and leptin as well as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), thioredoxin (Trx), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were noted when PCSK9 was suppressed during adipocyte differentiation. The plasma PCSK9 level was significantly higher in GO patients and correlated with level of thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulin (TBII) and the clinical activity score (CAS). CONCLUSIONS PCSK9 plays a significant role in GO. The PCSK9 inhibition attenuated the pro-inflammatory cytokines production, oxidative stress, and fibroblast differentiation into adipocytes. PCSK9 may serve as a therapeutic target and biomarker for GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga Eun Lee
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinjoo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihei Sara Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - JaeSang Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Endocrinology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Sook Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jin Sook Yoon,
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Pang B, Xu X, Lu Y, Jin H, Yang R, Jiang C, Shao D, Liu Y, Shi J. Prediction of new targets and mechanisms for quercetin in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, and rectal cancer. Food Funct 2019; 10:5339-5349. [PMID: 31393490 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin has been widely found to exhibit anticancer activity with low toxicity and prevalence in foods. Quercetin has been reported to inhibit digestive system cancers including pancreatic cancer (PAAD) and colon cancer (COAD), but rectal cancer (READ) has not been reported. The reported mechanisms and targets are divergent. In this study, new targets and mechanisms were predicted for the influence of quercetin on PAAD, COAD, and READ using bioinformatics methods. The results showed that quercetin may target CD36 and reduce the death rate caused by PAAD by enhancing the cell adhesion, mediating the uptake of fatty acids (FAs), regulating thrombospondin-1, and stimulating the immune response. Quercetin may lower the death rate from READ by targeting SLCO1B1 and producing enhanced effects from use of this compound, inhibiting cell growth, and inducing apoptosis in tumor cells. ACADS, ALDH3B2, UGT2A3, AMH, CDKN2A, FOSL1, CD36, CFL2, CYP3A4, and MAF were identified as targets for quercetin to reduce the death rate caused by COAD. Glutathione metabolism was mainly involved in the effect of quercetin on COAD, including the enhancement of the oxidation of fatty acids, the metabolism of anticancer medications, and the stiffness of cells, and the reduction of chemical carcinogenesis, the level of anti-Müllerian hormone, the proliferation of cancer cells and transcriptional misregulation, and mediation of the activity of glutathione transferases. The combined analyses of three databases can be referred to and used to seek medications and targets that can be applied to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Pang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Han Jin
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
| | - Yanlin Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, 28 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710072, China.
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