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Arman A, Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Apak R. A novel electrochemical sensor based on phosphate-stabilized poly-caffeic acid film in combination with graphene nanosheets for sensitive determination of nitro-aromatic energetic materials. Talanta 2024; 266:125098. [PMID: 37639871 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This work offers a novel approach and sensor electrode for electrocatalytic reduction of nitro-aromatic explosives (NAEs). This sensor was created by combining electrochemically reduced graphene nanosheets (GNSs) -through cyclic voltammetric reduction of a graphene oxide colloidal solution- with phosphate-stabilized poly-caffeic acid (pCAF) film-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The poly-caffeic acid-modified nonconductive electrode was stabilized with a H2PO4-/HPO42- phosphate buffer at pH 7 and made conductive. The novel electrode, called phosphate stabilized-GC/GNSs/pCAF, was characterized by electrochemical methods and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensor exhibited high performance for trinitrotoluene (TNT) detection with a linear response between 50 and 500 μg L- 1 and a detection limit of 6 μg L-1. In addition to TNT, precise determinations of NAEs such as 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl methyl nitramine), trinitro phenol (TNP or picric acid; PA), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), and 4-amino dinitrotoluene (4A-DNT, an aerobic bacterial degradation product of TNT) were made using the developed sensor electrode and DPV technique. Simultaneous quantification of TNT and DNT was performed with the aid of a computational technique known as multiple linear regression (MLR). The optimized electrode was resistant to interference effects. Satisfactory results on real samples were obtained by applying the modified electrode to the determination of TNT, tetryl, and TNP in contaminated soil. The validation of the proposed method was made against a literature LC-MS/MS method. A statistical comparison of the obtained results was provided using F- and Student's t-tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Arman
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şener Sağlam
- Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, Istanbul, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Bayraktar Neighborhood, Vedat Dalokay St. No:112, 06670, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Apak R. Direct Determination of Peroxide Explosives on Polycarbazole/Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Glassy Carbon Sensor Electrodes Imprinted for Molecular Recognition of TATP and HMTD. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17662-17669. [PMID: 36472413 PMCID: PMC9773174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since peroxide-based explosives (PBEs) lack reactive functional groups, they cannot be determined directly by most detection methods and are often detected indirectly by converting them to H2O2. However, H2O2 may originate from many sources, causing false positives in PBE detection. Here, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor for the direct sensitive and selective determination of PBEs such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) using electrochemical modification of the glassy carbon (GC) electrode with PBE-memory polycarbazole (PCz) films decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The prepared electrodes were named TATP-memory-GC/PCz/AuNPs (used for TATP determination) and HMTD-memory-GC/PCz/AuNPs (used for HMTD detection). The calibration lines of TATP and HMTD were found in the concentration range of 0.1-1.0 mg L-1 using the net current intensities of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) versus analyte concentrations. The limit of detection (LOD) commonly found was 15 μg L-1 for TATP and HMTD. The sensor electrodes could separately determine intact TATP and HMTD in the presence of nitro-aromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester energetic materials. The proposed electrochemical sensing method was not interfered by electroactive substances such as paracetamol, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, aspartame, d-glucose, and detergent (containing perborate and percarbonate) used as camouflage materials for PBEs. This is the first molecularly imprinted polymeric electrode for PBEs accomplishing such low LODs, and the DPV method was statistically validated in contaminated clay soil samples against the GC-MS method for TATP and a spectrophotometric method for HMTD using t- and F-tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şener Sağlam
- Engineering
Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Engineering
Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Reşat Apak
- Engineering
Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey,Turkish
Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Bayraktar Neighborhood, Vedat Dalokay st. No.: 112, Cankaya, 06670Ankara, Turkey,
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Bener M, Burak Şen F, Apak R. Protamine gold nanoclusters - based fluorescence turn-on sensor for rapid determination of Trinitrotoluene (TNT). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 279:121462. [PMID: 35687992 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Determination of trace residues of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is an analytical challenge as it is widely used in military, mining industry, civilian and counter-terrorism purposes. In this study, a gold nanocluster - based turn-on fluorescence sensor was developed for TNT determination. A one-pot approach was used to synthesize the fluorescent protamine - stabilized gold nanoclusters (PRT-AuNC). The proposed turn-on fluorometric sensor relies on the aggregation-induced emission enhancement mechanism. As a result of the donor-acceptor interaction between the non-fluorescent Meisenheimer anion formed from TNT and the amino groups of weakly fluorescent protamine, the PRT-AuNCs aggregate and an accompanying enhancement in fluorescence intensity is observed with a large Stokes shift (λex = 300 nm, λem = 600 nm). The fluorescence enhancement increased linearly with TNT with an LOD of 12.44 µg/L. Similar energetic materials, common soil ions and explosive camouflage materials did not affect the proposed fluorometric sensing method. TNT in artificially contaminated soil was determined, and the results were comparable to those obtained by the HPLC-DAD system. The proposed turn-on sensor is an important tool for simple, fast, rapid and sensitive TNT determination, and has a potential to be converted to a kit format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bener
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Fatih 34126, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Furkan Burak Şen
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Avcilar 34320, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Electrochemical determination of nitroaromatic explosives using glassy carbon/multi walled carbon nanotube/polyethyleneimine electrode coated with gold nanoparticles. Talanta 2022; 238:122990. [PMID: 34857323 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The on site/in field detection of explosives has become a rising priority for homeland security and counter-terrorism measures. This work presents the sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives using glassy carbon/multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyethyleneimine (GC/MWCNTs/PEI) electrode coated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). MWCNTs and PEI could be well dispersed in ethanol/water solution, giving rise to a thin and homogeneous film on GCE. The GC/MWCNTs/PEI electrode was electrochemically modified with AuNPs and used for the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) detection of nitroaromatics. The enhanced detection sensitivities were achieved through π-π and charge-transfer (CT) interactions between the electron-deficient nitroaromatic explosives and donor amine groups in PEI to which gold nanoparticles were linked, providing increased analyte affinity toward the modified GCE. Calibration curves of current intensity versus concentration were linear in the range of 0.05-8 mg L-1 for TNT, 0.2-4 mg L-1 for 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), 1-20 mg L-1 for 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 0.25-10 mg L-1 for picric acid (PA), and 0.05-4 mg L-1 for 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine (tetryl) with detection limits (LOD) of 15 μg L-1, 45 μg L-1, 135 μg L-1, 30 μg L-1, and 12 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of nitroaromatics in synthetic explosive mixtures and military composite explosives (comp B and octol). The electrochemical method was not affected by possible interferents of electroactive camouflage materials and common soil ions. Method validation was performed against the reference LC-MS method on TNT and PA-contaminated clay soil samples separately.
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Alassane Moussa AK, Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Apak R. A novel electrochemical sensor for nitroguanidine determination using a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and polyvinylpyrrolidone. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The GC/PVP/MWCNTs electrode is the first electrode for the electrochemical determination of insensitive explosive nitroguanidine using intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoul Kader Alassane Moussa
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şener Sağlam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Bayraktar Neighborhood, Vedat Dalokay St. No: 112, Çankaya, 06690 Ankara, Turkey
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Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Erçağ E, Apak R. Electrochemical determination of boron using the signal suppression of mannitol on a gold nanoparticle coated p-Aminothiophenol polymer electrode. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Yardımcı B, Koç ÖK, Üzer A, Hızal J, Apak R. Ethylenediamine-bound magnetite nanoparticles as dual function colorimetric sensor having charge transfer and nanozyme activity for TNT and tetryl detection. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:228. [PMID: 34115203 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A reusable, low-cost, and convenient ethylenediamine (EDA)-bound magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs)-based colorimetric sensor has been developed for dual function colorimetric determination of nitroaromatic explosives such as TNT and tetryl. Colorimetric detection of analytes may occur through two independent routes: (1) nano-Fe3O4- EDA- NH2 as σ-donor may interact with the σ- and π-acceptor aromatic-poly(NO2) groups to produce a colored charge-transfer (CT) complex; (2) nano-Fe3O4-EDA-NH2 as a Fenton-type nanozyme may generate reactive species that comprise hydroxyl radicals (•OH) with H2O2 to oxidize 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue-colored diimine (oxTMB-TMB) CT complex, where this color is bleached with TNT/tetryl because of donor-acceptor interactions between the explosive -NO2 groups and the -NH2 group of Fe3O4-EDA nanoparticles of restricted nanozyme activity. Both methods can quantify TNT well below the EPA recommended TNT residential screening level in soil, LOD being in the micromolar range. As EDA was covalently bound to MNPs, the same sensor can be separately reused six times for TNT and eight times for tetryl determination, using method (1). Common metal ions, anions, energetic materials, several camouflage materials, and soil components such as humates did not interfere with the nanosensor performance for TNT and tetryl. The combination of charge-transfer and nanozyme ability of Fe3O4- EDA-NH2 nanoparticles may bring a new approach to dual function colorimetric sensor design. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dual function colorimetric sensor for TNT and tetryl using the same nanoparticles as sensing elements in two different detection systems involving either formation or bleaching of colored species. The proposed colorimetric sensor can determine nitroaromatic explosives in two different ways: method-1 for TNT and tetryl sensing with EDA-MNPs relies on the donor-acceptor interaction between the electron-deficient nitroaromatics and electron-rich amine groups covalently functionalized on MNPs to produce an absorbance at 512 nm. In method-2, EDA-MNPs having nanozyme activity react with H2O2 to form reactive species that can oxidize TMB to its blue-colored charge-transfer (CT) complex, where TNT and tetryl addition may partially inhibit the nanozyme activity of EDA-MNPs and cause color bleaching (decrement of 650 nm absorbance) by disrupting the CT complex formed from TMB. This is the first dual function colorimetric sensor for nitro explosives uniquely combining charge-transfer and nanozyme ability of EDA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the same nano-sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Yardımcı
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.,Science and Technology Application and Research Center (ARTMER), Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ömer Kaan Koç
- Institute of Graduate Studies, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey.,Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jülide Hızal
- Engineering Faculty, Chemical and Process Engineering Department, Yalova University, Yalova, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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A Simple Determination of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Based on Fluorescence Quenching of Rhodamine 110 with FRET Mechanism. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:989-997. [PMID: 33880706 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive and selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives is an important issue in regard to human health, environment, public security and military issues. In this study, a simple and sensitive fluorescence quenching - based assay utilizing Rhodamine 110 as fluorophore probe was developed for the determination of trinitrotoluene (TNT). This sensitive fluorometric method could measure the decrease in fluorescence of Rhodamine 110 (λex = 490 nm, λem = 521 nm) owing to the primary amine groups of Rhodamine 110 (different from other rhodamines) capable of donor-acceptor interaction with TNT. The resulting TNT-amine complex can strongly quench the fluorescence emission of Rhodamine 110 by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) which occurs as the excited Rhodamine 110 fluorophore (donor) transfers its energy to TNT (acceptor) by non-radiative dipole-dipole interaction. Fluorescence quenching varied linearly with TNT concentration, with LOD and the LOQ of 0.71 and 2.38 mg L- 1 TNT, respectively. Similar explosives, common soil ions, and possible camouflage materials were found not to interfere with the proposed method, offering significant advantages with its easy methodology, low-cost, sensitivity, and rapidity of analysis. FRET mechanism based on dye donor-TNT acceptor interaction.
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Terán-Alcocer Á, Bravo-Plascencia F, Cevallos-Morillo C, Palma-Cando A. Electrochemical Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Aqueous Detection of Biologically Relevant Molecules. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:252. [PMID: 33478121 PMCID: PMC7835872 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors appear as low-cost, rapid, easy to use, and in situ devices for determination of diverse analytes in a liquid solution. In that context, conducting polymers are much-explored sensor building materials because of their semiconductivity, structural versatility, multiple synthetic pathways, and stability in environmental conditions. In this state-of-the-art review, synthetic processes, morphological characterization, and nanostructure formation are analyzed for relevant literature about electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymers for the determination of molecules that (i) have a fundamental role in the human body function regulation, and (ii) are considered as water emergent pollutants. Special focus is put on the different types of micro- and nanostructures generated for the polymer itself or the combination with different materials in a composite, and how the rough morphology of the conducting polymers based electrochemical sensors affect their limit of detection. Polypyrroles, polyanilines, and polythiophenes appear as the most recurrent conducting polymers for the construction of electrochemical sensors. These conducting polymers are usually built starting from bifunctional precursor monomers resulting in linear and branched polymer structures; however, opportunities for sensitivity enhancement in electrochemical sensors have been recently reported by using conjugated microporous polymers synthesized from multifunctional monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Terán-Alcocer
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
| | - Francisco Bravo-Plascencia
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
| | - Carlos Cevallos-Morillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Francisco Viteri s/n y Gato Sobral, 170129 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Alex Palma-Cando
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, 100119 Urcuquí, Ecuador; (Á.T.-A.); (F.B.-P.)
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Tajik S, Beitollahi H, Nejad FG, Dourandish Z, Khalilzadeh MA, Jang HW, Venditti RA, Varma RS, Shokouhimehr M. Recent Developments in Polymer Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Detecting Environmental Pollutants. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:1112-1136. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, 7616911319, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, 7518934119, Iran
| | - Fariba Garkani Nejad
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, 7518934119, Iran
| | - Zahra Dourandish
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, 7518934119, Iran
| | - Mohammad A. Khalilzadeh
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8005, United States
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard A. Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8005, United States
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Chemical Methods and Treatment Branch, Water Infrastructure Division, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
- Regional Center of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Celik Bayar C, Turker L. Investigation of π-π Interactions between TNT and ( R)-Hexahelicene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1749088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Celik Bayar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Lemi Turker
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Moradi N, Shamsipur M, Taherpour A, Pashabadi A. Impedimetric determination of Cs(I) using AuNPs@PoPD-DB24C8: A targeted molecular-scale perturbation. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:118-128. [PMID: 32222233 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most attributes of the bulk materials, especially in the solid-state, are directly dictated by a manner by which the molecules are ordered. Thus, it is expected that the possibility of controlling these structural orders would allow predominating some particular physical properties. The methodology used in this work follows the molecular scale perturbation occurred by Cs+ ion within a ternary composite of dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8), poly ortho-phenylenediamine (PoPD) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Hypothetically, two former substances were respectively employed as recognition element and conductive platform to establish a monolithic structure that resembles supramolecular synthon in solid-state. The third precursor was Au(III) that carries out a dual role including vulcanization of the polymeric units via creating quinoid rings and solid signal amplification by deposition of AuNPs at the welded points. This strategy affords an intertwined ternary composite in which the electronical properties of the system can be directly affected by lowest agitation sensed by the recognition element, DB24C8, making the supported transducer capable of monitoring trace amount of Cs+ ion by Faradaic impedance spectroscopy (FIS) and single-frequency measurements (SFM). The fabricated sensor showed a signal change against Cs+ ion over the linear range of 0.6-25.0 nM with a detection limit of 0.37 nM (S/N = 3). Density functional theory (DFT) studies were used to explore the possible recognition mechanism, by which the incorporation of Cs+ ion meaningfully dispersed the structural order of the ternary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozar Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Avat Taherpour
- Department of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang L. Simple Copper Nanoparticle/Polyfurfural Film Modified Electrode for the Determination of 2, 4, 6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT). ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1751182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Sağlam Ş, Arman A, Üzer A, Ustamehmetoğlu B, Sezer E, Apak R. Selective Electrochemical Determination of Dopamine with Molecularly Imprinted Poly(Carbazole‐
co
‐Aniline) Electrode Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Şener Sağlam
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Engineering, Chem. Dept. 34320 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Aysu Arman
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Engineering, Chem. Dept. 34320 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Engineering, Chem. Dept. 34320 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Belkıs Ustamehmetoğlu
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Science and Letters, Chemistry Department 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Esma Sezer
- Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Science and Letters, Chemistry Department 34469 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Engineering, Chem. Dept. 34320 Istanbul Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) Piyade st. No:27 06690 Çankaya, Ankara Turkey
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Effect of alumina supported on glassy-carbon electrode on the electrochemical reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene: A simple strategy for its selective detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pourtaheri E, Taher MA, Ali GA, Agarwal S, Gupta VK. Electrochemical detection of gliclazide and glibenclamide on ZnIn2S4 nanoparticles-modified carbon ionic liquid electrode. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Özcan Ç, Üzer A, Durmazel S, Apak R. Colorimetric Sensing of Nitroaromatic Energetic Materials Using Surfactant-Stabilized and Dithiocarbamate-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1608555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Özcan
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Durmazel
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University – Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Arman A, Üzer A, Sağlam Ş, Erçağ E, Apak R. Indirect electrochemical determination of antioxidant capacity with hexacyanoferrate(III) reduction using a gold nanoparticle-coated o-phenylenediamine-aniline copolymer electrode. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1536137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Arman
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şener Sağlam
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Erçağ
- Aytar Caddesi, Fecri Ebcioglu Sokak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Çankaya, Turkey
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19
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Zeng W, Manoj D, Sun H, Yi R, Huang X, Sun Y. One-pot synthesis of high-density Pd nanoflowers decorated 3D carbon nanotube-graphene network modified on printed electrode as portable electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive detection of nitroaromatic explosives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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20
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Bairagi PK, Gupta GS, Verma N. Fe‐enriched Clay‐coated and Reduced Graphene Oxide‐modified N‐doped Polymer Nanocomposite: A Natural Recognition Element‐based Sensing Electrode for DNT. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab K. Bairagi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur- 208016 India
| | - Govind S. Gupta
- Center for Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur- 208016 India
| | - Nishith Verma
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur- 208016 India
- Center for Environmental Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur- 208016 India
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21
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Ular N, Üzer A, Durmazel S, Erçağ E, Apak R. Diaminocyclohexane-Functionalized/Thioglycolic Acid-Modified Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Sensing of Trinitrotoluene and Tetryl. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2335-2342. [PMID: 30350589 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection of explosive residues in soil and postblast debris is an important issue in sensor design for environmental and criminological purposes. An easy-to-use and low-cost gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based colorimetric sensor was developed for the determination of nitroaromatic explosives, i.e., trinitrotoluene (TNT) and tetryl, capable of analyte detection at picomolar (pM) levels. The sensor nanoparticles were synthesized by functionalizing the negatively charged thioglycolic acid (TGA)-modified AuNPs with positively charged (±)- trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) at a carefully calculated pH. The working principle of the sensor is charge-transfer (CT) interaction between the electron-rich free amino (-NH2) group of DACH and the electron-deficient -NO2 groups of TNT/tetryl, added to possible nanoparticle agglomerization via electrostatic interaction of TNT-Meisenheimer anions with more than one cationic DACH-modified AuNP. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the sensor were 1.76 pM and 5.87 pM for TNT and 1.74 pM and 5.80 pM for tetryl, respectively. TNT, tetryl, and tetrytol, extracted from a nitroaromatic explosive-contaminated soil sample, were determined with the proposed sensor, yielding good recoveries. The sensor could be selectively applied to various mixtures of TNT with common energetic materials such as RDX, HMX, and PETN. Additionally, common soil ions (Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+) as well as detergents, sugar, sweeteners, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), caffeine, and paracetamol-based painkiller drugs, which may be used as camouflage materials for explosives, either had no adverse effects or removable interferences on the detection method. The developed method was statistically validated against a GC-MS literature method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neşe Ular
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selen Durmazel
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Erçağ
- Aytar Caddesi, Fecri Ebcioğlu Sokak, No. 6/8, Levent, Istanbul, 34340, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320 Avcilar, Istanbul, Turkey
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22
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Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Erçağ E, Apak R. Electrochemical Determination of TNT, DNT, RDX, and HMX with Gold Nanoparticles/Poly(Carbazole-Aniline) Film–Modified Glassy Carbon Sensor Electrodes Imprinted for Molecular Recognition of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7364-7370. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Şener Sağlam
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Erçağ
- Aytar Cad., Fecri Ebcioglu Sok., No. 6/8, Levent, 34340 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reşat Apak
- Faculty of Engineering, Chemistry Department, Istanbul University, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey
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23
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Yu HA, DeTata DA, Lewis SW, Silvester DS. Recent developments in the electrochemical detection of explosives: Towards field-deployable devices for forensic science. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Yu J, Lu S, Xu W, He G, He D. Synthesis of gold/polydopamine composite surfaces on glass substrates for localized surface plasmon resonance and catalysis. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Ge He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng He
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and ArchitectureNorthwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 People's Republic of China
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25
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Arduini F, Cinti S, Scognamiglio V, Moscone D, Palleschi G. How cutting-edge technologies impact the design of electrochemical (bio)sensors for environmental analysis. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 959:15-42. [PMID: 28159104 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Through the years, scientists have developed cutting-edge technologies to make (bio)sensors more convenient for environmental analytical purposes. Technological advancements in the fields of material science, rational design, microfluidics, and sensor printing, have radically shaped biosensor technology, which is even more evident in the continuous development of sensing systems for the monitoring of hazardous chemicals. These efforts will be crucial in solving some of the problems constraining biosensors to reach real environmental applications, such as continuous analyses in field by means of multi-analyte portable devices. This review (with 203 refs.) covers the progress between 2010 and 2015 in the field of technologies enabling biosensor applications in environmental analysis, including i) printing technology, ii) nanomaterial technology, iii) nanomotors, iv) biomimetic design, and (v) microfluidics. Next section describes futuristic cutting-edge technologies that are gaining momentum in recent years, which furnish highly innovative aspects to biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Institute of Crystallography (IC-CNR), Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy; National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems "INBB", Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, Rome, Italy
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26
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Wang J, Meng Z, Xue M, Qiu L, Dong X, Xu Z, He X, Liu X, Li J. Simultaneous selective extraction of nitramine explosives using molecularly imprinted polymer hollow spheres from post blast samples. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02910h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solvents modulate the adsorption selectivity and adsorption capacity of a molecularly imprinted polymer to target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
- School of Petroleum and Environmental Engineering
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering & Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering & Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Environment
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Xuan He
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Xueyong Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- P. R. China
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27
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Avaz S, Roy RB, Mokkapati VRSS, Bozkurt A, Pandit S, Mijakovic I, Menceloglu YZ. Graphene based nanosensor for aqueous phase detection of nitroaromatics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03860g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroaromatics sensor composed of monolayer graphene and molecularly imprinted chitosan thin film was fabricated and responded selectively against imprinted nitrotriazolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Avaz
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - R. B. Roy
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - V. R. S. S. Mokkapati
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology
- Goteborg
- Sweden
| | - A. Bozkurt
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology
- Goteborg
- Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology
- Goteborg
- Sweden
| | - Y. Z. Menceloglu
- Sabanci University
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- 34956 Tuzla
- Turkey
- Sabanci University Integrated Manufacturing Technologies Research and Application Center & Composite Technologies Center of Excellence
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28
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Pan S, Wang L, Chen X, Tang Y, Chen Y, Sun Y, Yang X, Wan P. Enhanced electrochemical sensing of nitroaromatic compounds based on hydroxyl modified carbon submicroparticles. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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29
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González-Calabuig A, Cetó X, Del Valle M. Electronic tongue for nitro and peroxide explosive sensing. Talanta 2016; 153:340-6. [PMID: 27130125 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the application of a voltammetric electronic tongue (ET) towards the simultaneous determination of both nitro-containing and peroxide-based explosive compounds, two families that represent the vast majority of compounds employed either in commercial mixtures or in improvised explosive devices. The multielectrode array was formed by graphite, gold and platinum electrodes, which exhibited marked mix-responses towards the compounds examined; namely, 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (Tetryl) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). Departure information was the set of voltammograms, which were first analyzed by means of principal component analysis (PCA) allowing the discrimination of the different individual compounds, while artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used for the resolution and individual quantification of some of their mixtures (total normalized root mean square error for the external test set of 0.108 and correlation of the obtained vs. expected concentrations comparison graphs r>0.929).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu González-Calabuig
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Cetó
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Del Valle
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Xu TS, Li XY, Xie ZH, Li XG, Zhang HY. Poly(o-phenylenediamine) nanosphere-conjugated capture antibody immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode for electrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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