1
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Retrospective detection for V-type OPNAs exposure via phosphonylation and disulfide adducts in albumin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10979. [PMID: 35768567 PMCID: PMC9243071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) that damage the central nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity, pose severe threats to human health and life security. Reliable biomarkers that quickly and accurately detect OPNAs exposure are urgently needed to help diagnose quickly and treat in time. Albumins that covalently bind to OPNAs could serve as important targets for retrospective verification of OPNAs exposure. The goal of this study is to explore the potential biomarkers in albumins with high reactivity and good stability and expand the group of potential biomarkers in different species for detecting the exposure of V-type OPNAs including O-ethyl S-(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl) methylphosphonothioate (VX), O-isobutyl S-(2(diethylamino)ethyl) methylphosphonothioate (VR), and O-butyl S-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl) methylphosphonothioate (Vs). Taking human serum albumin (HSA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and rabbit serum albumin (RSA) as the research objectives, multiple active sites including phosphonylation and disulfide adduct sites were observed in albumins from different species. Numerous phosphonylation sites labeled by all agents in one type of albumin were found. Among the different species, four shared phosphonylation sites with high reactivity include K499, K549, K249, and Y108. In addition, Y108 on ETY*GEMADCCAK, Y287 on Y*ICENQDSISSK, Y377 on TY*ETTLEK and Y164 on YLY*EIAR in HSA were stably phosphonylated by all agents in gradient concentration, making them stable and suitable potential biomarkers for V-type OPNAs exposure. Notably, Y108 on ETY*GEMADCCAK in HSA, on DTY*GDVADCCEK in RSA, and on ETY*GDMADCCEK in BSA were highly reactive to all V-type agents, regardless of species. It was also successfully labeled in HSA exposed to class V agents in gradient concentration. Y108 is expected to be used to screen and identify the exposure of V-type agents in the retrospective research. Disulfide adducts sites, consisted of four sites in HSA and two sites in BSA were also successfully labeled by V-type agents, and characteristic ion fragments from these disulfide adducts were also identified by secondary mass spectrometry. Molecular simulation of the stably modified sites were conducted to discover the promoting factors of covalent adduct formation, which help further clarify formation mechanism of albumin adducts at active sites.
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2
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Chemical profiling of dispersed fentanyl analogues sampled from indoor surfaces using multivariate data classification to determine synthesis methods. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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3
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Gebremedhin M, Fentabil M, Cochrane L, Lau V, Toth D, Barry J. In vitro decontamination efficacy of the RSDL® (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion Kit) lotion component against riot control agents: Capsaicin, Mace™ (CN) and CS. Toxicol Lett 2020; 332:36-41. [PMID: 32629075 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the degradation of riot control agents (RCAs): 2-chloroacetophenone (CN), 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (CS), and capsaicin, using the Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion Kit (RSDL®) lotion and evaluated the the direct liquid phase reactivity of the RSDL lotion component with each RCA. RSDL lotion was mixed with the selected RCAs at different molar ratios. Reactivity of the active ingredient potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (KBDO) with the RCA was observed for one hour. Samples of 10 μL were taken and quenched, analyzed for residual RCA using LC-MS. CN, was degraded at molar ratios of two and above in less than 2 min. At a molar ratio of 1:1 KBDO:CN, ∼90 % of CN was degraded within 2 min, the remaining 10 % residual CN was observed for one hour without any change. CS, degradation of more than 68 % of CS was achieved at 20:1 M ratio of KBDO:CS within 1 h of reaction time. For capsaicin, no degradation was observed regardless of the higher molar ratios of up to 20:1 and longer reaction times of up to one hour. This study provides evaluation of neutralizing action of the RSDL lotion without assessment of the physical removal component by the RSDL Kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulu Gebremedhin
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Messele Fentabil
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Laura Cochrane
- Emergent Countermeasures International Ltd., 5 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, UK.
| | - Vivian Lau
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Suffield, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek Toth
- Emergent BioSolutions Canada Inc., 155 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - John Barry
- Emergent BioSolutions, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
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4
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Chen J, Liu H, Lu X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Liu Q, Wang H, Guo L, Gao R, Xu B, Xie J. Sensitive Untargeted Screening of Nerve Agents and Their Degradation Products Using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10578-10587. [PMID: 32496758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nerve agents (NAs) are notorious chemical warfare agents that pose a serious threat to national security and public health. The total number of theoretical chemicals of NAs and their degradation products (DPs) exceeds 410 000, according to 1.A.01-1.A.03 in the Schedules of Chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which poses great challenges for identification and verification. A three-step integrated untargeted screening strategy was developed based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. First, an extensible homemade library for targeted screening of common classical agents was established. Second, a set of in-source collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry (MS)-alerting ions was extracted and concluded based on fragmentation behavior studies, which included 40 specific alerting ions and 10 types of characteristic structural fragments from total NAs and their DPs. A novel "alerting ion" searching method was developed to rapidly and sensitively screen whether or not nerve agent-related compounds were present and of which type they were. Third, we built a theoretical exact mass database including 202 accurate masses or molecular formulas, which could cover all structural possibilities of the NAs and their DPs. Comprehensively, the elemental composition of pseudomolecular ions, fragment ions, MS/MS spectra, and isotope pattern information were obtained from the full scan MS/data dependent-MS2 experiments and elucidated for identification of the candidates selected in the screening step. This strategy was successfully applied to the identification of unknown chemicals in real samples with good stability and a low limit of detection of 1-10 ng/mL. These procedures are applicable for trace forensic investigations in cases of the alleged use of nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xiaogang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Runli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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5
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Lindsay CD, Timperley CM. TRPA1 and issues relating to animal model selection for extrapolating toxicity data to humans. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:14-36. [PMID: 31578097 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119877460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is a sensor for irritant chemicals, has ancient lineage, and is distributed across animal species including humans, where it features in many organs. Its activation by a diverse panel of electrophilic molecules (TRPA1 agonists) through electrostatic binding and/or covalent attachment to the protein causes the sensation of pain. This article reviews the species differences between TRPA1 channels and their responses, to assess the suitability of different animals to model the effects of TRPA1-activating electrophiles in humans, referring to common TRPA1 activators (exogenous and endogenous) and possible mechanisms of action relating to their toxicology. It concludes that close matching of in vitro and in vivo models will help optimise the identification of relevant biochemical and physiological responses to benchmark the efficacy of potential therapeutic drugs, including TRPA1 antagonists, to counter the toxic effects of those electrophiles capable of harming humans. The analysis of the species issue provided should aid the development of medical treatments to counter poisoning by such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Lindsay
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, UK
| | - C M Timperley
- Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, UK
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6
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Advice on assistance and protection provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 1. On medical care and treatment of injuries from nerve agents. Toxicology 2019; 415:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Timperley CM, Abdollahi M, Al-Amri AS, Baulig A, Benachour D, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Geist M, Gonzalez D, Kane W, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Fusaro Mourão NM, Neffe S, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Suárez AG, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Vanninen PS, Vučinić S, Zaitsev V, Zafar-Uz-Zaman M, Zina MS, Holen S, Forman JE, Alwan WS, Suri V. Advice on assistance and protection by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 2. On preventing and treating health effects from acute, prolonged, and repeated nerve agent exposure, and the identification of medical countermeasures able to reduce or eliminate the longer term health effects of nerve agents. Toxicology 2019; 413:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Borrett V, Timperley CM, Forman JE, Tang C. Investigative science and technology supporting the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1559356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Borrett
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), Chair of the Temporary Working Group on Investigative Science and Technology of the SAB, and BAI Scientific, The University of Melbourne Bio21 Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher M. Timperley
- Chair of SAB, and Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jonathan E. Forman
- Science Policy Adviser and Secretary to the SAB, OPCW, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng Tang
- Vice-Chair of SAB, and Office for the Disposal of Japanese Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Ministry of National Defence, Beijing, China
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9
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Forman JE, Timperley CM, Aas P, Abdollahi M, Alonso IP, Baulig A, Becker-Arnold R, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Gonzalez D, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mikulak R, de Souza Nogueria E, Ramasami P, Raza SK, Saeed AEM, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, van Straten FM, Waqar F, Zaitsev V, Zina MS, Grolmusová K, Valente G, Payva M, Sun S, Yang A, van Eerten D. Innovative technologies for chemical security. PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Advances across the chemical and biological (life) sciences are increasingly enabled by ideas and tools from sectors outside these disciplines, with information and communication technologies playing a key role across 21st century scientific development. In the face of rapid technological change, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), the implementing body of the Chemical Weapons Convention (“the Convention”), seeks technological opportunities to strengthen capabilities in the field of chemical disarmament. The OPCW Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) in its review of developments in science and technology examined the potential uses of emerging technologies for the implementation of the Convention at a workshop entitled “Innovative Technologies for Chemical Security”, held from 3 to 5 July 2017, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The event, organized in cooperation with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine of the United States of America, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Brazilian Chemical Society, was attended by 45 scientists and engineers from 22 countries. Their insights into the use of innovative technological tools and how they might benefit chemical disarmament and non-proliferation informed the SAB’s report on developments in science and technology for the Fourth Review Conference of the Convention (to be held in November 2018), and are described herein, as are recommendations that the SAB submitted to the OPCW Director-General and the States Parties of the Convention. It is concluded that technologies exist or are under development that could be used for investigations, contingency, assistance and protection, reducing risks to inspectors, and enhancing sampling and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Forman
- Secretary to the Scientific Advisory Board and Science Policy Adviser, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Christopher M. Timperley
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury , Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ , UK
| | - Pål Aas
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) , Kjeller , Norway
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | | | - Augustin Baulig
- Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Nationale (SGDSN) , Paris , France
| | | | - Veronica Borrett
- BAI Scientific , Melbourne , Australia ; and Honorary Fellow, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Flerida A. Cariño
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines , Quezon City , Philippines
| | | | - David Gonzalez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República , Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health , Zagreb , Croatia
| | | | - Robert Mikulak
- United States Department of State , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Evandro de Souza Nogueria
- Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (MCTIC) , Brasilia , Brazil
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius , Réduit 80837 , Mauritius
| | - Syed K. Raza
- Institute of Pesticides Formulation Technology (IPFT) , Gurugram, Haryana , India
| | | | - Koji Takeuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Cheng Tang
- Office for the Disposal of Japanese Abandoned Chemical Weapons, Ministry of National Defence , Beijing , China
| | - Ferruccio Trifirò
- Department of Industrial Chemistry , University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Farhat Waqar
- Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Volodymyr Zaitsev
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv , Kyiv , Ukraine ; and Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | | | - Guy Valente
- Assistance and Protection Branch, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Marlene Payva
- Office of Strategy and Policy, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Siqing Sun
- Interns in the Office of Strategy and Policy, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Amy Yang
- Interns in the Office of Strategy and Policy, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Darcy van Eerten
- Interns in the Office of Strategy and Policy, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
Abstract
The Chemical Weapons Convention is a science-based international treaty for the disarmament and non-proliferation of chemical weapons. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) serves as its implementing body. The treaty bans chemicals weapons, includes a verification mechanism to monitor compliance, and requires scientific and technical expertise for effective implementation. This necessitates a continuous engagement with scientific communities, whether informal or institutionalized (as demonstrated by the Designated Laboratories, Validation Group, and Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), of the OPCW), to ensure operation of the treaty keeps pace with scientific advances, and that enabling opportunities to meet challenges through scientific advances can be seized. The effective use of science for treaty implementation demands scientific literacy for decision making. Herein, the Convention, its scientific basis, need for scientific expertise, and mechanisms through which the OPCW engages scientists, are described. The function of the OPCW SAB, its review of science and technology to advise disarmament and non-proliferation policymakers, and its role in raising awareness of science within the world of international diplomacy, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Forman
- Secretary to the Scientific Advisory Board and Science Policy Adviser, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Christopher M. Timperley
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, Salisbury , Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ , UK
| | - Siqing Sun
- Former interns in the Office of Strategy and Policy, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
| | - Darcy van Eerten
- Former interns in the Office of Strategy and Policy, OPCW , The Hague , The Netherlands
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11
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Timperley CM, Forman JE, Åas P, Abdollahi M, Benachour D, Al-Amri AS, Baulig A, Becker-Arnold R, Borrett V, Cariño FA, Curty C, Gonzalez D, Geist M, Kane W, Kovarik Z, Martínez-Álvarez R, Mikulak R, Fusaro Mourão NM, Neffe S, De Souza Nogueira E, Ramasami P, Raza SK, Rubaylo V, Saeed AEM, Takeuchi K, Tang C, Trifirò F, Mauritz van Straten F, Suárez AG, Waqar F, Vanninen PS, Zafar-Uz-Zaman M, Vučinić S, Zaitsev V, Zina MS, Holen S, Izzati FN. Advice from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons on riot control agents in connection to the Chemical Weapons Convention. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41731-41739. [PMID: 35558814 PMCID: PMC9092081 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds that cause powerful sensory irritation to humans were reviewed by the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in response to requests in 2014 and 2017 by the OPCW Director-General to advise which riot control agents (RCAs) might be subject to declaration under the Chemical Weapons Convention (the “Convention”). The chemical and toxicological properties of 60 chemicals identified from a survey by the OPCW of RCAs that had been researched or were available for purchase, and additional chemicals recognised by the SAB as having potential RCA applications, were considered. Only 17 of the 60 chemicals met the definition of a RCA under the Convention. These findings were provided to the States Parties of the Convention to inform the implementation of obligations pertaining to RCAs under this international chemical disarmament and non-proliferation treaty. Chemicals that meet the criteria of a riot control agent as defined by the Chemical Weapons Convention (an international chemical disarmament and non-proliferation treaty) are reviewed by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Timperley
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Jonathan E. Forman
- Secretary to the OPCW Scientific Advisory Board and Science Policy Adviser
- Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
- The Hague
- The Netherlands
| | - Pal Åas
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI)
- Norway
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | | | | | - Augustin Baulig
- Secrétariat Général de la Défense et de la Sécurité Nationale (SGDSN)
- Paris
- France
| | | | - Veronica Borrett
- BAI Scientific
- Melbourne
- Australia
- University of Melbourne
- Melbourne
| | - Flerida A. Cariño
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of the Philippines
- Quezon City
- Philippines
| | | | - David Gonzalez
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
- Uruguay
| | | | | | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health
- Zagreb
- Croatia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mauritius
- Réduit 80837
| | - Syed K. Raza
- Institute of Pesticides Formulation Technology (IPFT)
- Gurugram
- India
| | - Valentin Rubaylo
- State Scientific Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT)
- Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | | | - Koji Takeuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tokyo
- Japan
| | - Cheng Tang
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Vice-Chair, 2015–2018
- Office for the Disposal of Japanese Abandoned Chemical Weapons
- Ministry of National Defence
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ferruccio Trifirò
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | | | - Alejandra G. Suárez
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Farhat Waqar
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Paula S. Vanninen
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Mohammad Zafar-Uz-Zaman
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Slavica Vučinić
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Volodymyr Zaitsev
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Mongia Saïd Zina
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Stian Holen
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
| | - Fauzia Nurul Izzati
- OPCW Scientific Advisory Board Chair, 2015–2018
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl)
- Salisbury
- UK
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