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Geng C, Dong Z, Zhang T, Yang Z, Xu Z, Liang S, Ding X. Advances in atmospheric pressure plasma-based optical emission spectrometry for the analysis of heavy metals. Talanta 2024; 270:125634. [PMID: 38215585 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, miniaturized optical emission spectrometry (OES) systems utilizing atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) as radiation sources have exhibited impressive capabilities in trace heavy metal analysis. As the core of the analytical system, APPs sources possess unique properties such as compact size, light weight, low energy requirement, ease of fabrication, and relatively low manufacturing cost. This critical review focuses on recent progress of APP-based OES systems employed for the determination of heavy metals. Influences of technical details including the sample introduction manner, the sampling volume, the sample flow rate, the pH of the solutions on the plasma stability and the intensity of analytical signals are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the analytical challenges faced by these techniques and highlights the opportunities for further development in the field of heavy metal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao, 266002, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Qingdao Institute for Food and Drug Control, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zewen Xu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xuelu Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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2
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Greda K, Welna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Pohl P. Sensitive determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry combined with the microplasma-assisted vapor generation. Talanta 2022; 249:123694. [PMID: 35738207 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A technique of vapor generation assisted by a microplasma was used for sample introduction into inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Replacing a pneumatic nebulizer with a novel microplasma device improved the sensitivities of analytical signals for Ag, Bi, Cd, Pb, Tl, and Zn (by 2-13 times), as well as a concomitant reduction in their detection limits (DLs). Moreover, an outstanding improvement (30-fold) was achieved for Hg. The factors contributing to the boosted signal intensities were higher analyte fluxes and less water vapor produced by the microplasma system. The DLs of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn in microplasma-ICP OES were 0.4, 4, 0.06, 0.2, 2, 5, and 0.2 μg L-1, respectively, and the measurement precision was within the range of 0.7-2.4% (it was significantly improved as compared to that achievable with pneumatic nebulization). The proposed microplasma-assisted vapor generation eliminates the use of toxic reductants, e.g., sodium tetrahydridoborate, and it is characterized by higher resistance to matrix effects from transition metal ions (as compared to chemical vapor generation (CVG) and photochemical vapor generation (PVG)). To validate the trueness of the SAGD-ICP OES method, certified reference materials of lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2), cormorant tissue (MODAS-4) as well as spiked tap water and seawater samples were analyzed to determine levels Cd and Hg. The standard additions method was used for calibration in both cases. Recoveries of the analytes in the case of the analysis of TORT-2 and MODAS-4 samples as well as the spiked tap water and seawater was within the range of 98-113%, which indicated that the developed sample introduction system can be successfully used for very sensitive determinations of selected hazardous elements in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Welna
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szymczycha-Madeja
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lu Q, Feng Y, Luo H, Yu J, Kang Y. Enhanced Sensitivity for the Determination of Lithium by Miniaturized Liquid Cathode Glow Discharge (LCGD) Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES) with the Addition of Surfactants. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2072856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quanfang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
- Editorial Department of the University Journal, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuejing Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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4
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Greda K, Welna M, Pohl P. Determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry combined with vapor generation assisted by solution anode glow discharge - A preliminary study. Talanta 2022; 246:123500. [PMID: 35487012 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new technique of vapor generation assisted by a microplasma was proposed for an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). It was found that, by replacing a traditional pneumatic nebulizer with a microplasma (solution anode glow discharge, SAGD), analytical signals of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn were improved 8, 4, 13, 13, 9, 10, and 7 times, respectively. The main factor contributing to boosted analytical signal intensities was the higher analyte flux produced by the novel microplasma system. The measurement precision in SAGD-ICP MS was comparable to that achievable for ICP MS (with pneumatic nebulization), and it did not exceed 2%. The detection limits of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn in SAGD-ICP MS were 5, 2, 6, 5, 4, 10, and 20 ng L-1, respectively. The analytical performance of this method may be further improved if the observed memory effects could be minimized. To validate the trueness of the novel method, certified reference materials of lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2), cormorant tissue (MODAS-4), and wastewater (ERM CA-713) were analyzed to determine traces of Cd, Hg, and Pb. Recoveries of certified values for these analytes were ranged from 91 to 111%, which indicated that the studied microplasma system in combination with ICP MS can be successfully used for very sensitive determinations of selected hazardous elements in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Welna
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Cai Z, Wang Z. Evaluation of solution anode glow discharge as a vapor generator in ICP-OES procedures: Application to highly sensitive determination of Cd and Hg. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1203:339724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Peng X, Wang Z. Systematic evaluation of advance in application and discharge mechanism of solution electrode glow discharge. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Yang C, Cheng G, Cheng SQ, Liu X, Liu Y, Zheng HT, Hu SH, Zhu ZL. Direct and Sensitive Determination of Antimony in Water by Hydrogen-Doped Solution Anode Glow Discharge-Optical Emission Spectrometry Without Hydride Generation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16393-16400. [PMID: 34859666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a novel, simple, and sensitive method for the direct determination of trace Sb in water samples was developed based on hydrogen-doped solution anode glow discharge-optical emission spectrometry (SAGD-OES). It was found that the vapor generation and excitation of Sb occurred simultaneously in the SAGD, contributing to the significant improvement in the sensitivity of Sb as compared with normal pure He-operated SAGD or solution cathode glow discharge. Besides, the proposed hydrogen-doped SAGD-OES could be operated even at pH = 14, which could reduce the interference of coexisting ions as many metal ions could be precipitated and removed. Our results demonstrated that the proposed method offered good tolerance to the interferences of Li, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Zn ions even at a concentration of 50 mg L-1. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection of Sb was 0.85 μg L-1, which was comparable to that of microplasma sources coupled with conventional hydride generation. The linearity of the Sb calibration curve reached R2 > 0.999 in the 5-5000 μg L-1 range. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method was validated by the determination of certified reference materials [GSB 07-1376-2001 (1) and (2))] and real water samples. The proposed low-power (6 W), green, sensitive, rapid, and robust method provides a promising approach for on-site trace Sb analysis and may also be extended to other elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong-Tao Zheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sheng-Hong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhen-Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Source Apportionment and Control of Aquatic Pollution, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430074, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Mao X, Chen G, Tian D. Review of miniaturized and portable optical emission spectrometry based on microplasma for elemental analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Pohl P, Jamroz P, Greda K, Gorska M, Dzimitrowicz A, Welna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A. Five years of innovations in development of glow discharges generated in contact with liquids for spectrochemical elemental analysis by optical emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338399. [PMID: 34088364 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The newest achievements in the field of glow microdischarges generated in contact with a flowing liquid cathode (FLC) and a flowing liquid anode (FLA), used as the excitation sources for optical emission spectrometry (OES), were summarized herein. The design of recently reported discharge systems was compared and comprehensively discussed. A lot of effort was devoted to evaluate the effect of selected operating parameters, i.e., discharge voltage and current, sample flow rate, sample pH, jet-supporting gas flow rate, and discharge gap, on the microplasma stability and the intensity of measurable analytical signals. Furthermore, the influence of chemical modifiers, i.e., organic acids, alcohols, and surfactants, aimed at improving the sensitivity and reducing matrix effects, was referred to as well. Finally, the analytical performance and the application of these promising excitation sources for the elemental analysis of different-matrix samples were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jamroz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Monika Gorska
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Dzimitrowicz
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maja Welna
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szymczycha-Madeja
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wyspianskiego 27, 50370 Wroclaw, Poland
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10
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Pan X, Lin Y, Su Y, Yang J, He L, Deng Y, Hou X, Zheng C. Methanol-Enhanced Liquid Electrode Discharge Microplasma-Induced Vapor Generation of Hg, Cd, and Zn: The Possible Mechanism and Its Application. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8257-8264. [PMID: 34077178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite increased interest in microplasma-induced vapor generation (μPIVG) over the past several years, applications in real sample analyses remain limited due to their relatively low vapor generation efficiency and ambiguous mechanism. In this work, a novel method using methanol for significantly enhancing the liquid electrode discharge μPIVG efficiency was developed for the simultaneous and sensitive determination of Hg, Cd, and Zn by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS). It is worth noting that the possible enhancement mechanism was investigated via the characterizations of volatile products by AFS, microplasma optical emission spectrometry, online gas chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which involved the reductive species such as electrons, hydrogen radicals (·H), methyl radicals (·CH3), and other intermediates in the argon plasma adding methanol. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection of 0.007, 0.05, and 0.5 μg L-1 were obtained for Hg, Cd, and Zn, respectively, with relative standard deviations of 3.1, 3.7, and 5.2% for these elements, respectively. Vapor generation efficiencies of 90, 83, and 55% were achieved for Hg, Cd, and Zn, respectively, and improved 2.7-, 4.8-, and 7.9-fold, respectively, compared to those obtained in the absence of methanol. The accuracy and practicability of the proposed method were validated by the determination of Hg, Cd, and Zn in a certified reference material (CRM, Lobster hepatopancreas, TORT-3) and crayfish samples collected from three different provinces of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Liangbo He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yurong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.,Analytical and Test Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Gorska M, Pohl P, Greda K. The application of antioxidant compounds to minimize matrix effects in flowing liquid anode atmospheric pressure glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.105975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Gorska M, Pohl P. Comparison of the performance of atmospheric pressure glow discharges operated between a flowing liquid cathode and either a pin-type anode or a helium jet anode for the Ga and In determination by the optical emission spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 226:122155. [PMID: 33676703 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) microplasma systems, sustained between a miniaturized flowing liquid cathode (FLC) and either a pin-type anode or a He nozzle jet were investigated for the determination of Ga and In by the optical emission spectrometry (OES). The most influential working parameters, i.e., solution flow rate, acid concentration, discharge current, and He flow rate, were optimized for both studied systems. Furthermore, the effect of the addition of low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWOCs) into the FLC solution on the signals intensity of Ga and In was investigated. Subsequently, the impact of concomitant ions on the signals intensity of Ga and In was thoroughly studied and it was established that both studied methods are relatively resistant to matrix effects. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits (DLs, assessed on the basis of the 3σ criterion) of the studied elements were similar for both discharges and ranged between 1.8 and 2.3 μg L-1 for Ga and 0.37-0.40 μg L-1 for In. The received DLs were therefore better than those obtained for other spectrometric methods being premised upon microplasma systems and comparable with those obtained by currently employed large-scale instrumentation. The system with the pin-type anode was successfully applied for the Ga and In determination in four leachates of solders and electronic scrap as well as river water, using external calibration with simple standard solutions. The received results were compared to those obtained from ICP-OES or ICP-MS measurements and their recoveries were fallen within the range of 98-114%, confirming the excellent accuracy and reliability of the developed FLC-APGD-OES method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gorska
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Evaluation of a sampling system coupled to liquid cathode glow discharge for the determination of rubidium, cesium and strontium in water samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Yuan M, Peng X, Ge F, Zhao M, Li Q, Wang Z. Ultrasensitive determination of mercury by solution anode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry coupled with hydride generation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Yu J, Yin L, Lu Q, Feng F, Kang Y, Luo H. Highly sensitive determination of mercury by improved liquid cathode glow discharge with the addition of chemical modifiers. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:25-34. [PMID: 32928477 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sample introduction system of early miniaturized liquid cathode glow discharge (LCGD) was improved, and then LCGD was used as an excitation source of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) for the detection of mercury in water samples. The effects of chemical modifiers, such as ionic surfactants and low molecular weight organic substances, on emission intensities of Hg were investigated. The results showed that the addition of 4% methanol and 0.15% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) can enhance the net intensity of Hg about 15.5-fold and 7.7-fold, and the sensitivity (S) of Hg about 15.2-fold and 5.6-fold, respectively. Adding chemical modifiers markedly reduce the interferences from Fe3+, Co2+, Cl-, Br-, and I- ions. The limit of detection (LOD) is reduced from 0.35 mg L-1 for no chemical modifier to 0.03 mg L-1 for 4% methanol and 0.05 mg L-1 for 0.15% CTAB. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of Hg with adding 4% methanol, 0.15% CTAB and no chemical modifier is 2.38%, 1.17% and 3.00%, respectively, and the power consumption is below 75 W. All results indicated that the determination of Hg using improved LCGD with the addition of chemical modifiers has high sensitivity, low LOD, well precision and low power consumption. Water samples containing high mercury (10-20 mg L-1) and low mercury (0.2-5 mg L-1) can be determined by improved LCGD-AES with no chemical modifier and 4% methanol, respectively. Adding 4% methanol significantly reduces the matrix effects from real water samples. The measurement results of spiked samples using LCGD-AES are largely consistent with the spiked value. In addition, the recoveries of Hg are ranged from 95.7% to 114.8%, suggesting that the measurement results of Hg by LCGD-AES are accurate and reliable. Overall, the improved LCGD-AES with adding chemical modifiers is a promising technique for on-site and real-time monitoring of Hg in water samples because of its portability, lower cost and speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Ling Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Quanfang Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Editorial Department of the University Journal, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yuejing Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Hui Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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16
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Yu J, Zhang X, Lu Q, Yin L, Feng F, Luo H, Kang Y. Liquid Cathode Glow Discharge as an Excitation Source for the Analysis of Complex Water Samples with Atomic Emission Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19541-19547. [PMID: 32803048 PMCID: PMC7424731 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A liquid cathode glow discharge (LCGD) was developed as a low-power and miniaturized excitation source of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) for the determination of K, Na, Ca, and Mg in water samples from rivers and lakes. The discharge stability and parameter influencing the analytical performance of LCGD-AES were systematically examined. Moreover, the measurement results of water samples using LCGD-AES were verified by ion chromatography (IC). The results showed that the optimized operating parameters are a 660 V discharge voltage, pH = 1.0 HNO3 as the supporting electrolyte, and a 4.0 mL min-1 solution flow rate. High concentrations of some metals may interfere with the detection of Ca and Mg. Low-molecular-weight organic substances do not have a remarkable enhancement on signal intensity. With the addition of 0.5% cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), the emission intensity of elements can enhance significantly. However, it is not used to further evaluate the analytical performance due to instability of plasma after adding CTAC. The maximum power of LCGD is 52 W. The limits of detection and precision (RSD, in 1 mg L-1) of K, Na, Ca, and Mg are 0.20, 0.02, 0.01, and 0.01 mg L-1 and 0.9, 1.5, 0.6, and 1.2%, respectively. The measurement results of K, Na, Ca, and Mg in water samples by LCGD-AES are basically in agreement with the reference values measured by IC. The recovery of samples ranged from 84 to 113% except for Na, suggesting that the measurement results have high accuracy and reliability. All the results indicated that the LCGD-AES can provide an alternative analytical method for in situ, real-time, on-line determination of K, Na, Ca, and Mg in water samples from rivers and lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Quanfang Lu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Editorial
Department of the University Journal, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ling Yin
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hui Luo
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuejing Kang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest
Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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17
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Gorska M, Greda K, Pohl P. On the coupling of hydride generation (HG) with flowing liquid anode atmospheric pressure glow discharge (FLA-APGD) for determination of traces of As, Bi, Hg, Sb and Se by optical emission spectrometry (OES). Talanta 2020; 222:121510. [PMID: 33167221 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A novel atmospheric pressure glow discharge (APGD) microplasma system, sustained between a miniaturized flowing liquid anode (FLA) and a He jet nozzle cathode, was combined with a hydride generation (HG) technique to improve the determination performance of As, Bi, Hg, Sb, and Se with the aid of optical emission spectrometry (OES). The discharge current, the He flow rate, and the concentrations of HCl and NaBH4 were considered to affect both the HG reaction and the excitation conditions in the discharge, thus they were thoroughly studied. Under the optimized conditions, the detections limits (LODs), assessed on the basis of the 3σ criterion, reached 1.7, 0.85, 0.04, 0.51, and 2.9 μg L-1 for As, Bi, Hg, Sb, and Se, respectively. The HG and transport efficiency for these elements was evaluated to be 88-100%, which is notably better, as compared to their transport efficiency in the conventional FLA-APGD system, without the HG technique. This yielded an improvement of the LODs achievable in this system and, simultaneously, enabled to determine As, Sb, and Se at a level, which is unobtainable with the use of the FLA-APGD system alone. The proposed methodology was then successfully applied for a quantitative determination of the examined elements in wastewater (ERM-CA713) and spiked water samples. The recoveries of the elements added to these waters (at the maximum acceptable levels in drinking water set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) ranged between 81 and 104%, confirming the excellent accuracy, usefulness, and reliability of the developed HG-FLA-APGD technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gorska
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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18
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Greda K, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Pohl P. Study and reduction of matrix effects in flowing liquid anode - Atmospheric pressure glow discharge - Optical emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1123:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Simplified design for solution anode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry device for highly sensitive detection of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Swiderski K, Welna M, Greda K, Pohl P, Jamroz P. Hanging drop cathode-atmospheric pressure glow discharge as a new method of sample introduction for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4211-4219. [PMID: 32394037 PMCID: PMC7320056 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the use of hanging drop cathode-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (HDC-APGD) as a new method of sample introduction for inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The developed arrangement was characterized by a low sample uptake (0.56 mL min−1) and the fact that the entire sample solution volume was consumed by the discharge. This resulted in a very high transport efficiency of analytes from the sample solution into the ICP torch (usually > 80%). Under the optimal operating conditions of HDC-APGD, intensities of emission lines of studied elements were, on average, 2 times higher as compared to those obtained with conventional pneumatic nebulization (PN). Moreover, in the case of I and Y, the observed signal enhancements were even higher, i.e., 6.2 and 6.1 times, respectively. It was also shown that in the case of B and some elements that are known to form different volatile species (Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Os, Pb, and Se), the presence of low molecular weight organic compounds in the sample solution, i.e., CH3OH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH, or HCHO, resulted in the additional enhancement of their signals. It was especially evident in the case of Hg for which a 8.6-fold signal enhancement in the presence of HCOOH was noticed. The system presented herein was distinguished from other competitive APGD-type discharges because it could be successfully used for the determination of a vast group of elements, including alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and non-metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Swiderski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Welna
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Greda
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Jamroz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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