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Zhao J, Wang Y, Liu B. Doping Detection Based on the Nanoscale: Biosensing Mechanisms and Applications of Two-Dimensional Materials. BIOSENSORS 2025; 15:227. [PMID: 40277541 PMCID: PMC12024749 DOI: 10.3390/bios15040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2025] [Revised: 03/30/2025] [Accepted: 04/01/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Doping undermines fairness in sports and threatens athlete health, while conventional detection methods like LC-MS and GC-MS face challenges such as complex procedures, matrix interferences, and lengthy processing times, limiting on-site applications. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, MoS2, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), offer promising solutions due to their large surface areas, tunable electronic structures, and special interactions with doping agents, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and electrostatic forces. These materials enable signal transduction through changes in conductivity or fluorescence quenching. This review highlights the use of 2D materials in doping detection. For example, reduced graphene oxide-MOF composites show high sensitivity for detecting anabolic steroids like testosterone, while NiO/NGO nanocomposites exhibit strong selectivity for stimulants like ephedrine. However, challenges such as environmental instability and high production costs hinder their widespread application. Future efforts should focus on improving material stability through chemical modifications, reducing production costs, and integrating these materials into advanced systems like machine learning. Such advancements could revolutionize doping detection, ensuring fairness in sports and protecting athlete health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bing Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Doping Analyses, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (J.Z.); (Y.W.)
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Moulahoum H, Ghorbanizamani F. The LOD paradox: When lower isn't always better in biosensor research and development. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116670. [PMID: 39151260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Biosensor research has long focused on achieving the lowest possible Limits of Detection (LOD), driving significant advances in sensitivity and opening up new possibilities in analysis. However, this intense focus on low LODs may not always meet the practical needs or suit the actual uses of these devices. While technological improvements are impressive, they can sometimes overlook important factors such as detection range, ease of use, and market readiness, which are vital for biosensors to be effective in real-world applications. This review advocates for a balanced approach to biosensor development, emphasizing the need to align technological advancements with practical utility. We delve into various applications, including the detection of cancer biomarkers, pathology-related biomarkers, and illicit drugs, illustrating the critical role of LOD within these contexts. By considering clinical needs and broader design aspects like cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and regulatory compliance, we argue that integrating technical progress with practicality will enhance the impact of biosensors. Such an approach ensures that biosensors are not only technically sound but also widely useable and beneficial in real-world applications. Addressing the diverse analytical parameters alongside user expectations and market demands will likely maximize the real-world impact of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Moulahoum
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkiye.
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Li B, Wang Q. Surface electric field enhanced biosensor based on symmetrical U-tapered HCF structure for gastric carcinoma biomarker trace detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 264:116666. [PMID: 39146771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
In this article, a novel U-tapered hollow-core fiber (HCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor coated with PtS2 for early-stage gastric carcinoma (GC) diagnosis was demonstrated. The article proposed the first investigation to detect Interleukin-10 (IL10) and Interleukin-1β (IL1β) which were associated with the risk of developing gastric carcinoma, using optical fiber SPR technology. Herein, the sensitivity of sensor was effectively improved through a combination of tapered and U-shaped structures. Additionally, to further enhance the detection capability, two-dimensional material PtS2 was utilized to increase the surface electric field intensity of the sensor. Simultaneously, optimization of structural parameters such as taper ratio, bending diameters, and Au film thickness was conducted. Ultimately, the designed sensor achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 13210 nm/RIU within the refractive index (RI) range of 1.33-1.37. The sensor demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving sensitivities of 3.64 nm/(ng/ml) and 7.46 nm/(ng/ml) for the detection of IL10 and IL1β biomarkers, respectively, along with limit of detection (LOD) of 2.74 pg/ml and 1.33 pg/ml, and successfully detecting the presence of these biomarkers in the serum of gastric cancer patients. Overall, the proposed sensor exhibits significant potential in early gastric cancer detection and advances the application of optical fiber SPR sensors in trace biodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Li
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries (Northeastern University), Shenyang, 110819, China; College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
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Wei Y, Shi C, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu C, Shi C, Wang X, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Liu Z. Spiral cone fiber SPR sensor for detecting ginsenoside Rg1. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13783-13796. [PMID: 38859339 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The conical fiber SPR sensor is easy to manufacture and has been used in biochemical detection research, but it has the problem of structural fragility. This article proposes a spiral cone fiber SPR sensor, which introduces a spiral structure on the 76µm fiber coarse cone, achieving good coupling of the core mode into the cladding mode, and improving the physical strength and practicality of the cone-shaped fiber SPR sensor. By modifying the target protein on the surface of the sensor gold film, specific detection of ginsenoside Rg1, an active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine ginseng, was achieved. The detection sensitivity was 0.138 nm/(µm/ml) and the detection limit was 0.22µm/ml. The proposed spiral cone fiber SPR sensor provides a new scheme for the specific detection of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, which is structurally stable and physically strong.
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Liu Y, Lin W, Zhao F, Liu Y, Sun J, Hu J, Li J, Chen J, Zhang X, Vai MI, Shum PP, Shao L. A Multimode Microfiber Specklegram Biosensor for Measurement of CEACAM5 through AI Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:57. [PMID: 38275310 PMCID: PMC10813308 DOI: 10.3390/bios14010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEACAM5), as a broad-spectrum tumor biomarker, plays a crucial role in analyzing the therapeutic efficacy and progression of cancer. Herein, we propose a novel biosensor based on specklegrams of tapered multimode fiber (MMF) and two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2D-CNNs) for the detection of CEACAM5. The microfiber is modified with CEA antibodies to specifically recognize antigens. The biosensor utilizes the interference effect of tapered MMF to generate highly sensitive specklegrams in response to different CEACAM5 concentrations. A zero mean normalized cross-correlation (ZNCC) function is explored to calculate the image matching degree of the specklegrams. Profiting from the extremely high detection limit of the speckle sensor, variations in the specklegrams of antibody concentrations from 1 to 1000 ng/mL are measured in the experiment. The surface sensitivity of the biosensor is 0.0012 (ng/mL)-1 within a range of 1 to 50 ng/mL. Moreover, a 2D-CNN was introduced to solve the problem of nonlinear detection surface sensitivity variation in a large dynamic range, and in the search for image features to improve evaluation accuracy, achieving more accurate CEACAM5 monitoring, with a maximum detection error of 0.358%. The proposed fiber specklegram biosensing scheme is easy to implement and has great potential in analyzing the postoperative condition of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Liu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong 999077, China;
| | - Weihao Lin
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Yibin Liu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Junhui Sun
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Jialong Li
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Jinna Chen
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
| | - Xuming Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong 999077, China;
| | - Mang I. Vai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China;
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liyang Shao
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.S.); (J.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (P.P.S.)
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Liu H, Fu Y, Yang R, Guo J, Guo J. Surface plasmonic biosensors: principles, designs and applications. Analyst 2023; 148:6146-6160. [PMID: 37921208 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been widely used in environmental monitoring, food contamination detection and diagnosing medical conditions due to their superior sensitivity, label-free detection and rapid analysis speed. This paper briefly elaborates on the development history of SPR technology and introduces SPR signal sensing principles. A summary of recent applications of SPR sensors in different fields is highlighted, including their figures of merit and limitations. Finally, the personal perspectives and future development trends about sensor preparation and design are discussed in detail, which may be critical for improving the performance of SPR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusheng Fu
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongzhi Yang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, #1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Wei Y, Shi C, Zhang Y, Liu C, Tang Y, Ren P, Wang C, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Temperature-compensated fiber-optic SPR microfluidic sensor based on micro-nano 3D printing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:38179-38190. [PMID: 38017930 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The current temperature-compensated fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are mainly open-ended outside the sensing structure, and there is a lack of temperature compensation schemes in fiber-optic microfluidic chips. In this paper, we proposed a temperature-compensated optical fiber SPR microfluidic sensor based on micro-nano 3D printing. Through the optical fiber micro-machining technology, the two sensing areas were designed on both sides of the same sensing fiber. The wavelength division multiplexing technology was used to collect the sensing light signals of the two sensing areas at the same time. The specific measurement of berberine and the detection of ambient temperature in the optical fiber SPR biological microfluidic channel were realized, and the temperature compensation matrix relationship was constructed, and then the temperature compensation was realized when measuring berberine biomolecules. Experiments have shown that the temperature sensitivity of the optical fiber SPR microfluidic sensor was 2.18 nm/°C, the sensitivity of the detection of berberine was 0.2646 nm/(µg/ml), the detection limit (LOD) was 0.38 µg/ml, and in a mixed solution showed an excellent specific detection impact.
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