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Seo Y, Kim YW, Lee D, Kim D, Kim K, Kim T, Baek C, Lee Y, Lee J, Lee H, Jang G, Jeong W, Choi J, Hwang D, Suh JS, Kim SW, Kim HK, Han J, Bang H, Kim JH, Zhou T, Ko JH. Far-infrared rays enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT3 expression under low glucose conditions in rat skeletal muscle cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 25:167-175. [PMID: 33602887 PMCID: PMC7893496 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2021.25.2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Far-infrared rays (FIR) are known to have various effects on atoms and molecular structures within cells owing to their radiation and vibration frequencies. The present study examined the effects of FIR on gene expression related to glucose transport through microarray analysis in rat skeletal muscle cells, as well as on mitochondrial biogenesis, at high and low glucose conditions. FIR were emitted from a bio-active material coated fabric (BMCF). L6 cells were treated with 30% BMCF for 24 h in medium containing 25 or 5.5 mM glucose, and changes in the expression of glucose transporter genes were determined. The expression of GLUT3 (Slc2a3) increased 2.0-fold (p < 0.05) under 5.5 mM glucose and 30% BMCF. In addition, mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential (ΔΨm) increased 1.5- and 3.4-fold (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively, but no significant change in expression of Pgc-1a, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was observed in 24 h. To analyze the relationship between GLUT3 expression and mitochondrial biogenesis under FIR, GLUT3 was down-modulated by siRNA for 72 h. As a result, the ΔΨm of the GLUT3 siRNA-treated cells increased 3.0-fold (p < 0.001), whereas that of the control group increased 4.6-fold (p < 0.001). Moreover, Pgc-1a expression increased upon 30% BMCF treatment for 72 h; an effect that was more pronounced in the presence of GLUT3. These results suggest that FIR may hold therapeutic potential for improving glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in metabolic diseases associated with insufficient glucose supply, such as type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelim Seo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Young-Won Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Donghyeon Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Kyoungseo Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Changyeob Baek
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Yerim Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Junhyeok Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Hosung Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Geonwoo Jang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Wonyeong Jeong
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Junho Choi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Doegeun Hwang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Suh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, SMART Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, SMART Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, SMART Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyoweon Bang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jung-Ha Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Jae-Hong Ko
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Antón Z, Mullally G, Ford HC, van der Kamp MW, Szczelkun MD, Lane JD. Mitochondrial import, health and mtDNA copy number variability seen when using type II and type V CRISPR effectors. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.248468. [PMID: 32843580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.248468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current methodologies for targeting the mitochondrial genome for research and/or therapy development in mitochondrial diseases are restricted by practical limitations and technical inflexibility. A molecular toolbox for CRISPR-mediated mitochondrial genome editing is desirable, as this could enable targeting of mtDNA haplotypes using the precision and tuneability of CRISPR enzymes. Such 'MitoCRISPR' systems described to date lack reproducibility and independent corroboration. We have explored the requirements for MitoCRISPR in human cells by CRISPR nuclease engineering, including the use of alternative mitochondrial protein targeting sequences and smaller paralogues, and the application of guide (g)RNA modifications for mitochondrial import. We demonstrate varied mitochondrial targeting efficiencies and effects on mitochondrial dynamics/function of different CRISPR nucleases, with Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006 (Lb) Cas12a being better targeted and tolerated than Cas9 variants. We also provide evidence of Cas9 gRNA association with mitochondria in HeLa cells and isolated yeast mitochondria, even in the absence of a targeting RNA aptamer. Our data link mitochondrial-targeted LbCas12a/crRNA with increased mtDNA copy number dependent upon DNA binding and cleavage activity. We discuss reproducibility issues and the future steps necessary for MitoCRISPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Antón
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Grace Mullally
- DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Holly C Ford
- DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Marc W van der Kamp
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mark D Szczelkun
- DNA-Protein Interactions Unit, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Jon D Lane
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK .,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA transfer has recently received attention from physicians. The transfer techniques place genetic material from the egg nucleus of a woman with a mitochondrial DNA mutation into a healthy donated egg from which the nuclear DNA was removed. This technology intends to reconstruct a mitochondria-competent egg to produce a baby. Three approaches: (1) pronuclear transfer; (2) metaphase II spindle transfer (ST); and (3) polar body (PB) transfer, have been proposed and applied in animal models with very low levels of heteroplasmy. Because there is no curative treatment for patients with mitochondrial dysfunction, the UK government has allowed the use of this pioneering technique to prevent the transmission of rare and devastating mitochondrial diseases. Despite general safety in the observation period, this technology involves germline modification, raising scientific and ethical questions in the public. In this review, we focus on this unprecedented technology and discuss its clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- a Research Center for Translational Medicine , Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Shi
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
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Oliveira MT, Haukka J, Kaguni LS. Evolution of the metazoan mitochondrial replicase. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:943-59. [PMID: 25740821 PMCID: PMC4419789 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The large number of complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences available for metazoan species makes it a good system for studying genome diversity, although little is known about the mechanisms that promote and/or are correlated with the evolution of this organellar genome. By investigating the molecular evolutionary history of the catalytic and accessory subunits of the mtDNA polymerase, pol γ, we sought to develop mechanistic insight into its function that might impact genome structure by exploring the relationships between DNA replication and animal mitochondrial genome diversity. We identified three evolutionary patterns among metazoan pol γs. First, a trend toward stabilization of both sequence and structure occurred in vertebrates, with both subunits evolving distinctly from those of other animal groups, and acquiring at least four novel structural elements, the most important of which is the HLH-3β (helix-loop-helix, 3 β-sheets) domain that allows the accessory subunit to homodimerize. Second, both subunits of arthropods and tunicates have become shorter and evolved approximately twice as rapidly as their vertebrate homologs. And third, nematodes have lost the gene for the accessory subunit, which was accompanied by the loss of its interacting domain in the catalytic subunit of pol γ, and they show the highest rate of molecular evolution among all animal taxa. These findings correlate well with the mtDNA genomic features of each group described above, and with their modes of DNA replication, although a substantive amount of biochemical work is needed to draw conclusive links regarding the latter. Describing the parallels between evolution of pol γ and metazoan mtDNA architecture may also help in understanding the processes that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and to human disease-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos T Oliveira
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Finland Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho," Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jani Haukka
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Laurie S Kaguni
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Finland Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Mitochondrial Science and Medicine, Michigan State University
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Scarpelli M, Todeschini A, Rinaldi F, Rota S, Padovani A, Filosto M. Strategies for treating mitochondrial disorders: an update. Mol Genet Metab 2014; 113:253-60. [PMID: 25458518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders resulting from primary dysfunction of the respiratory chain due to both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mutations. The wide heterogeneity of biochemical dysfunctions and pathogenic mechanisms typical of this group of diseases has hindered therapy trials; therefore, available treatment options remain limited. Therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing mitochondrial functions (by enhancing biogenesis and electron transport chain function), improving the removal of reactive oxygen species and noxious metabolites, modulating aberrant calcium homeostasis and repopulating mitochondrial DNA could potentially restore the respiratory chain dysfunction. The challenge that lies ahead is the translation of some promising laboratory results into safe and effective therapies for patients. In this review we briefly update and discuss the most feasible therapeutic approaches for mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scarpelli
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Todeschini
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital "Spedali Civili", Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Rinaldi
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital "Spedali Civili", Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Rota
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital "Spedali Civili", Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital "Spedali Civili", Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Clinical Neurology, Section for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, University Hospital "Spedali Civili", Brescia, Italy.
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Schatten H, Sun QY, Prather R. The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:111. [PMID: 25421171 PMCID: PMC4297407 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play vital roles in oocyte functions and they are critical indicators of oocyte quality which is important for fertilization and development into viable offspring. Quality-compromised oocytes are correlated with infertility, developmental disorders, reduced blastocyst cell number and embryo loss in which mitochondrial dysfunctions play a significant role. Increasingly, women affected by metabolic disorders such as diabetes or obesity and oocyte aging are seeking treatment in IVF clinics to overcome the effects of adverse metabolic conditions on mitochondrial functions and new treatments have become available to restore oocyte quality. The past decade has seen enormous advances in potential therapies to restore oocyte quality and includes dietary components and transfer of mitochondria from cells with mitochondrial integrity into mitochondria-impaired oocytes. New technologies have opened up new possibilities for therapeutic advances which will increase the success rates for IVF of oocytes from women with compromised oocyte quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO USA
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
| | - Randall Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, 65211 Columbia, USA
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, 65211 Columbia, USA
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