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Drainas AP, McIlwain DR, Dallas A, Chu T, Delgado-González A, Baron M, Angulo-Ibáñez M, Trejo A, Bai Y, Hickey JW, Lu G, Lu S, Pineda-Ramirez J, Anglin K, Richardson ET, Prostko JC, Frias E, Servellita V, Brazer N, Chiu CY, Peluso MJ, Martin JN, Wirz OF, Pham TD, Boyd SD, Kelly JD, Sage J, Nolan GP, Rovira-Clavé X. High-throughput multiplexed serology via the mass-spectrometric analysis of isotopically barcoded beads. Nat Biomed Eng 2025:10.1038/s41551-025-01349-0. [PMID: 39939547 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-025-01349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2025] [Indexed: 02/14/2025]
Abstract
In serology, each sample is typically tested individually, one antigen at a time. This is costly and time consuming. Serology techniques should ideally allow recurrent measurements in parallel in small sample volumes and be inexpensive and fast. Here we show that mass cytometry can be used to scale up multiplexed serology testing by leveraging polystyrene beads uniformly loaded with combinations of stable isotopes. We generated 18,480 unique isotopically barcoded beads to simultaneously detect, in a single tube with 924 serum samples, the levels of immunoglobulins G and M against 19 proteins from SARS-CoV-2 (a total of 36,960 tests in 400 nl of sample volume and 30 μl of reaction volume). As a rapid, high-throughput and cost-effective technique, serology by mass cytometry may contribute to the effective management of public health emergencies originating from infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros P Drainas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - David R McIlwain
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Alec Dallas
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theresa Chu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Delgado-González
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maya Baron
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Angelica Trejo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunhao Bai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John W Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guolan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Otolaryngology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Pineda-Ramirez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Khamal Anglin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eugene T Richardson
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John C Prostko
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Laboratories Inc., Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Edwin Frias
- Applied Research and Technology, Abbott Laboratories Inc., Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Noah Brazer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oliver F Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tho D Pham
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julien Sage
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Xavier Rovira-Clavé
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
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Yang Z, Chen J, Xiao Y, Yang C, Zhao CX, Chen D, Weitz DA. Digital Barcodes for High-Throughput Screening. CHEM & BIO ENGINEERING 2024; 1:2-12. [PMID: 39973970 PMCID: PMC11835184 DOI: 10.1021/cbe.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
High-throughput screening is an indispensable technology in drug discovery, cancer therapy, and disease diagnosis, and it could greatly reduce time cost, reagent consumption, and labor expense. Here, four high-throughput screening methods with high sensitivity and accessibility are discussed in detail. Fluorescence, DNA, heavy metal, and nonmetal isotope barcodes, which generally label antibodies, proteins, and saccharides to identify cells, are detected by flow cytometry, second-generation DNA sequencing, mass cytometry, and second-ion mass spectrometry, respectively. Encoding binary information in barcodes, labeling individual cells by barcodes, performing the characterization of cells together, and identifying the result belonging to individual cells via barcodes are the main steps for high-throughput screening. Applications of the four digital barcodes in high-throughput screening for both in vitro and in vivo tests are described in detail, and their advantages and disadvantages are also summarized. High-throughput screening has provided a powerful platform widely accessible for multidisciplinary studies and has greatly sped up the progress of drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yang
- College
of Energy Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang
Province, People’s Republic
of China
- Zhejiang
Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yao Xiao
- College
of Energy Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang
Province, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Chenjing Yang
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Wenzhou
Institute, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Dong Chen
- College
of Energy Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang
Province, People’s Republic
of China
- Zhejiang
Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang
Province, People’s Republic
of China
| | - David A. Weitz
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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