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Stemodane Diterpenes and Diterpenoids: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, Biogenesis, Biosynthesis, Biological Activity, Biotransformations, Metabolites and Derivatives Biological Activity, Rearrangements. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092761. [PMID: 34067136 PMCID: PMC8124710 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific activity carried out over forty-five years on stemodane diterpenes and diterpenoids structure elucidation, biogenesis, biosynthesis, biological activity and biotransformations was reviewed.
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Ishibashi O, Nishiyama M, Kwon E, Hashimoto M, Kuwahara S, Enomoto M. Semipinacol rearrangement of a bicyclo[7.2.0]undecane framework into a bicyclo[6.3.0]undecane skeleton: a model study on the biosynthesis of seiridiasteriscane A. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1621-1627. [PMID: 33960363 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Seiridiasteriscane A is an asteriscane-type sesquiterpenoid bearing a trans-fused bicyclo[6.3.0]undecane skeleton. Although its biosynthesis has been proposed to involve a semipinacol rearrangement of a putative intermediary acetate bearing a bicyclo[7.2.0]undecane ring system (presumably derived from coisolated pestalotiopsin M) followed by epimerization of the resulting cis-fused seiridiasteriscane B, such a type of semipinacol rearrangement has never been reported so far. Our model study revealed that a 1-hydroxybicyclo[7.2.0]undecan-2-yl acetate underwent a smooth and stereospecific semipinacol rearrangement with the assistance of Et2AlCl to give the corresponding bicyclo[6.3.0]undecane-9-one. In addition, the resulting cis-fused 5,8-bicyclic ketone was partially epimerized to the corresponding trans-fused ketone by prolonged adsorption onto a silica gel plate. These results may support a recently proposed biosynthetic pathway of seiridiasteriscane A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mami Nishiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Hashimoto
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Enomoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
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Fraga BM, Díaz CE, Bailén M, González-Coloma A. Sesquiterpene Lactones from Artemisia absinthium. Biotransformation and Rearrangement of the Insect Antifeedant 3α-hydroxypelenolide. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:891. [PMID: 33925212 PMCID: PMC8146418 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new compounds, the sesquiterpenes absilactone and hansonlactone and the acetophenone derivative ajenjol, have been isolated from a cultivated variety of Artemisia absinthium. In addition, the major lactone isolated, 3α-hydroxypelenolide, was biotransformed by the fungus Mucor plumbeus affording the corresponding 1β, 10α-epoxide. A cadinane derivative was formed by an acid rearrangement produced in the culture medium, but not by the enzymatic system of the fungus. Furthermore, 3α-hydroxypelenolide showed strong antifeedant effects against Leptinotarsa decemlineata and cytotoxic activity to Sf9 insect cells, while the biotransformed compounds showed antifeedant postingestive effects against Spodoptera littoralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M. Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
| | - Carmen E. Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
| | - María Bailén
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Arzobispo Morcillo s/n, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Nascimento JSD, Núñez WER, Santos VHPD, Aleu J, Cunha S, Silva EDO. Mapping the Biotransformation of Coumarins through Filamentous Fungi. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193531. [PMID: 31569547 PMCID: PMC6803992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural coumarins are present in remarkable amounts as secondary metabolites in edible and medicinal plants, where they display interesting bioactivities. Considering the wide enzymatic arsenal of filamentous fungi, studies on the biotransformation of coumarins using these microorganisms have great importance in green chemical derivatization. Several reports on the biotransformation of coumarins using fungi have highlighted the achievement of chemical analogs with high selectivity by using mild and ecofriendly conditions. Prompted by the enormous pharmacological, alimentary, and chemical interest in coumarin-like compounds, this study evaluated the biotransformation of nine coumarin scaffolds using Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 10028b and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404. The chemical reactions which were catalyzed by the microorganisms were highly selective. Among the nine studied coumarins, only two of them were biotransformed. One of the coumarins, 7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrocyclopenta[c]chromen-4(1H)-one, was biotransformed into the new 7,9-dihydroxy-2,3-dihydrocyclopenta[c]chromen-4(1H)-one, which was generated by selective hydroxylation in an unactivated carbon. Our results highlight some chemical features of coumarin cores that are important to biotransformation using filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainara Santos do Nascimento
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Elias Rozo Núñez
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Josefina Aleu
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Sílvio Cunha
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Silva
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia, Brazil.
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Fraga BM, Díaz CE, Amador LJ, Reina M, López-Rodriguez M, González-Coloma A. Biotransformation of an africanane sesquiterpene by the fungus Mucor plumbeus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 135:73-79. [PMID: 28034456 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of 8β-hydroxy-african-4(5)-en-3-one angelate by the fungus Mucor plumbeus afforded as main products 6α,8β-dihydroxy-african-4(5)-en-3-one 8β-angelate and 1α,8β-dihydroxy-african-4(5)-en-3-one 8β-angelate, which had been obtained, together with the substrate, from transformed root cultures of Bethencourtia hermosae. This fact shows that the enzyme system involved in these hydroxylations in both organisms, the fungus and the plant, acts with the same regio- and stereospecificity. In addition another twelve derivatives were isolated in the incubation of the substrate, which were identified as the (2'R,3'R)- and (2'S,3'S)-epoxy derivatives of the substrate and of the 6α- and 1α-hydroxy alcohols, the 8β-(2'R,3'R)- and 8β-(2'S,3'S)-epoxyangelate of 8β,15-dihydroxy-african-4(5)-en-3-one, the hydrolysis product of the substrate, and three isomers of 8β-hydroxy-african-4(5)-en-3-one 2ξ,3ξ-dihydroxy-2-methylbutanoate. The insect antifeedant effects of the pure compounds were tested against chewing and sucking insect species along with their selective cytotoxicity against insect (Sf9) and mammalian (CHO) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales and Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrof. F. Sánchez, 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Carmen E Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales and Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrof. F. Sánchez, 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Leonardo J Amador
- Instituto de Productos Naturales and Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrof. F. Sánchez, 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Matías Reina
- Instituto de Productos Naturales and Agrobiología, CSIC, Avda. Astrof. F. Sánchez, 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Matías López-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Bioorgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Bhatti HN, Khera RA. Biotransformations of diterpenoids and triterpenoids: a review. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:70-104. [PMID: 24266458 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.846908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During the past few years, research has focused on the microbial transformation of a huge variety of organic compounds to obtain compounds of therapeutic and/or industrial interest. Microbial transformation is a useful tool for organic chemists looking for new compounds, as a consequence of the variety of reactions for natural products. Terpenoids are a large family of natural products exhibiting a wide range of biological activities such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and anti-tumor effects; hypotensive agents; sweeteners; insecticides; anti-feedants; phytotoxic agents; perfumery intermediates; and plant growth hormones. This article describes the biotransformation products of diterpenoids and triterpenoids in a variety of biological media. Emphasis is placed on reporting the metabolites that may be of special interest as well as the practical aspects of this work in the field of microbial transformations. This review covers the literature from 1991 to 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Nawaz Bhatti
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Agriculture , Faisalabad , 38040 , Pakistan
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McCook KP, Chen ARM, Reynolds WF, Reese PB. The potential of Cyathus africanus for transformation of terpene substrates. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 82:61-66. [PMID: 22818358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The insecticidal sesquiterpenes cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one and aromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one were administered to the fungus Cyathus africanus ATCC 35853. Biotransformation of the former produced (4R)-9α-hydroxycadin-10(15)-en-3-one, while the latter gave 2β-hydroxyaromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one, 2α-hydroxyaromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one and 10α-hydroxy-1β,2β-epoxyaromadendran-9-one. The bioconversion of santonin led to the production of two analogues, 11,13-dihydroxysantonin and the hitherto unreported 8α,13-dihydroxysantonin, while cedrol yielded 3β,8β-dihydroxycedrane and 3α,8β-dihydroxycedrane. Stemod-12-ene, a diterpene, was transformed to 2-oxostemar-13-ene, a hitherto unknown analogue with a rearranged carbon framework. When methyl betulonate, a triterpenoid belonging to the lupane family, was supplied to the fungus 18α-ursane and 18α-oleanane derivatives, namely 19β-hydroxy-3-oxo-18α-oleanan-28-oic acid and 19α-hydroxy-3-oxo-18α-ursan-28-oic acids, were generated. There are no previous reports of fungal transformation of a triterpene in which a skeletal rearrangement occurred. All substrate administration experiments were done in the presence of the terpene cyclase inhibitor chlorocholine chloride (CCC), using the single phase - pulse feed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayanne P McCook
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Fraga BM, Guillermo R, Hernández MG, Chamy MC, Garbarino JA. The incubation of 13α,17-dihydroxystemodane with Cephalosporium aphidicola. Molecules 2012; 17:1744-50. [PMID: 22322449 PMCID: PMC6268689 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17021744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of 13α,17-dihydroxystemodane (3) with the fungus Cephalosporium aphidicola afforded 13α,17,18-trihydroxystemodane (4), 3β,13α,17-tri-hydroxystemodane (5), 13α,17-dihydroxy-stemodan-18-oic acid (6), 3β,11β,13α,17-tetra-hydroxystemodane (7), 11β,13α,17,18-tetrahydroxystemodane (8) and 3β,13α,17,18-tetra-hydroxystemodane (9). The hydroxylation at C-18 of the substrate points to a biosynthetically-directed transformation, because aphidicolin (2) is hydroxylated at this carbon. However, the C-3(β) and C-11(β) hydroxylations seem to indicate a xenobiotic biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206, Spain.
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Russell FA, Mulabagal V, Thompson DR, Singh-Wilmot MA, Reynolds WF, Nair MG, Langer V, Reese PB. Stemodin-derived analogues with lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase enzymes and human tumour cell proliferation inhibitory activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:2361-2368. [PMID: 21940022 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of analogues, derived from the antiviral and cytotoxic diterpene stemodin, were prepared and evaluated for their lipid peroxidation (LPO), cyclooxygenase enzyme-1 (COX-1) and -2 (COX-2), and tumour cell proliferation inhibitory activities. Oxidation of stemodin produced stemodinone, which was then converted to stemod-12-en-2-one. Reaction of the latter under Petrow conditions (bromine; silver acetate/pyridine) yielded mainly dibrominated abeo-stachanes. Solvolysis of the dibromo compounds gave products of hydrolysis, some with rearranged skeleta. In the lipid peroxidation inhibitory assay three of the compounds exhibited prominent activity. Interestingly, all the analogues showed higher COX-1 enzyme inhibition than COX-2. Although a few of the diterpenes limited the growth of some human tumour cell lines, most compounds induced proliferation of such cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd A Russell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Fraga BM, Gonzalez-Vallejo V, Guillermo R. On the biotransformation of ent-trachylobane to ent-kaur-11-ene diterpenes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1985-1989. [PMID: 21848313 DOI: 10.1021/np200560s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological transformation of trachinodiol (1) by the fungus Mucor plumbeus afforded the corresponding 1α, 2α, 3α, and 17-hydroxy derivatives (2-4 and 6), respectively. 7β,16α,18-Trihydroxy-ent-kaur-11-ene (sicanatriol) (5) was also obtained in this feeding. The biotransformation of 1 to give 5 by this fungus may occur by enzymatic abstraction of a hydrogen atom, allylic to the cyclopropane ring, and subsequent cleavage of this ring. This route is similar to that postulated by us in plants of the genus Sideritis, where ent-trachylobane and ent-kaur-11-ene diterpenes coexist. This study confirms that hydroxylation of diterpenes by M. plumbeus occurs preferably at ring A carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, Avenida Astrofisico F. Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Fraga BM, de Alfonso I, Gonzalez-Vallejo V, Guillermo R. Microbial transformation of two 15α-hydroxy-ent-kaur-16-ene diterpenes by Mucor plumbeus. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Marquina S, Parra JL, González M, Zamilpa A, Escalante J, Trejo-Hernández MR, Alvarez L. Hydroxylation of the diterpenes ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic and ent-beyer-15-en-19-oic acids by the fungus Aspergillus niger. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:2017-2022. [PMID: 19815245 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The diterpenes ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (1) and ent-beyer-15-en-19-oic acid (2) are the major constituents of a spasmolytic diterpenic mixture obtained from the roots of Viguiera hypargyrea, a Mexican medicinal plant. Microbial transformation of 1 and 2 was performed with Aspergillus niger. Two metabolites, ent-7alpha,11beta-dihydroxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (4) and ent-1beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (5), were isolated from the incubation of 1, and one metabolite, ent-1beta,7alpha-dihydroxy-beyer-15-en-19-oic acid (6), was isolated in high yield (40%) from 2. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies. Compounds 1-4 and 6 and methyl ester derivatives 4a and 6a were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the electrically induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum. Compounds 1, 3, 4, 4a and 5 were significantly active. These results showed that dihydroxylation of 1 at 7beta, 11alpha-, and 1alpha, 7beta-positions resulted in a loss of potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marquina
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Areche C, Loyola LA, Borquez J, Rovirosa J, San-Martin A. Microbial transformation of the diterpene mulin-11,13-dien-20-oic acid by Mucor plumbeus. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:765-768. [PMID: 18470864 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new mulinane-type derivatives: 16-hydroxy mulin-11,13-dien-20-oic (2) acid and 7alpha,16-dihydroxy mulin-11,13-dien-20-oic (3) acid were obtained by microbial transformation of mulin-11,13-dien-20-oic acid (1), along with tyrosol (4) using liquid cultures of Mucor plumbeus. The latter compound has not been previously identified in the genus Mucor. Structural elucidation of these metabolites was achieved using 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Areche
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ye M, Han J, An D, Tu G, Guo D. New cytotoxic bufadienolides from the biotransformation of resibufogenin by Mucor polymorphosporus. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chen ARM, Ruddock PLD, Lamm AS, Reynolds WF, Reese PB. Stemodane and stemarane diterpenoid hydroxylation by Mucor plumbeus and Whetzelinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:1898-902. [PMID: 16061265 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 06/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of stemodin (1) with Mucor plumbeus ATCC 4740 resulted in the formation of 2alpha,6beta,13-trihydroxystemodane (2), 2alpha,3beta,13-trihydroxystemodane (3), 2alpha,11beta,13-trihydroxystemodane (4) and 2alpha,13,14-trihydroxystemodane (5), while stemodinone (7) afforded 6alpha,13-dihydroxystemodan-2-one (8) and 6alpha,12alpha,13-trihydroxystemodan-2-one (9). Metabolites obtained from the bioconversion of stemarin (11) were 8,13,19-trihydroxystemarane (12) and 2alpha,13,19-trihydroxystemarane (13). 19-N,N-Dimethylcarbamoxy-13-hydroxystemarane (14) was not transformed by the fungus. Stemodin (1) was incubated with Whetzelinia sclerotiorum ATCC 18687 to produce 2alpha,7beta,13-trihydroxystemodane (6) and 2alpha,11beta,13-trihydroxystemodane (4). Stemodinone (7) was converted to 7beta,13-dihydroxystemodan-2-one (10). Compounds 2, 4, 9, 10, 12 and 13 have not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avril R M Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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