An improved synthesis of piperazino-piperidine based CCR5 antagonists with flexible variation on pharmacophore sites

Forward- and reverse-synthesis of piperazinopiperidine amide analogs: a general access to structurally diverse 4-piperazinopiperidine-based CCR5 antagonists

Piperazinopiperidine amide analogs are among the most promising CCR5 antagonists. As an effective extension of a previously-reported methodology to synthesize such compounds, forward- and reverse-syntheses were successfully developed in which the convergent synthesis of the piperazinopiperidine nucleus, with a building block of 4-substituent-4-aminopiperidine, served as a common key step. The two-way approach affords a comprehensive access to the piperazinopiperidine templated library with variation on the pharmacophore sites. Thus, a SAR study of our synthesized piperazinopiperidine-based CCR5 antagonists was conducted with respect to the structure and configuration of the substituent on the piperazine ring. The S-configuration of the benzylic-substituent is vital for the CCR5 binding, and the bulky or aryl substituent on the 2-position in the piperazine ring is detrimental to the activity. By using the forward-synthesis approach, the best compound in the chiral piperazine-based CCR5 antagonist series, Sch-D (Vicriviroc), was conveniently synthesized in an excellent yield.