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Yan X, Qu C, Li Q, Zhu L, Tong HH, Liu H, Ouyang Q, Yao X. Multiscale calculations reveal new insights into the reaction mechanism between KRAS G12C and α, β-unsaturated carbonyl of covalent inhibitors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1408-1417. [PMID: 38616962 PMCID: PMC11015740 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Utilizing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group as Michael acceptors to react with thiols represents a successful strategy for developing KRASG12C inhibitors. Despite this, the precise reaction mechanism between KRASG12C and covalent inhibitors remains a subject of debate, primarily due to the absence of an appropriate residue capable of deprotonating the cysteine thiol as a base. To uncover this reaction mechanism, we first discussed the chemical reaction mechanism in solvent conditions via density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Based on this, we then proposed and validated the enzymatic reaction mechanism by employing quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculation. Our QM/MM analysis suggests that, in biological conditions, proton transfer and nucleophilic addition may proceed through a concerted process to form an enolate intermediate, bypassing the need for a base catalyst. This proposed mechanism differs from previous findings. Following the formation of the enolate intermediate, solvent-assisted tautomerization results in the final product. Our calculations indicate that solvent-assisted tautomerization is the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle under biological conditions. On the basis of this reaction mechanism, the calculated kinact/ki for two inhibitors is consistent well with the experimental results. Our findings provide new insights into the reaction mechanism between the cysteine of KRASG12C and the covalent inhibitors and may provide valuable information for designing effective covalent inhibitors targeting KRASG12C and other similar targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Chuanhua Qu
- College of Pharmacy, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Qin Li
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Henry H.Y. Tong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
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2
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Xie H, Breit B. Nickel-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrothiolation of Allenes Enabled by Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:4438-4442. [PMID: 38767303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Hydrothiolation presents an attractive way to transform allenes into allylic thioethers. Herein, we described an efficient visible-light photoredox-promoted nickel-catalyzed hydrothiolation of allenes with functionalized aromatic and aliphatic thiols. This synergistic catalytic system exhibits unprecedentedly high reactivities and regiocontrol for the construction of allylic thioethers, representing the unique synthetic utility of the earth-abundant Ni-catalyzed method compared with the related noble-metal-catalyzed allylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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3
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Salin AV, Shabanov AA, Khayarov KR, Nugmanov RI, Islamov DR. Stereoelectronic Effect in the Reaction of α-Methylene Lactones with Tertiary Phosphines and Its Application in Organocatalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11954-11967. [PMID: 37540578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic data indicate that the addition of tertiary phosphines to α-methylene lactones in acetic acid is strongly accelerated in comparison to the reactions of related open-chain esters. Six-membered α-methylene-δ-valerolactone exhibited a more pronounced rate increase than five-membered α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone. The use of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactam as a nitrogen analogue of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone resulted in a total loss of the reaction acceleration. The observed reactivities were rationalized by DFT calculations at the RwB97XD/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory, showing that the intramolecular interaction between phosphonium and enolate oxygen centers provided by the locked s-cis-geometry of the heterocycles plays an important role in the stabilization of intermediate zwitterions. The reactivity is also controlled by the conformational flexibility of the heterocycle. The geometries of five-membered and, especially, six-membered lactone cycles are slightly changed upon the nucleophilic attack of phosphine, leading to the stabilizing stereoelectronic effect by the Ρ···Ο interaction. The addition of phosphine to α-methylene-γ-butyrolactam significantly distorts the initial geometry of the heterocycle, making the nucleophilic attack unfavorable. The application of the stereoelectronic effect to enhance the efficiency of the phosphine-catalyzed Michael and Pudovik reactions of α-methylene lactones was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Salin
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry,Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Shabanov
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry,Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Khasan R Khayarov
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry,Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Street 18, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Ramil I Nugmanov
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse B-2340, Belgium
| | - Daut R Islamov
- Laboratory for Structural Analysis of Biomacromolecules, Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, Kremlevskaya Street 31, Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
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Andrade KHS, Coelho JAS, Frade R, Madureira AM, Nunes JPM, Caddick S, Gomes RFA, Afonso CAM. Functionalized Cyclopentenones with Low Electrophilic Character as Anticancer Agents. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300104. [PMID: 37062707 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study were synthesized non-Michael acceptor cyclopentenones (CP) from biomass derivative furfural as anticancer agents. Cyclic enones, both from natural sources and synthetic analogues, have been described as cytotoxic agents. Most of these agents were unsuccessful in becoming valuable therapeutic agents due to toxicity problems derived from unselective critical biomacromolecule alkylation. This may be caused by Michael addition to the enone system. Ab initio studies revealed that 2,4-substituted CPs are less prone to Michael additions, and as such were tested three families of those derivatives. We prepare the new CPs from furfural through a tandem furan ring opening/Nazarov electrocyclization and further functionalization. Experimentally the 2,4-substituted CPs exhibited no reactivity towards sulphur nucleophiles, while maintaining cytotoxicity against HT-29, MCF-7, NCI-H460, HCT-116 and MDA-MB 231 cells lines. Moreover, the selected CP are non-toxic against healthy HEK 293T cell lines and present proper calculated drug-like properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Késsia H S Andrade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jaime A S Coelho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Frade
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Madureira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João P M Nunes
- Abzena Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Rafael F A Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- CBIOS-Universidade Lusófona's Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A M Afonso
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Ratzenböck K, Fischer SM, Slugovc C. Poly(ether)s derived from oxa-Michael polymerization: a comprehensive review. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPoly(ether)s represent an important class of polymers and are typically formed by ring-opening polymerization, Williamson ether synthesis, or self-condensation of alcohols. The oxa-Michael reaction presents another method to form poly(ether)s with additional functional groups in the polymer backbone starting from di- or triols and electron deficient olefins such as acrylates, sulfones, or acrylamides. However, research on oxa-Michael polymerization is still limited. Herein, we outline the principles of the oxa-Michael polymerization and focus on the synthesis and preparation of poly(ether-sulfone)s, poly(ether-ester)s, poly(ether)s, and poly(ether-amide)s. Further, challenges as well as future perspectives of the oxa-Michael polymerization are discussed.
Graphical abstract
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6
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Salin AV, Shabanov AA. Advances in organocatalysis of the Michael reaction by tertiary Phosphines. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2023.2168352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Salin
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A. Shabanov
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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Zhou D, Zhu LW, Wu BH, Xu ZK, Wan LS. End-functionalized polymers by controlled/living radical polymerizations: synthesis and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on end-functionalized polymers synthesized by controlled/living radical polymerizations and the applications in fields including bioconjugate formation, surface modification, topology construction, and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bai-Heng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Jmai M, Efrit ML, Dubreuil D, Blot V, Lebreton J, M'rabet H. An efficient and simple strategy toward the synthesis of highly functionalized compounds. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1948850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Momtez Jmai
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, SOHES-LR17ES01, Tunis, Tunisie
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Lotfi Efrit
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, SOHES-LR17ES01, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Didier Dubreuil
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Blot
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Lebreton
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - Hédi M'rabet
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, SOHES-LR17ES01, Tunis, Tunisie
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Fischer SM, Renner S, Boese AD, Slugovc C. Electron-rich triarylphosphines as nucleophilic catalysts for oxa-Michael reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1689-1697. [PMID: 34367347 PMCID: PMC8313974 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron-rich triarylphosphines, namely 4-(methoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine (MMTPP) and tris(4-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine (TMTPP), outperform commonly used triphenylphosphine (TPP) in catalyzing oxa-Michael additions. A matrix consisting of three differently strong Michael acceptors and four alcohols of varying acidity was used to assess the activity of the three catalysts. All test reactions were performed with 1 mol % catalyst loading, under solvent-free conditions and at room temperature. The results reveal a decisive superiority of TMTPP for converting poor and intermediate Michael acceptors such as acrylamide and acrylonitrile and for converting less acidic alcohols like isopropanol. With stronger Michael acceptors and more acidic alcohols, the impact of the more electron-rich catalysts is less pronounced. The experimental activity trend was rationalized by calculating the Michael acceptor affinities of all phosphine-Michael acceptor combinations. Besides this parameter, the acidity of the alcohol has a strong impact on the reaction speed. The oxidation stability of the phosphines was also evaluated and the most electron-rich TMTPP was found to be only slightly more sensitive to oxidation than TPP. Finally, the catalysts were employed in the oxa-Michael polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. With TMTPP polymers characterized by number average molar masses of about 1200 g/mol at room temperature are accessible. Polymerizations carried out at 80 °C resulted in macromolecules containing a considerable share of Rauhut-Currier-type repeat units and consequently lower molar masses were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Fischer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simon Renner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A Daniel Boese
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Drogkaris V, Northrop BH. Byproducts formed During Thiol-Acrylate Reactions Promoted by Nucleophilic Aprotic Amines: Persistent or Reactive? Chempluschem 2020; 85:2466-2474. [PMID: 33201598 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophile-initiated mechanism of thiol-Michael reactions naturally leads to the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. Three aza-Michael compounds representing nucleophile byproducts of thiol-acrylate reactions initiated by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have been synthesized and their reactivity in the presence of thiolate has been investigated. Spectroscopic analysis shows that each nucleophile byproduct reacts with thiolate to produce a desired thiol-acrylate product along with liberated aprotic amines DMAP, MIM, or DBU, thus demonstrating that these byproducts are reactive rather than persistent. Density functional theoretical computations support experimental observations and predict that a β-elimination mechanism is favored for converting each nucleophile byproduct into a desired thiol-acrylate product, though an SN 2 process can be competitive (i. e. within <2.5 kcal/mol) in less polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Drogkaris
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
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11
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Brown JS, Ruttinger AW, Vaidya AJ, Alabi CA, Clancy P. Decomplexation as a rate limitation in the thiol-Michael addition of N-acrylamides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6364-6377. [PMID: 32760955 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-Michael addition is a popular, selective, high-yield "click" reaction utilized for applications ranging from small-molecule synthesis to polymer or surface modification. Here, we combined experimental and quantum mechanical modeling approaches using density functional theory (DFT) to examine the thiol-Michael reaction of N-allyl-N-acrylamide monomers used to prepare sequence-defined oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs). Experimentally, the reaction was evaluated with two fluorous tagged thiols and several monomers at room temperature (22 °C and 40 °C). Using the Eyring equation, the activation energies (enthalpies) were calculated, observing a wide range of energy barriers ranging from 28 kJ mol-1 to 108 kJ mol-1 within the same alkene class. Computationally, DFT coupled with the Nudged Elastic Band method was used to calculate the entire reaction coordinate of each monomer reaction using the B97-D3 functional and a hybrid implicit-explicit methanol solvation approach. The thiol-Michael reaction is traditionally rate-limited by the propagation or chain-transfer steps. However, our test case with N-acrylamides and fluorous thiols revealed experimental and computational data produced satisfactory agreement only when we considered a previously unconsidered step that we termed "product decomplexation", which occurs as the product physically dissociates from other co-reactants after chain transfer. Five monomers were investigated to support this finding, capturing a range of functional groups varying in alkyl chain length (methyl to hexyl) and aromaticity (benzyl and ethylenephenyl). Increased substrate alkyl chain length increased activation energy, explained by the inductive effect. Aromatic ring-stacking configurations significantly impacted the activation energy and contributed to improved molecular packing density. Hydrogen-bonding between reactants increased the activation energy emphasizing the rate-limitation of the product decomplexation. Our findings begin to describe a new structure-kinetic relationship for thiol-Michael acceptors to enable further design of reactive monomers for synthetic polymers and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Brown
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Andrew W Ruttinger
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Akash J Vaidya
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Paulette Clancy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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12
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Awoonor-Williams E, Isley WC, Dale SG, Johnson ER, Yu H, Becke AD, Roux B, Rowley CN. Quantum Chemical Methods for Modeling Covalent Modification of Biological Thiols. J Comput Chem 2019; 41:427-438. [PMID: 31512279 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitor drugs require computational methods that go beyond simple molecular-mechanical force fields in order to model the chemical reactions that occur when they bind to their targets. Here, several semiempirical and density-functional theory (DFT) methods are assessed for their ability to describe the potential energy surface and reaction energies of the covalent modification of a thiol by an electrophile. Functionals such as PBE and B3LYP fail to predict a stable enolate intermediate. This is largely due to delocalization error, which spuriously stabilizes the prereaction complex, in which excess electron density is transferred from the thiolate to the electrophile. Functionals with a high-exact exchange component, range-separated DFT functionals, and variationally optimized exact exchange (i.e., the LC-B05minV functional) correct this issue to various degrees. The large gradient behavior of the exchange enhancement factor is also found to significantly affect the results, leading to the improved performance of PBE0. While ωB97X-D and M06-2X were reasonably accurate, no method provided quantitative accuracy for all three electrophiles, making this a very strenuous test of functional performance. Additionally, one drawback of M06-2X was that molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using this functional were only stable if a fine integration grid was used. The low-cost semiempirical methods, PM3, AM1, and PM7, provide a qualitatively correct description of the reaction mechanism, although the energetics is not quantitatively reliable. As a proof of concept, the potential of mean force for the addition of methylthiolate to methylvinyl ketone was calculated using quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical MD in an explicit polarizable aqueous solvent. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Awoonor-Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - William C Isley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephen G Dale
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Erin R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Axel D Becke
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Benoît Roux
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Tallec G, Loh C, Liberelle B, Garcia-Ac A, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Banquy X, Murschel F, De Crescenzo G. Adequate Reducing Conditions Enable Conjugation of Oxidized Peptides to Polymers by One-Pot Thiol Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3866-3876. [PMID: 30350572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiol(-click) chemistry has been extensively investigated to conjugate (bio)molecules to polymers. Handling of cysteine-containing molecules may however be cumbersome, especially in the case of fast-oxidizing coiled-coil-forming peptides. In the present study, we investigated the practicality of a one-pot process to concomitantly reduce and conjugate an oxidized peptide to a polymer. Three thiol-based conjugation chemistries (vinyl sulfone (VS), maleimide, and pyridyldithiol) were assayed along with three reducing agents (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), dithiothreitol, and β-mercaptoethanol). Seven out of the nine possible combinations significantly enhanced the conjugation yield, provided that an adequate concentration of reductant was used. Among them, the coincubation of an oxidized peptide with TCEP and a VS-modified polymer displayed the highest level of conjugation. Our results also provide insights into two topics that currently lack consensus: TCEP is stable in 10 mM phosphate buffered saline and it reacts with thiol-alkylating agents at submillimolar concentrations, and thus should be carefully used in order to avoid interference with thiol-based conjugation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Tallec
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Celestine Loh
- Division of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore , Singapore , 639798
| | - Benoit Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Araceli Garcia-Ac
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry , Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Frederic Murschel
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Université de Montréal , 2900 Edouard-Montpetit Boulevard , Montreal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales (GRSTB), Bio-P2 Research Unit , École Polytechnique de Montréal , P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal , Quebec , Canada H3C 3A7
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14
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Abstract
The hallmark of nucleophilic phosphine catalysis is the initial nucleophilic addition of a phosphine to an electrophilic starting material, producing a reactive zwitterionic intermediate, generally under mild conditions. In this Review, we classify nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions in terms of their electrophilic components. In the majority of cases, these electrophiles possess carbon-carbon multiple bonds: alkenes (section 2), allenes (section 3), alkynes (section 4), and Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) alcohol derivatives (MBHADs; section 5). Within each of these sections, the reactions are compiled based on the nature of the second starting material-nucleophiles, dinucleophiles, electrophiles, and electrophile-nucleophiles. Nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions that occur via the initial addition to starting materials that do not possess carbon-carbon multiple bonds are collated in section 6. Although not catalytic in the phosphine, the formation of ylides through the nucleophilic addition of phosphines to carbon-carbon multiple bond-containing compounds is intimately related to the catalysis and is discussed in section 7. Finally, section 8 compiles miscellaneous topics, including annulations of the Hüisgen zwitterion, phosphine-mediated reductions, iminophosphorane organocatalysis, and catalytic variants of classical phosphine oxide-generating reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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15
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Frayne SH, Northrop BH. Evaluating Nucleophile Byproduct Formation during Phosphine- and Amine-Promoted Thiol-Methyl Acrylate Reactions. J Org Chem 2018; 83:10370-10382. [PMID: 30132329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The commonly accepted mechanism of nucleophile-initiated thiol-acrylate reactions requires the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. A systematic evaluation of the formation of such nucleophile byproducts has been carried out to understand the relationships between byproduct formation and nucleophile structure, stoichiometry, solvent, and reaction type. Three common nucleophiles for thiol-Michael reactions were investigated: dimethylphenylphosphine (DMPP), diethylamine (DEA), and hexylamine (HA). The formation of phosphonium ester and aza-Michael byproducts upon initiating a representative thiol-acrylate reaction between 1-hexanethiol and methyl acrylate at a range of initiator loading (0.01-10.0 equiv) and in different solvents (neat, DMSO, THF, and CHCl3) was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The influence of reaction type was investigated by expanding from small molecule reactions to end group thiol-acrylate functionalization of PEG-diacrylate polymers and through investigations of polymer-polymer coupling reactions. Results indicate that the propensity of forming nucleophile byproducts varies with nucleophile type, solvent, and reaction type. Interestingly, for all but polymer-polymer ligation reactions, nucleophile byproduct formation is largely unobserved for nitrogen-centered nucleophiles DEA and HA and essentially nonexistent for the phorphorous-centered nucleophile DMPP. A rationale for the differences in nucleophile byproduct formation for DMPP, DEA, and HA is proposed and supported by experimental and computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Frayne
- Department of Chemistry , Wesleyan University , Middletown , Connecticut 06459 , United States
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry , Wesleyan University , Middletown , Connecticut 06459 , United States
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16
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Wadhwa P, Kharbanda A, Sharma A. Thia-Michael Addition: An Emerging Strategy in Organic Synthesis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee India
| | | | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Roorkee India
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17
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Mantione D, Del Agua I, Schaafsma W, ElMahmoudy M, Uguz I, Sanchez-Sanchez A, Sardon H, Castro B, Malliaras GG, Mecerreyes D. Low-Temperature Cross-Linking of PEDOT:PSS Films Using Divinylsulfone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:18254-18262. [PMID: 28485142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest in bioelectronics has prompted the exploration of properties of conducting polymer films at the interface with biological milieus. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) from a commercially available source has been used as a model system for these studies. Different cross-linking schemes have been used to stabilize films of this material against delamination and redispersion, but the cost is a decrease in the electrical conductivity and/or additional heat treatment. Here we introduce divinylsulfone (DVS) as a new cross-linker for PEDOT:PSS. Thanks to the higher reactiveness of the vinyl groups of DVS, the cross-linking can be performed at room temperature. In addition, DVS does not reduce electronic conductivity of PEDOT:PSS but rather increases it by acting as a secondary dopant. Cell culture studies show that PEDOT:PSS:DVS films are cytocompatible and support neuroregeneration. As an example, we showed that this material improved the transconductance value and stability of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) device. These results open the way for the utilization of DVS as an effective cross-linker for PEDOT:PSS in bioelectronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Isabel Del Agua
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Wandert Schaafsma
- Histocell, S.L., Science and Technology , Derio, 48160 Vizcaya Spain
| | - Mohammed ElMahmoudy
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Ilke Uguz
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - Ana Sanchez-Sanchez
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Begoña Castro
- Histocell, S.L., Science and Technology , Derio, 48160 Vizcaya Spain
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC , 13541 Gardanne, France
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avenida Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Desmet GB, Sabbe MK, D'hooge DR, Espeel P, Celasun S, Marin GB, Du Prez FE, Reyniers MF. Thiol-Michael addition in polar aprotic solvents: nucleophilic initiation or base catalysis? Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00005g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-Michael addition of ethanethiol to ethyl acrylate, methyl vinylsulfone and maleimide initiated by ethyl-, diethyl-, triethylamine and triethylphosphine in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is investigated at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dagmar. R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- Gent
- Belgium
- Department of Textiles
| | - Pieter Espeel
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Sensu Celasun
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Guy B. Marin
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology
- Ghent University
- Gent
- Belgium
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group
- Ghent University
- B-9000 Gent
- Belgium
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19
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Strasser S, Wappl C, Slugovc C. Solvent-free macrocyclisation by nucleophile-mediated oxa-Michael addition polymerisation of divinyl sulfone and alcohols. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Divinyl sulfone and di- or multifunctional alcohols quantitatively react within minutes under solvent-less conditions upon addition of 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Strasser
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- A 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Christina Wappl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- A 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- A 8010 Graz
- Austria
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20
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Claudino M, Zhang X, Alim MD, Podgórski M, Bowman CN. Mechanistic Kinetic Modeling of Thiol-Michael Addition Photopolymerizations via Photocaged "Superbase" Generators: An Analytical Approach. Macromolecules 2016; 49:8061-8074. [PMID: 28989189 PMCID: PMC5630186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic mechanism and the accompanying mathematical framework are presented for base-mediated thiol-Michael photopolymerization kinetics involving a photobase generator. Here, model kinetic predictions demonstrate excellent agreement with a representative experimental system composed of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)propyloxycarbonyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (NPPOC-TMG) as a photobase generator that is used to initiate thiol-vinyl sulfone Michael addition reactions and polymerizations. Modeling equations derived from a basic mechanistic scheme indicate overall polymerization rates that follow a pseudo-first-order kinetic process in the base and coreactant concentrations, controlled by the ratio of the propagation to chain-transfer kinetic parameters (kp/kCT) which is dictated by the rate-limiting step and controls the time necessary to reach gelation. Gelation occurs earlier as the kp/kCT ratio reaches a critical value, wherefrom gel times become nearly independent of kp/kCT. The theoretical approach allowed determining the effect of induction time on the reaction kinetics due to initial acid-base neutralization for the photogenerated base caused by the presence of protic contaminants. Such inhibition kinetics may be challenging for reaction systems that require high curing rates but are relevant for chemical systems that need to remain kinetically dormant until activated although at the ultimate cost of lower polymerization rates. The pure step-growth character of this living polymerization and the exhibited kinetics provide unique potential for extended dark-cure reactions and uniform material properties. The general kinetic model is applicable to photobase initiators where photolysis follows a unimolecular cleavage process releasing a strong base catalyst without cogeneration of intermediate radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Claudino
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Marvin D. Alim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry, MCS University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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21
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Euti EM, Vélez-Romero P, Leiva EPM, Macagno VA, Paredes-Olivera PA, Patrito EM, Cometto FP. The Role of Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine Reducing Agent in the Controlled Formation of α,ω-Alkanedithiols Monolayers on Au(111) with Monocoordinated and Bicoordinated Configurations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:9428-9436. [PMID: 27579725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The addition of the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) during the formation of α,ω-alkanedithiols monolayers on Au(111) using the immersion method produces the assembly of monolayers with bicoordinated molecules (both S-terminal groups bound to the surface) that have a reductive desorption potential that is more positive than for monolayers with monocoordinated molecules in a standing up configuration. We show that the use of TCEP either during formation of the monolayer or as a post treatment procedure allows the controlled formation of monolayers with bicoordinated or monocoordinated configurations. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to elucidate the role of TCEP in the formation of the bicoordinated configuration. We investigated the TCEP-dithiol interaction in ethanol solvent as well as the coadsorption of trimethylphosphine with 1,2-ethanedithiol on Au(111). The Brønsted base character of the phosphine facilitates the H exchange from the -SH groups of the dithiol to the phosphorus atom of TCEP with very low activation energy barriers, thus allowing the thiolate groups to bind to the Au(111) surface, thus yielding the bicoordinated configuration. Dithiol lifting mechanisms such as H exchange between S atoms and the formation of intra/inter layer disulfide bonds have much higher energy barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban M Euti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Patricio Vélez-Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Ezequiel P M Leiva
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Vicente A Macagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Patricia A Paredes-Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - E Martín Patrito
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Fernando P Cometto
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC) CONICET-UNC, †Departamento de Fisicoquímica, and ‡Departamento de Matemática y Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria , X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
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22
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Northrop BH, Frayne SH, Choudhary U. Thiol–maleimide “click” chemistry: evaluating the influence of solvent, initiator, and thiol on the reaction mechanism, kinetics, and selectivity. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00168d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and kinetics of thiol–maleimide “click” reactions have been modeled computationally under a variety of conditions and further investigated using experimental competition reactions.
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23
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Strasser S, Slugovc C. Nucleophile-mediated oxa-Michael addition reactions of divinyl sulfone – a thiol-free option for step-growth polymerisations. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy01527h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of an aa–bb-type nucleophile-mediated oxa-Michael addition polymerisation reaction is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Strasser
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- NAWI Graz
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- NAWI Graz
- A-8010 Graz
- Austria
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24
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Zhou Y, Liu D, Fu Y, Yu H, Shi J. Accurate Prediction of IrH Bond Dissociation Enthalpies by Density Functional Theory Methods. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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25
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Nair DP, Podgórski M, Chatani S, Gong T, Xi W, Fenoli CR, Bowman CN. The Thiol-Michael Addition Click Reaction: A Powerful and Widely Used Tool in Materials Chemistry. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS 2014; 26:724-744. [DOI: 10.1021/cm402180t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1025] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Affiliation(s)
- Devatha P. Nair
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Maciej Podgórski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry, MCS University, pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 5, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Shunsuke Chatani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Tao Gong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Weixian Xi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher R. Fenoli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, UCB 215, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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26
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Yu HZ, Yang YM, Zhang L, Dang ZM, Hu GH. Quantum-Chemical Predictions of pKa’s of Thiols in DMSO. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:606-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp410274n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yi-Meng Yang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhi-Min Dang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering (CNRS UMR 7274), CNRS-Université de Lorraine , ENSIC, 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451, 54001 Nancy, France
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27
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Smith JM, Jami Alahmadi Y, Rowley CN. Range-Separated DFT Functionals are Necessary to Model Thio-Michael Additions. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:4860-5. [PMID: 26583405 DOI: 10.1021/ct400773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The textbook mechanism for the addition of a thiol to an olefin is the Michael-type addition, which involves a nucleophilic attack of a thiolate anion on an alkene to form a carbanion intermediate. Previous computational models of these reactions have proposed alternative mechanisms, as no minimum corresponding to the carbanion intermediate was present on the potential energy surface. We show that many popular pure and hybrid DFT functionals, such as PBE and B3LYP, erroneously predict that the carbanion is not an intermediate, favoring a noncovalent charge-transfer complex stabilized spuriously by delocalization error. Range-separated DFT functionals correct this problem and predict stable carbanion structures and energies. In particular, calculations using the ωB97X-D functional are in close agreement with CCSD(T) data for the structures and energies of a series of thio-carbanions. Range-separated functionals will make it possible to model the reaction mechanisms of Michael-type additions that occur in biochemistry, such as the covalent modification of a cysteine side chain by drugs containing an electrophilic double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Yasaman Jami Alahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
| | - Christopher N Rowley
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X7, Canada
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