1
|
Sharma A, Kumar A, Abdel Monaim SAH, Jad YE, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. N-methylation in amino acids and peptides: Scope and limitations. Biopolymers 2018. [PMID: 29528112 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can be divided into two types, namely chemical and biological entities. Traditionally, the former has been associated with the so-called small molecules. The revival of peptides in pharmaceutical industry results from their importance in many biological roles. However, low metabolic stability and the lack of oral availability of most peptides is the main drawback for peptide to fulfill that paradigmatic situation. In this regard, efforts are being channeled into addressing this issue by introducing restrictions into the flexible peptide backbone, mainly through N-methyl amino acids (NMAAs) or development of small cyclic peptides. In many cases, both the above restrictions are combined with the aim to enhance oral availability. The synthesis of NMAAs is complex and their introduction into the peptide chain brings additional synthetic challenges and also sometimes leads to side-reactions. Here we discuss the most efficient methods for the synthesis of NMAAs (either in solution or in solid phase) and also their introduction into peptide sequences. Special attention is also given to the detection of side reactions and the most efficient way to prevent them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Shimaa A H Abdel Monaim
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Jad
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ayman El-Faham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Beatriz G de la Torre
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,KRISP, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chirkova ZV, Filimonov SI. Synthesis of formyl and carboxy derivatives of heterocycles by modification of 2-(2-aminovinyl)- benzofuran-5,6-dicarbonitriles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016090074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Pauli D, Bienz S. Regioselective solid-phase synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated acylpolyamine spider toxins using an 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal-modified resin. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4473-85. [PMID: 25773373 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00108k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recently introduced new SPS resin, possessing a 2-(ortho-nitrophenyl)ethanal linker, was used for the regioselective on-resin synthesis of N-mono-hydroxylated and N-mono-methylated polyamine spider toxins of Agelenopsis aperta and Larinioides folium. The polyamine backbones of the target compounds were efficiently constructed from the center by reductive amination of the aldehyde linker, followed by stepwise alkylation and acylation on solid support. Depending on the cleavage conditions, employing either oxidation/Cope elimination or methylation/Hofmann elimination, regioselectively the respective N-hydroxyl or N-methyl products were obtained. Employing this methodology, a number of acylpolyamine spider toxins were synthesized and identified as venom components by UHPLC and ESI-MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Pauli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|