2-Bromo-1-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)ethanone: versatile precursors for novel mono-, bis- and poly{6-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines}

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of a new hybrid bis-cyanoacrylamide-based-piperazine containing sulphamethoxazole moiety against rheumatoid arthritis-associated pathogens

Piperazine-based compounds have garnered significant attention due to their notable biological and pharmacological activities, making them essential in fine chemical and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we managed to synthesize a novel hybrid bis-cyanoacrylamide bearing the piperazine core via phenoxymethyl linker and incorporating sulphamethoxazole moiety. The novel compound was fully characterized using different spectral data including 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and FTIR spectroscopy. Piperazine-based compounds were screened for in silico studies to understand the antimicrobial activity against infections that may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis symptoms. The tested piperazine compound was also evaluated for its antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603. S. aureus showed the highest inhibition, with a zone diameter of 16.0 ± 1.0 mm at a concentration of 0.8 mg/ml. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all bacterial species ranged from 5 to 40 mg/ml. In contrast, fungal species were the most resistant to the tested compound. Molecular docking studies were conducted to elucidate the interaction mechanisms, binding energies, and hydrogen bonding interactions within protein-ligand complexes. Molecular docking studies were performed against five bacterial proteins and two fungal proteins, including DNA gyrase subunit B (UniProt ID: Q839Z1), protein RecA of (UniProt ID: P0A7G6), cyclic AMP-AMP-AMP synthase (UniProt ID: P0DTF7), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyl transferase (UniProt ID: A0A1S5RKE3), and clumping factor A (UniProt ID: Q53653). The tested compound achieved the highest binding score of ∆G =  - 10.9 kcal/mol at the cyclic AMP synthase active site (UniProt ID: P0DTF7), forming 26 interactions. The results demonstrated that the synthesized piperazine compound exhibits promising antibacterial and antifungal activities, highlighting its potential as a candidate for antimicrobial development.

Novel hybrid thiazoles, bis-thiazoles linked to azo-sulfamethoxazole: Synthesis, docking, and antimicrobial activity

The reaction of sulfamethoxazolehydrazonoyl chloride with thiosemicarbazones, bis-thiosemicarbazones, or 4-amino-3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole in dioxane in the presence of triethylamine as a basic catalyst at reflux resulted in the regioselective synthesis of thiazoles and bis-thiazoles linked to azo-sulfamethoxazole as novel hybrid molecules. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed using a range of spectra. Each compound's antibacterial properties were evaluated using the agar well-diffusion technique, and most of them demonstrated significant potency. In silico investigations revealed that the described compounds had strong interactions with the binding sites of MurE ligase, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, and dihydropteroate synthase, demonstrating inhibitory activity.

Vision on Synthetic and Medicinal Facets of 1,2,4-Triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine Scaffold

The present review article strives to compile the latest synthetic approaches for the synthesis of triazolothiadiazine and its derivatives, along with their diverse pharmacological activities, viz. anticancer, antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, enzyme inhibitors (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinesterase inhibitors, alkaline phosphatase inhibitors, anti-lipase activity, and aromatase inhibitors) and antitubercular agents. The review focuses particularly on the structure–activity relationship of biologically important 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines, which have profound importance in drug design, discovery and development. In silico pharmacokinetic and molecular modeling studies have also been summarized. It is hoped that this review article will be of help to researchers engaged in the development of new biologically active entities for the rational design and development of new target-oriented 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine-based drugs for the treatment of multifunctional diseases.

Synthesis of novel star-shaped molecules based on a 1,3,5-triazine core linked to different heterocyclic systems as novel hybrid molecules

The synthesis of novel star-shaped compounds based on an s-triazine core and linked to hexahydroacridinediones, pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolones, 1H-isoquinolino[2,1-a]quinolines, tetrahydro-4H-chromenes, dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles, thiazole, or benzothiazole as new hybrid molecules through Michael and Hantzsch reactions is reported. For this purpose, 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenoxy)benzaldehyde was used as a versatile precursor.

The synthesis of novel star-shaped compounds based on an s-triazine core and linked to different heterocycles as new hybrid molecules through Michael and Hantzsch reactions is reported.