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Lenhart AE, Booth PPM, Simcox KM, Ramos BA, Kennedy RT. Systematic evaluation of benzoylation for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different analyte classes. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464872. [PMID: 38581975 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
LC-MS is an indispensable tool for small molecule analysis in many fields; however, many small molecules require chemical derivatization to improve retention on commonly used reversed-phase columns and increase ionization. Benzoyl chloride (BzCl) derivatization is commonly used for derivatization of primary and secondary amines and phenolic alcohols, though evidence exists that with proper reaction conditions (i.e., specific bases), other hydroxyl groups may be derivatized too. Previous studies have examined BzCl concentration, reaction times, and reaction temperatures for derivatization of amines and phenols for LC-MS analysis; however, use of different bases, base concentration, and extending to conditions to hydroxyl groups for LC-MS analysis has not been well-studied. To address this understudied area and identify reaction conditions for both amino and hydroxyl groups, we performed a systematic study of reaction conditions on multiple classes of potential targets. For selected derivatization methods, detection limits and performance in a variety of biological matrices were assessed. Results highlight the importance of tailoring derivatization methods for a given application as they varied by molecule and/or molecule class. Compared to the standard BzCl method commonly used, alternative methods were identified to better derivatize challenging analytes (glucosamine, choline, cortisol, uridine, cytidine) with detection limits reaching 1100, 9, 38, 170, and 67 nM compared to undetectable, 170, 86, 1000, and 86 nM respectively. Sub-nanomolar detection limits were achieved for norepinephrine with alternative derivatization approaches. Improved derivatization methods for several classes and molecules including nucleosides, steroids, and molecules containing hydroxyl groups were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Lenhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | | | - Kaley M Simcox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Brianna A Ramos
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109.
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2
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Pallu J, Rabin C, Hui P, Moreira TS, Creste G, Calvet C, Limoges B, Mavré F, Branca M. Exponential amplification by redox cross-catalysis and unmasking of doubly protected molecular probes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2764-2777. [PMID: 35356676 PMCID: PMC8890127 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength of autocatalytic reactions lies in their ability to provide a powerful means of molecular amplification, which can be very useful for improving the analytical performances of a multitude of analytical and bioanalytical methods. However, one of the major difficulties in designing an efficient autocatalytic amplification system is the requirement for reactants that are both highly reactive and chemically stable in order to avoid limitations imposed by undesirable background amplifications. In the present work, we devised a reaction network based on a redox cross-catalysis principle, in which two catalytic loops activate each other. The first loop, catalyzed by H2O2, involves the oxidative deprotection of a naphthylboronate ester probe into a redox-active naphthohydroquinone, which in turn catalyzes the production of H2O2 by redox cycling in the presence of a reducing enzyme/substrate couple. We present here a set of new molecular probes with improved reactivity and stability, resulting in particularly steep sigmoidal kinetic traces and enhanced discrimination between specific and nonspecific responses. This translates into the sensitive detection of H2O2 down to a few nM in less than 10 minutes or a redox cycling compound such as the 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone down to 50 pM in less than 30 minutes. The critical reason leading to these remarkably good performances is the extended stability stemming from the double masking of the naphthohydroquinone core by two boronate groups, a counterintuitive strategy if we consider the need for two equivalents of H2O2 for full deprotection. An in-depth study of the mechanism and dynamics of this complex reaction network is conducted in order to better understand, predict and optimize its functioning. From this investigation, the time response as well as detection limit are found to be highly dependent on pH, nature of the buffer, and concentration of the reducing enzyme. Reduction of the non-specific background in autocatalytic molecular amplifications by a double masking strategy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Pallu
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Charlie Rabin
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Pan Hui
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Thamires S Moreira
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Geordie Creste
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corentin Calvet
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Benoît Limoges
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - François Mavré
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
| | - Mathieu Branca
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, UMR 7591, CNRS F-75013 Paris France
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3
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Gavriel A, Sambrook M, Russell AT, Hayes W. Recent advances in self-immolative linkers and their applications in polymeric reporting systems. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in self-immolative chemistry has grown over the past decade with more research groups harnessing the versatility to control the release of a compound from a larger chemical entity, given...
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Zhu Y, Yu Y, Zhao YH, Tang Z, Tian L. Design, Synthesis, and Applications of a Novel Fluoride Probe Based on Isoquinolinium Salt. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220080204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Dhiman S, Ahmad M, Singla N, Kumar G, Singh P, Luxami V, Kaur N, Kumar S. Chemodosimeters for optical detection of fluoride anion. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Bloesser FR, Cavalli F, Walden SL, Barner L, Barner-Kowollik C. Chemiluminescent read-out of para-fluoro-thiol reaction events. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14996-14999. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the fluoride that is released via the para-fluoro-thiol reaction (PFTR) to cleave silyl ethers, turning the PFTR into an effective self-reporting chemiluminescence (CL) probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian R. Bloesser
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Federica Cavalli
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Sarah L. Walden
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Leonie Barner
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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7
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Bu S, Wang K, Ju C, Wang C, Li Z, Hao Z, Shen M, Wan J. Point-of-care assay to detect foodborne pathogenic bacteria using a low-cost disposable medical infusion extension line as readout and MnO2 nanoflowers. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Gnaim S, Shabat D. Chemiluminescence molecular probe with a linear chain reaction amplification mechanism. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1389-1394. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A new signal amplification probe with a linear chain reaction amplification mechanism and distinct chemiluminescence output was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gnaim
- School of Chemistry
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv 69978
- Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv 69978
- Israel
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Jung D, Lee KM, Chang JY, Yun M, Choi HJ, Kim YA, Yoon H, Kim H. Selective De-Cross-Linking of Transformable, Double-Network Hydrogels: Preparation, Structural Conversion, and Controlled Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42985-42991. [PMID: 30431252 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study has demonstrated the design of stimuli-responsive double-network hydrogels that are formed by sequential polymerization and show chemical transformation by selective de-cross-linking without structural failure owing to chemical orthogonality. Each self-immolative and thermoresponsive network established together the double-network structure through a thiol-ene click reaction and radical polymerization. The hydrogel exhibited enhanced mechanical strength but chemically transformed through the selective de-cross-linking of specific network triggered by a molecular stimulus, which significantly alters physical properties of the material such as tunable toughness and lower critical solution temperature behavior. In addition, the material displayed a thermoresponsive, controlled release. Only after treatment with the stimulus did the hydrogel release cargo molecules on demand via de-cross-linking while maintaining the entire structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyoung Jung
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Lee
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Ji Young Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Seoul National University , 1 Gwanak-ro , Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826 , Korea
| | - Misun Yun
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group , World Institute of Kimchi , 86 Kimchi-ro , Gwangju 61755 , Korea
| | - Hak-Jong Choi
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group , World Institute of Kimchi , 86 Kimchi-ro , Gwangju 61755 , Korea
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Korea
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Korea
| | - Hyungwoo Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, School of Polymer Science and Engineering , Chonnam National University , 77 Yongbong-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186 , Korea
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10
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Real-Time Probe for the Efficient Sensing of Inorganic Fluoride and Copper Ions in Aqueous Media. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Gnaim S, Shabat D. Chemiluminescence molecular probe with intrinsic auto-inductive amplification: incorporation of chemiexcitation in a quinone-methide elimination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2655-2658. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00521d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new signal amplification system with an auto-inductive mode of action and distinct chemiluminescence output was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Gnaim
- School of Chemistry
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv 69978
- Israel
| | - Doron Shabat
- School of Chemistry
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences
- Tel Aviv University
- Tel Aviv 69978
- Israel
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12
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Wang A, Ma X, Ye Y, Luo F, Guo L, Qiu B, Lin Z, Chen G. A Simple and Convenient Aptasensor for Protein Using an Electronic Balance as a Readout. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1087-1091. [PMID: 29231705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The electronic balance, one of the most common pieces of equipment in the laboratory, is normally used to directly measure the weight of a target with high accuracy. However, little attention has been paid to the extension of its applications. In this study, an electronic balance was used as a readout to develop a novel aptasensor for protein quantification for the first time. Thrombin was selected as a model target, and its two aptamers recognizing different sites of the protein were used (one aptamer was immobilized on the surface of magnetic microparticles and the other aptamer was functionalized with platinum nanoparticles). The two aptamers were specifically bound with the thrombin to form a sandwich structure; thus, the platinum nanoparticles were linked to the magnetic microparticles, and they were separated by a magnet easily. The captured platinum nanoparticles effectively catalyzed the decomposition of H2O2, generating a large volume of O2 to discharge a certain amount of water in a drainage device, because the pressure in the vial is higher than that outside of the vial. The weight of water was accurately measured by an electronic balance. The weight of water increased with the increasing of the thrombin concentration in the range of 0 to 100 nM with a detection limit of 2.8 nM. This is the first time the use of an electronic balance as a signal readout for biomolecule quantitation in bioassay has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian Wang
- Department of Science Research and Training, Fujian Institute of Education , Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | | | - Yanzhu Ye
- Department of Science Research and Training, Fujian Institute of Education , Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
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