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Bruzon DA, De Jesus AP, Bautista CD, Martinez IS, Paderes MC, Tapang GA. Enhanced photo-reactivity of polyanthracene in the VIS region. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271280. [PMID: 35802661 PMCID: PMC9269904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The wavelength-dependent photo-reactivity of polyanthracene was explored upon UV-C and VIS light irradiation. The material was prepared via one-pot chemical oxidation route using FeCl3 as oxidizing agent. A decrease in surface hydrophobicity of a polyanthracene-coated poly(methylmethacrylate) substrate from 109.11° to 60.82° was observed upon UV-C exposure for 48 hrs which was attributed to increase in oxygen content at the surface, as validated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Upon exposure to ultraviolet-visible LEDs, photo-dimerization of polyanthracene in solution occurred and was monitored using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The photo-dimer product formation decreased from 381 nm to 468 nm and was found to be higher for the polyanthracene material compared to the monomer anthracene. At 381 nm, photo-dimerization of the material was found to be approx. 4x more efficient than the non-substituted monomer counterpart. Results obtained show that photo-dimerization of polyanthracene will proceed upon exposure with visible light LEDs with reduction in efficiency at longer wavelengths. To compensate, irradiation power of the light source and irradiation time were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight Angelo Bruzon
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Pamela De Jesus
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Chris Dion Bautista
- National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Imee Su Martinez
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Monissa C. Paderes
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Giovanni A. Tapang
- National Institute of Physics, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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Paderes MC, Diaz MJ, Pagtalunan CA, Bruzon DA, Tapang GA. Photo-Controlled [4+4] Cycloaddition of Anthryl-Polymer Systems: A Versatile Approach to Fabricate Functional Materials. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200193. [PMID: 35452165 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reversible photo-induced [4+4] cycloaddition reaction of anthracene enables multiple cycles of dimerization and scission, allowing phototunable linkage of molecular fragments for the synthesis of polymer scaffolds. New functional materials ranging from hydrogels to shape-memory polymers were designed from anthryl-polymer systems because of their diverse photochemical reactivity and responsiveness. Light as an external stimulus allows for the remote and precise spatiotemporal control of materials without the need for additional reagents. Depending on how the photoreactive anthracene moieties were introduced, the interaction of anthryl-polymer systems with light results in various processes such as polymerization, cyclization, and cross-linking. Structural modifications of anthracene derivatives could shift their absorption from the ultraviolet to the visible light region, widening their range of applications including biologically relevant studies. These applications are further diversified and enhanced by the reversibility of the dimerization reaction using light and heat as stimuli. In this review, current developments in the synthesis and photodimerization of anthracene-containing polymers and their emerging applications in the fabrication of new materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monissa C Paderes
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Institute of Chemistry, Regidor St., 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Mark Jeffrey Diaz
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Institute of Chemistry, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Cris Angelo Pagtalunan
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Institute of Chemistry, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Dwight Angelo Bruzon
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Materials Science and Engineering, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
| | - Giovanni A Tapang
- University of the Philippines Diliman, National Institute of Physics, 1101, Quezon City, PHILIPPINES
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3
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Elter JK, Eichhorn J, Schacher FH. Polyether-Based Diblock Terpolymer Micelles with Pendant Anthracene Units-Light-Induced Crosslinking and Limitations Regarding Reversibility. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100485. [PMID: 34463379 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 9-methylanthracenyl glycidyl ether (AnthGE) as a crosslinkable monomer that can be applied in anionic ring opening polymerization is reported. Diblock terpolymers of the composition methoxy-poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether-co-9-methylanthracenyl glycidyl ether) (mPEO-b-P(EHGE-co-AnthGE) with 10 to 24 wt% of AnthGE are synthesized and characterized. Their micellization behavior, as well as their light-induced core-crosslinking via irradiation with UV light (λ = 365 nm) is studied. The results are compared with studies on the dimerization, and the dimer cleavage via irradiation with UV-C light (λ = 254 nm), of the same diblock terpolymer in organic solution, and the small-molecule model compound 9-methoxymethylanthracene. Differences in 1 H NMR spectra of the crosslinked or dimerized compounds and reaction kinetics of the dimerization reactions under different conditions suggest possible side reactions for the case of the core-crosslinking of micelles in aqueous solution. These side reactions limit the reversibility of the anthracene dimerization reaction in aqueous solutions, even if the anthracene molecule is encapsulated within the hydrophobic core of a polymeric micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Elter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, Jena, D-07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Jonas Eichhorn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, Jena, D-07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, Jena, D-07743, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, Jena, D-07743, Germany
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Brancart J, Van Damme J, Du Prez F, Van Assche G. Substituent effect on the thermophysical properties and thermal dissociation behaviour of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2252-2263. [PMID: 33443241 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05953f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical structure and location of substituents on anthracene derivatives influence the electron balance of the aromatic system, thus determining the wavelengths at which light is absorbed, which results in the photochemically induced dimerization or monomerization. Here, the thermal dissociation kinetics of 7 photodimers of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives are studied using a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques in the condensed state and compared to scarce literature data on thermal dissociation of other anthracene derivatives. The length and chemical structure of the substituent chains have a clear impact on the melting temperatures of the anthracene derivatives and corresponding photodimers. The crystallinity of the photodimers and monomers in turn influences the thermal dissociation kinetics. The thermal dissociation behaviour and previously published photochemistry data are related to the electronic effects of the substituents by means of the Hammett parameters. Stronger electron-withdrawing effects result in larger red shifts of the maximum wavelength λmax for the photodimerization of the anthracene derivatives. It is also shown that for the studied substitutions on the 9-position of anthracene, the higher the magnitude of the electronic effect - both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing - the faster the thermal dissociation kinetics and thus the lower the thermal stability. The strong electronic effects of the substituents on the thermal and photochemical reactivity of the anthracene derivatives and their photodimers allow tuning of the thermal or photochemical responsiveness, e.g. for polymer networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Kim MJ, Ahn M, Chae M, Kim S, Kim D, Wee KR. meta-Terphenyl linked donor–π–acceptor dyads: intramolecular charge transfer controlled by electron acceptor group tuning. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34945-34954. [PMID: 35494739 PMCID: PMC9042948 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of meta-terphenyl linked donor–π–acceptor (D–π–A) dyads were prepared to understand the electronic effects of a meta-terphenyl linker according to the electron-accepting ability change. The energy band gaps of the dyads were controlled by tuning the accepting ability, which resulted in emission colors ranging from blue-green to red. In the Lippert–Mataga plots, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) behavior was observed, which showed gradually increased ICT characteristics as the accepting ability was increased. On the other hand, in the absorption spectra, a red shift of the ICT transition was observed differently from the electron-accepting ability tendency. Thus, the experimental results show that the ICT is determined by steric hindrance rather than the acceptor ability in the ground state due to the lack of π-conjugation of the terphenyl linker by the electron node in the meta-position, whereas ICT in the excited state is controlled by electron-accepting ability. Dyads were prepared to understand the electronic effects of a meta-terphenyl linker according to the accepting ability change. The charge transfer properties in the ground/excited state are determined by accepting ability and/or steric hindrance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
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Bener S, Aydogan C, Yagci Y. N-Acyl Dibenzazepine Chemistry as Versatile Approach for Photoreversible Thiol-Ene Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000369. [PMID: 32808384 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is herein reported that a facile application of N-acyl dibenzazepine (ADBA) photochemistry for preparing photoreversible ADBA based thiol-ene networks. Crosslinking of the ADBA thiol-ene networks is successfully achieved by UV induced dimerization of ADBA groups at wavelengths above 300 nm while a subsequent deep UV exposure (λ = 250 nm) results in a well-defined cleavage of the crosslinks. The photochemical bonding and cleavage of the process has been determined and studied in detail by spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semira Bener
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Cansu Aydogan
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey.,Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Brancart J, Van Damme J, Du Prez F, Van Assche G. Thermal dissociation of anthracene photodimers in the condensed state: kinetic evaluation and complex phase behaviour. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17306-17313. [PMID: 32687137 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03165h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermally and photochemically reversible functional groups, such as photodimers of anthracene derivatives, offer interesting stimuli-responsive behaviour. To evaluate their potential for application in reversible polymer networks, accurate kinetic parameters and knowledge of their thermophysical behaviour are required. Accurate kinetic studies of the thermal dissociation of the photodimers in the condensed state, thus without the influence of solvents on their reactivity, is still lacking. A methodology was set up to accurately evaluate the chemical reaction kinetics and complex phase behaviour during the thermal dissociation of photodimers into their corresponding monomers. Temperature-controlled time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine the reaction progress, while non-isothermal DSC measurements were used to study the thermophysical changes, resulting from the thermal dissociation reaction. The thermal dissociation behaviour in the condensed state is more challenging than in the solution state due to the crystallinity of the dimers, stabilizing the dimers and thus slowing down the initial dissociation rates. Distinctly different sets of kinetic parameters were found for the dissociation from the molten and the crystalline state. For experiments performed below the melting temperature of the photodimer, the reaction rate changes abruptly as the dimer is partly dissociated and partly dissolved into the formed monomer. This methodology provides an accurate assessment of the reaction kinetics with detailed knowledge about the complex phase behaviour of the mixture of the anthracene photodimer and monomer during thermal dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Van Damme
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-bis, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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