1
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Intelli AJ, Wayment CZ, Lee RT, Yuan K, Altman RA. Palladium and copper co-catalyzed chloro-arylation of gem-difluorostyrenes - use of a nitrite additive to suppress β-F elimination. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04939j. [PMID: 39386912 PMCID: PMC11456958 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04939j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The installation of fluorine and fluorinated functional groups in organic molecules perturbs the physicochemical properties of those molecules and enables the development of new therapeutics, agrichemicals, biological probes and materials. However, current synthetic methodologies cannot access some fluorinated functional groups and fluorinated scaffolds. One such group, the gem-difluorobenzyl motif, might be convergently synthesized by reacting a nucleophilic aryl precursor and an electrophilic gem-difluoroalkene. Previous attempts have relied on forming unstable anionic or organometallic intermediates that rapidly decompose through a β-F elimination process to deliver monofluorovinyl products. In contrast, we report a fluorine-retentive palladium and copper co-catalyzed chloro-arylation of gem-difluorostyrenes that takes advantage of a nitrite (NO2 -) additive to avoid the favorable β-F elimination pathway that forms monofluorinated products, instead delivering difluorinated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Intelli
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Coriantumr Z Wayment
- James Tarpo Jr and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Ryan T Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University Piscataway New Jersey 08854 USA
| | - Kedong Yuan
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 511436 China
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
- James Tarpo Jr and Margaret Tarpo Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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2
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Yang L, Tao Z, Xu HD, Shen MH, Chu H. Synthesis of gem-Difluorinated Oxa/Azaspiro[2.4]heptanes via Palladium-Catalyzed Spirocyclopropanation. Org Lett 2024; 26:5782-5787. [PMID: 38940384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed spirocyclopropanation of gem-difluoroalkenes with π-allylpalladium 1,4-dipoles has been successfully developed, which gives a powerful and straightforward synthetic strategy for the construction of novel gem-difluorinated spirocyclic compounds, 6,6-difluoro-5-oxa/azaspiro[2.4]heptanes. The scope of gem-difluoroalkenes can be extended to styrenes, acrylic esters, and acrylamides to realize the installment of various functional groups and different heteroatoms on the spirocyclic skeletons, which could be converted to valuable compounds with potential biological activity. The mechanistic investigations revealed the competition between spirocyclopropanation and β-F elimination of π-allylpalladium zwitterionic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Zhu Tao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Mei-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Haoke Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
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3
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Sujansky SJ, Hoteling GA, Bandar JS. A strategy for the controllable generation of organic superbases from benchtop-stable salts. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10018-10026. [PMID: 38966380 PMCID: PMC11220602 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02524e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic superbases are a distinct class of strong base that enable numerous modern reaction applications. Despite their great synthetic potential, widespread use and study of superbases are limited by their air sensitivity and difficult preparation. To address this, we report air-stable carboxylate salts of BTPP and P2-t-Bu phosphazene superbases that, when added to solution with an epoxide, spontaneously generate freebase. These systems function as effective precatalysts and stoichiometric prereagents for superbase-promoted addition, substitution and polymerization reactions. In addition to improving the synthesis, shelf stability, handling and recycling of phosphazenes, this approach enables precise regulation of the rate of base generation in situ. The activation strategy effectively mimics manual slow addition techniques, allowing for control over a reaction's rate or induction period and improvement of reactions that require strong base but are also sensitive to its presence, such as Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Garrett A Hoteling
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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4
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Zhang YY, Zhang Y, Xue XS, Qing FL. Reversal of the Regioselectivity of Iron-Promoted Hydrogenation and Hydrohalogenation of gem-Difluoroalkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406324. [PMID: 38637292 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The reaction regioselectivity of gem-difluoroalkenes is dependent on the intrinsic polarity. Thus, the reversal of the regioselectivity of the addition reaction of gem-difluoroalkenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we described an unprecedented reversal of regioselectivity of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to gem-difluoroalkenes triggered by Fe-H species for the formation of difluoroalkyl radicals. Hydrogenation of the in situ generated radicals gave difluoromethylated products. Mechanism experiments and theoretical studies revealed that the kinetic effect of the irreversible HAT process resulted in the reversal of the regioselectivity of this scenario, leading to the formation of a less stable α-difluoroalkyl radical regioisomer. On basis of this new reaction of gem-difluoroalkene, the iron-promoted hydrohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes for the efficient synthesis of aliphatic chlorodifluoromethyl-, bromodifluoromethyl- and iododifluoromethyl-containing compounds was developed. Particularly, this novel hydrohalogenation of gem-difluoroalkenes provided an effect and large-scale access to various iododifluoromethylated compounds of high value for synthetic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feng-Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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5
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Zong Y, Tsui GC. Addition of Carboxylic Acids to gem-Difluoroalkenes for the Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylenated Compounds. Org Lett 2024; 26:1261-1264. [PMID: 38301042 PMCID: PMC10877607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
We herein describe a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of carboxylic esters containing a gem-difluoromethylene unit. Readily available carboxylic acids can act as nucleophiles to add regioselectively to tetrasubstituted or trisubstituted β,β-difluoroacrylates (formal hydroacetoxylation) for the construction of RCO2-CF2 bonds. Thermal conditions are sufficient without the use of catalysts or additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories 999077, Hong
Kong SAR, China
| | - Gavin Chit Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New
Territories 999077, Hong
Kong SAR, China
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6
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Han X, Liu X, Len C, Liu L, Wang D, Zhang Y, Duan XH, Hu M. Photoredox-Catalyzed gem-Difluoromethylenation of Aliphatic Alcohols with 1,1-Difluoroalkenes to Access α,α-Difluoromethylene Ethers. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12744-12754. [PMID: 37610918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
A switchable synthesis of alcohols and ketones bearing a CF2-OR scaffold using visible-light promotion is described. The method of PDI catalysis is characterized by its ease of operation, broad substrate scopes, and the ability to switch between desired products without the need for transition metal catalysts. The addition or absence of a base plays a key role in controlling the synthesis of the major desired products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Han
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Christophe Len
- CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Université, F-60203 Compiègne, France
| | - Le Liu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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7
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Herrick RM, Abd El-Gaber MK, Coy G, Altman RA. A diselenide additive enables photocatalytic hydroalkoxylation of gem-difluoroalkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5623-5626. [PMID: 37082905 PMCID: PMC10164105 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic hydroalkoxylation reaction enables the coupling of aliphatic alcohols with gem-difluoroalkenes, expanding the scope of accessible α,α-difluorinated ethers, a desirable substructure for medicinal and agricultural chemists. This reaction exploits an uncommon diselenide co-catalyst to facilitate the net hydrofunctionalization process, which contrasts alternate single-electron reactions that deliver dioxidation products. Future use of this co-catalyst might enable other currently unknown photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Herrick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | - Mohammed K Abd El-Gaber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Gabriela Coy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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8
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Yan X, Jin C, Deng Y, Cao S. Stereoselective synthesis of E-monofluorovinyl pyridin-4-yl ethers by the reaction of gem-difluoroalkenes with pyridin-4-yl boronic acid and oxygen. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Koley S, Cayton KT, González-Montiel GA, Yadav MR, Orsi DL, Intelli AJ, Cheong PHY, Altman RA. Cu(II)-Catalyzed Unsymmetrical Dioxidation of gem-Difluoroalkenes to Generate α,α-Difluorinated-α-phenoxyketones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10710-10725. [PMID: 35914193 PMCID: PMC9391295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Cu-based catalyst system convergently couples gem-difluoroalkenes with phenols under aerobic conditions to deliver α,α-difluorinated-α-phenoxyketones, an unstudied hybrid fluorinated functional group. Composed of α,α-difluorinated ketone and α,α-difluorinated ether moieties, these compounds have rarely been reported as a synthetic intermediate. Computational predictions and later experimental corroboration suggest that the phenoxy-substituted fluorinated ketone's sp3-hybridized hydrate form is energetically favored relative to the respective nonether variant and that perturbation of the electronic character of the ketone can further encourage the formation of the hydrate. The more facile conversion between ketone and hydrate forms suggests that analogues should readily covalently inhibit proteases and other enzymes. Further functionalization of the ketone group enables access to other useful fluorinated functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvajit Koley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Kaylee T. Cayton
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | | | - M. Ramu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, MS-723, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India 110016
| | - Douglas L. Orsi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Andrew J. Intelli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Paul Ha-Yeon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Ryan A. Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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10
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Deng Y, He J, Cao S, Qian X. Advances in cycloaddition and hydroaddition reaction of α-(trifluoromethyl)styrenes without defluorination: An alternative approach to CF3-containing compounds. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Liu Q, Mu Y, Koengeter T, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH. Stereodefined alkenes with a fluoro-chloro terminus as a uniquely enabling compound class. Nat Chem 2022; 14:463-473. [PMID: 35177787 PMCID: PMC9769398 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trisubstituted alkenyl fluorides are important compounds for drug discovery, agrochemical development and materials science. Despite notable progress, however, many stereochemically defined trisubstituted fluoroalkenes either cannot be prepared efficiently or can only be accessed in one isomeric form. Here we outline a general solution to this problem by first unveiling a practical, widely applicable and catalytic strategy for stereodivergent synthesis of olefins bearing a fluoro-chloro terminus. This has been accomplished by cross-metathesis between two trisubstituted olefins, one of which is a purchasable but scarcely utilized trihaloalkene. Subsequent cross-coupling can then be used to generate an assortment of trisubstituted alkenyl fluorides. The importance of the advance is highlighted by syntheses of, among others, a fluoronematic liquid-crystal component, peptide analogues bearing an E- or a Z-amide bond mimic, and all four stereoisomers of difluororumenic ester (an anti-cancer compound).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Yucheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Koengeter
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Richard R Schrock
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA. .,Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
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12
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Sorrentino JP, Altman RA. Fluorine-Retentive Strategies for the Functionalization of gem-Difluoroalkenes. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021; 53:3935-3950. [PMID: 34707322 DOI: 10.1055/a-1547-9270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
gem-Difluoroalkenes are readily available fluorinated building blocks, and the fluorine-induced electronic perturbations of the alkenes enables a wide array of selective functionalization reactions. However, many reactions of gem-difluoroalkenes result in a net C─F functionalization to generate monofluorovinyl products or addition of F to generate trifluoromethyl-containing products. In contrast, fluorine-retentive strategies for the functionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes remain less generally developed, and is now becoming a rapidly developing area. This review will present the development of fluorine-retentive strategies including electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, and transition metal catalytic strategies with an emphasis on key physical organic and mechanistic aspects that enable reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Sorrentino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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13
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Liu J, Yu L, Zheng C, Zhao G. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,2-Difluorotetrahydrofurans through Palladium-Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23641-23645. [PMID: 34494347 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric synthesis of 2,2-difluorinated tetrahydrofurans was accomplished via enantioselective formal [3+2] cycloaddition catalyzed by palladium. The asymmetric reaction between gem-difluoroalkenes and racemic vinyl epoxides or vinylethylene carbonates resulted in the formation of enantioenriched 2,2-difluorotetrahydrofurans with an enantioselectivity up to 98 %. Notably, the reaction used the readily available (R)-BINAP as the ligand at a low loading and yielded a wide variety of difluorinated products in moderate to high yields. Both chiral diastereomers could be obtained in a single sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Longhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
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14
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Liu J, Yu L, Zheng C, Zhao G. Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,2‐Difluorotetrahydrofurans through Palladium‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Longhui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 P.R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P.R. China
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15
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Sorrentino JP, Orsi DL, Altman RA. Acid-Catalyzed Hydrothiolation of gem-Difluorostyrenes to Access α,α-Difluoroalkylthioethers. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2297-2311. [PMID: 33471529 PMCID: PMC7869866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of hydrogen atoms with fluorine in bioactive molecules can greatly impact physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties. However, current synthetic methods cannot readily access many fluorinated motifs, which impedes utilization of these groups. Thus, the development of new methods to introduce fluorinated functional groups is critical for developing the next generation of biological probes and therapeutic agents. The synthesis of one such substructure, the α,α-difluoroalkylthioether, typically requires specialized conditions that necessitate early-stage installation. A late-stage and convergent approach to access α,α-difluoroalkylthioethers could involve nucleophilic addition of thiols across gem-difluorostyrenes. Unfortunately, under basic conditions, nucleophilic addition to gem-difluorostyrenes generates an anionic intermediate that can undergo facile elimination of fluoride to generate α-fluorovinylthioethers. To overcome this decomposition, we herein exploit an acid-based catalyst system to facilitate simultaneous nucleophilic addition and protonation of the unstable intermediate. Ultimately, the optimized mild conditions afford the desired α,α-difluoroalkylthioethers in high selectivity and moderate to excellent yields. These α,α-difluoroalkylthioethers are less nucleophilic and more oxidatively stable relative to nonfluorinated thioethers, suggesting the potential application of this unexplored functional group in biological probes and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P. Sorrentino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Douglas L. Orsi
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ryan A. Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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16
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Puleo TR, Sujansky SJ, Wright SE, Bandar JS. Organic Superbases in Recent Synthetic Methodology Research. Chemistry 2021; 27:4216-4229. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Stephen J. Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Shawn E. Wright
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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17
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Orsi DL, Douglas JT, Sorrentino JP, Altman RA. Cobalt-Catalyzed Selective Unsymmetrical Dioxidation of gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10451-10465. [PMID: 32697905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
gem-Difluoroalkenes represent valuable synthetic handles for organofluorine chemistry; however, most reactions of this substructure proceed through reactive intermediates prone to eliminate a fluorine atom and generate monofluorinated products. Taking advantage of the distinct reactivity of gem-difluoroalkenes, we present a cobalt-catalyzed regioselective unsymmetrical dioxygenation of gem-difluoroalkenes using phenols and molecular oxygen, which retains both fluorine atoms and provides β-phenoxy-β,β-difluorobenzyl alcohols. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction operates through a radical chain process initiated by Co(II)/O2/phenol and quenched by the Co-based catalyst. This mechanism enables the retention of both fluorine atoms, which contrasts most transition-metal-catalyzed reactions of gem-difluoroalkenes that typically involve defluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Orsi
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Justin T Douglas
- Molecular Structures Group, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Jacob P Sorrentino
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ryan A Altman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Liu C, Zeng H, Zhu C, Jiang H. Recent advances in three-component difunctionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10442-10452. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04318d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three-component difunctionalization of gem-difluoroalkenes via the generation and transformation of a α-fluoroalkylated carbanion, a carbon–metal species, a radical, and a carbocation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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Zubkov MO, Kosobokov MD, Levin VV, Kokorekin VA, Korlyukov AA, Hu J, Dilman AD. A novel photoredox-active group for the generation of fluorinated radicals from difluorostyrenes. Chem Sci 2019; 11:737-741. [PMID: 34123046 PMCID: PMC8146146 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 4-tetrafluoropyridinylthio group was suggested as a new photoredox-active moiety. The group can be directly installed on difluorostyrenes in a single step by the thiolene click reaction. It proceeds upon visible light catalysis with 9-phenylacridine providing various difluorinated sulfides as radical precursors. Single electron reduction of the C–S bond with the formation of fluoroalkyl radicals is enabled by the electron-poor azine ring. The intermediate difluorinated sulfides were involved in a series of photoredox reactions with silyl enol ethers, alkenes, nitrones and an alkenyl trifluoroborate. A new photoredox-active group was applied for the generation of fluorinated radicals from difluorostyrenes under blue light irradiation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russia .,Higher Chemical College, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia 9 Miusskaya sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail D Kosobokov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Vladimir A Kokorekin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russia .,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University 8-2 Trubetskaya st. 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander A Korlyukov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova st. 119991 Moscow Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University 1 Ostrovitianov st. 117997 Moscow Russia
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Ling-Ling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. 119991 Moscow Russia
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