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Ali S, Hendriks A, van Dalen R, Bruyning T, Meeuwenoord N, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, van Sorge NM, Codée JDC. (Automated) Synthesis of Well-defined Staphylococcus Aureus Wall Teichoic Acid Fragments. Chemistry 2021; 27:10461-10469. [PMID: 33991006 PMCID: PMC8361686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are important components of the cell wall of the opportunistic Gram‐positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. WTAs are composed of repeating ribitol phosphate (RboP) residues that are decorated with d‐alanine and N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine (GlcNAc) modifications, in a seemingly random manner. These WTA‐modifications play an important role in shaping the interactions of WTA with the host immune system. Due to the structural heterogeneity of WTAs, it is impossible to isolate pure and well‐defined WTA molecules from bacterial sources. Therefore, here synthetic chemistry to assemble a broad library of WTA‐fragments, incorporating all possible glycosylation modifications (α‐GlcNAc at the RboP C4; β‐GlcNAc at the RboP C4; β‐GlcNAc at the RboP C3) described for S. aureus WTAs, is reported. DNA‐type chemistry, employing ribitol phosphoramidite building blocks, protected with a dimethoxy trityl group, was used to efficiently generate a library of WTA‐hexamers. Automated solid phase syntheses were used to assemble a WTA‐dodecamer and glycosylated WTA‐hexamer. The synthetic fragments have been fully characterized and diagnostic signals were identified to discriminate the different glycosylation patterns. The different glycosylated WTA‐fragments were used to probe binding of monoclonal antibodies using WTA‐functionalized magnetic beads, revealing the binding specificity of these WTA‐specific antibodies and the importance of the specific location of the GlcNAc modifications on the WTA‐chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ali
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Astrid Hendriks
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Rob van Dalen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bruyning
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Nico Meeuwenoord
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Gijs A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht (The, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
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Wang L, Berni F, Enotarpi J, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel G, Codée JDC. Reagent controlled stereoselective synthesis of teichoic acid α-(1,2)-glucans. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2038-2050. [PMID: 32141465 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective construction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages is key in the assembly of biologically relevant glycans, but remains a synthetic challenge. Reagent-controlled glycosylation methodologies, in which external nucleophiles are employed to modulate the reactivity of the glycosylation system, have become powerful means for the construction of 1,2-cis-glycosidic linkages. Here we establish that nucleophilic additives can support the construction of α-1,2-glucans, and apply our findings in the construction of a d-alanine kojibiose functionalized glycerol phosphate teichoic acid fragment. This latter molecule can be found in the cell wall of the opportunistic Gram-positive bacterium, Enterococcus faecalis and represents a structural element that can possibly be used in the development of therapeutic vaccines and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Jung YC, Lee JH, Kim SA, Schmidt T, Lee W, Lee BL, Lee HS. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Tetrameric Ribitol Phosphate Fragments of Staphylococcus aureus Wall Teichoic Acid. Org Lett 2018; 20:4449-4452. [PMID: 30028624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A systematically designed and synthesized ribitol phosphate (RboP) oligomer using a series of building blocks, which make up the wall teichoic acid (WTA) of S. aureus, is presented. Based on the use of a solution-phase phosphodiester synthesis, a library of ribitol phosphate tetramers, decorated with d-alanine and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), were generated. The synthesized RboP tetramers showed increased cytokine levels in mice in a subcutaneous air pouch model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Chul Jung
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
| | - Sang Ah Kim
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
| | - Timo Schmidt
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy , Pusan National University , Busan , 46241 , Korea
| | - Wonchul Lee
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
| | - Bok Luel Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy , Pusan National University , Busan , 46241 , Korea
| | - Hee-Seung Lee
- Department of Chemistry , KAIST , Daejeon , 34141 , Korea
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van der Es D, Hogendorf WFJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Teichoic acids: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:1464-1482. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00270f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review describes synthetic strategies to assemble well-defined teichoic acids and their use in unraveling their biological mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van der Es
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry
- Leiden University
- 2300 RA Leiden
- The Netherlands
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Hogendorf WFJ, Lameijer LN, Beenakker TJM, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Codée JDC, Van der Marel GA. Fluorous Linker Facilitated Synthesis of Teichoic Acid Fragments. Org Lett 2012; 14:848-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2033652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter F. J. Hogendorf
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucien N. Lameijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. M. Beenakker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Christina AE, van den Bos LJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Galacturonic Acid Lactones in the Synthesis of All Trisaccharide Repeating Units of the Zwitterionic Polysaccharide Sp1. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1692-706. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alphert E. Christina
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert J. van den Bos
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schmidt RR, Pedersen CM, Qiao Y, Zähringer U. Chemical synthesis of bacterial lipoteichoic acids: an insight on its biological significance. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2040-52. [PMID: 21327200 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00794c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) has a dominant role leading to fulminant pro-inflammatory reactions in the host. As there is no LPS in Gram-positive bacteria, other microbial cell wall components have been identified to be the causative agent for the pro-inflammatory activity since also Gram-positive bacterial infections lead to comparable clinical symptoms and reactions. On search for the "Gram-positive endotoxin" a widely accepted hypothesis has been raised in that the lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) serve as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during Gram-positive sepsis, although the amount necessary for a pro-inflammatory in vitro response is several orders of magnitude higher than that for LPS. Therefore, LTA cannot be considered to be "the (endo)toxin of Gram-positive bacteria". Although LPS and LTA show structural relatedness (amphiphilic, negatively charged glycophospholipids), they are structurally quite different from each other and one might expect that they are also recognized by different receptors of the innate immune system, the so called toll-like receptors 4 and 2 (TLR4 and TLR2), respectively. Based on their chemical structure, the LTAs were classified into four types (type I-IV) of which we have carefully investigated the LTA of Staphylococcus aureus (type I), Lactococcus garvieae (type II) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (type IV). Hence, these LTAs have been synthesized in our group and biologically evaluated with respect to their potency to activate cytokines in transiently TLR2/CD14-transfected human endothelial kidney cells (HEK 293) or human macrophages and whole blood cells. Although LTA of type I and IV are structurally quite different, especially in their hydrophilic moiety, they originally were believed to interact with the same receptor (TLR2). Hence, the chemical syntheses leading to structurally defined, non-contaminated stimuli have a major impact on the outcome and interpretation of these biological studies of the innate immune system. With this material, it became evident that synthetic LTA from S. aureus and S. pneumoniae are not recognized by TLR2. Instead, another receptor of the innate immune system, the lectin pathway of the complement, known since many years to interact with LTA in quite a specific way, has gained increasing attractivity. With the help of synthetic LTA we obtained first evidences that this receptor is indeed the pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) for LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Schmidt
- Universität Konstanz, Fachbereich Chemie, Fach 725, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Hogendorf WFJ, Meeuwenoord N, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Laverde D, Kropec A, Huebner J, Van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Automated solid phase synthesis of teichoic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8961-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Figueroa-Perez I, Stadelmaier A, Deininger S, Aulock SV, Hartung T, Schmidt RR. Synthesis of Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid derivatives for determining the minimal structural requirements for cytokine induction. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:2901-11. [PMID: 17074308 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
For the investigation of the minimal structural requirements for cytokine induction, Staphylococcus aureus lipoteichoic acid derivatives with two, three, four, and five glycerophosphate backbone moieties, carrying each a d-alanyl residue, were needed. Based on two different glycerophosphate building blocks and 6b-O-phosphitylated gentiobiosyl diacylglycerol the desired target molecules (compounds 1-4) could be readily obtained and provided for biological studies.
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