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Gatazka MR, McFee EC, Ng CH, Wearing ER, Schindler CS. New strategies for the synthesis of 1- and 2-azetines and their applications as value-added building blocks. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9052-9068. [PMID: 36354381 PMCID: PMC10321053 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01812h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Four-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles are highly desirable functional groups with synthetic and biological applications. Unsaturated four-membered N-heterocycles, 1- and 2-azetines, are historically underexplored, but have recently been gaining interest due to the development of new synthetic methods to access these compounds, and to their potential as reactive intermediates. This review covers both the synthesis and applications of azetines, with a focus on synthetic methods to access azetines developed since 2018, and a comprehensive review of the reactivity and applications of azetines as starting materials or intermediates to access both other heterocycles and complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Gatazka
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Elvis C McFee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Cody H Ng
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Emily R Wearing
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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2
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Electrocyclizations of Conjugated Azapolyenes Produced in Reactions of Azaheterocycles with Metal Carbenes. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated azapolyenes (azabuta-1,3-dienes, aza-/diaza-/oxaza-/oxadiazahexa-1,3,5-trienes) are highly reactive in electrocyclization reactions, which makes them convenient precursors for the synthesis of a wide range of four-, five-, and six-membered nitrogen heterocycles that are of relevance for medicinal chemistry. Ring opening reactions of 2H-azirines and azoles containing an N–N or N–O bond, initiated by a transition metal carbene, have become increasingly important in recent years, since they easily allow the generation of azapolyenes with different numbers of double bonds and heteroatoms in various positions. This review summarizes the literature, published mainly in the last decade, on the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of electrocyclizations of azapolyenes generated by the carbene method.
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Dequina HJ, Schomaker JM. Aziridinium Ylides: Underutilized Intermediates for Complex Amine Synthesis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2:874-887. [PMID: 33665590 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the chemistry of onium ylide intermediates generated from transition metal catalysis is a powerful strategy to convert simple precursors into complex scaffolds. While the chemistry of onium ylides has been studied for over three decades, transformations of aziridinium ylides have just recently emerged as a versatile way to exploit the strain of these reactive intermediates to furnish densely functionalized N-heterocycles in a highly stereocontrolled manner. Herein, we provide a short overview of the key concepts and recent developments in this area, with a focus on how mechanistic studies to delineate the factors controlling the reactivity of aziridinium ylides can stimulate fruitful future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary J Dequina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Filippov IP, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Rostovskii NV. Pseudopericyclic Dearomative 1,6-Cyclization of 1-(2-Pyridyl)-2-azabuta-1,3-dienes: Synthesis and Ring-Chain Valence Equilibria of 4H
-Pyrido[1,2-a
]pyrazines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilya P. Filippov
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Nikolai V. Rostovskii
- Institute of Chemistry; St. Petersburg State University; 7/9 Universitetskaya nab. 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
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One-pot synthesis of 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,3-dihydroazetes via Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of diazoesters with trimethylsilyl-protected 2-(pyridin-2-yl)-2H-azirines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-019-02599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Rieckhoff S, Titze M, Frey W, Peters R. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2H-Azirines from Isoxazolinones. Org Lett 2017; 19:4436-4439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rieckhoff
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marvin Titze
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - René Peters
- Institut für Organische
Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Okamoto K, Shimbayashi T, Yoshida M, Nanya A, Ohe K. Synthesis of 2H
-Azirines by Iridium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Ring Contraction of Isoxazol-5(4H
)-ones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7199-202. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanya
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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Okamoto K, Shimbayashi T, Yoshida M, Nanya A, Ohe K. Synthesis of 2H
-Azirines by Iridium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Ring Contraction of Isoxazol-5(4H
)-ones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okamoto
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Takuya Shimbayashi
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Masato Yoshida
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Atsushi Nanya
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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Smetanin IA, Novikov MS, Agafonova AV, Rostovskii NV, Khlebnikov AF, Kudryavtsev IV, Terpilowski MA, Serebriakova MK, Trulioff AS, Goncharov NV. A novel strategy for the synthesis of thermally stable and apoptosis-inducing 2,3-dihydroazetes. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4479-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4-Halo-2-azabuta-1,3-dienes as intermediates in the rhodium carbenoid-initiated transformation of 2-halo-2H-azirines into 2,3-dihydroazetes and 2,5-dihydrooxazoles. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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12
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Wang Y, Lei X, Tang Y. Rh(ii)-catalyzed cycloadditions of 1-tosyl 1,2,3-triazoles with 2H-azirines: switchable reactivity of Rh-azavinylcarbene as [2C]- or aza-[3C]-synthon. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4507-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00268k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Rh(ii)-catalyzed formal [3+2] and [3+3] cycloadditions of 1-tosyl 1,2,3-triazoles with 2H-azirines have been developed, which enable the efficient synthesis of polysubstituted 3-amino-pyrroles and 1,2-dihydropyrazines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wang
- The Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and The Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Lei
- The Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and The Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- The Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and The Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences
- School of Medicine
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- P. R. China
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13
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Pseudopericyclic 1,5- versus Pericyclic 1,4- and 1,6-Electrocyclization in Electron-Poor 4-Aryl-2-azabuta-1,3-dienes: Indole Synthesis from 2H-Azirines and Diazo Compounds. J Org Chem 2014; 80:18-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501051n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Huang CYD, Doyle AG. The chemistry of transition metals with three-membered ring heterocycles. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8153-98. [PMID: 24869559 DOI: 10.1021/cr500036t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Zavyalov KV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Pakalnis VV. Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Okamoto K, Shimbayashi T, Tamura E, Ohe K. Palladium-Catalyzed Aza-Wittig-Type Condensation of Isoxazol-5(4H)-ones with Aldehydes. Chemistry 2014; 20:1490-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Zavyalov KV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Yufit DS. Rh2(OAc)4-catalyzed reaction of α-diazocarbonyl compounds with 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Rostovskii NV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Khlebnikov VA, Korneev SM. Rh(II)-carbenoid mediated 2H-azirine ring-expansion as a convenient route to non-fused photo- and thermochromic 2H-1,4-oxazines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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20
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Rostovskii NV, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Korneev SM, Yufit DS. Cu(ii)-catalyzed domino reaction of 2H-azirines with diazotetramic and diazotetronic acids. Synthesis of 2-substituted 2H-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:5535-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob40708j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Novikov MS, Smetanin IA, Khlebnikov AF, Rostovskii NV, Yufit DS. Synthesis of electron-poor 4-halo-2-azabuta-1,3-dienes by Rh(II)-catalyzed diazo ester–azirine coupling. 2-Azabuta-1,3-diene-2,3-dihydroazete valence isomerism. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Okamoto K, Mashida A, Watanabe M, Ohe K. An unexpected disproportional reaction of 2H-azirines giving (1E,3Z)-2-aza-1,3-dienes and aromatic nitriles in the presence of nickel catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:3554-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc30745f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Pakalnis VV, Yufit DS. Nonconcerted Cycloaddition of 2H-Azirines to Acylketenes: A Route to N-Bridgehead Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9344-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii
pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Novikov
- Department of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii
pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viktoriia V. Pakalnis
- Department of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskii
pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, South Rd., DH1 3LE, U.K
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Monbaliu JCM, Masschelein KGR, Stevens CV. Electron-deficient 1- and 2-azabuta-1,3-dienes: a comprehensive survey of their synthesis and reactivity. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4708-39. [PMID: 21655551 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15070g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electron-deficient 1- and 2-azabuta-1,3-dienes are reagents intrinsically able to provide a wide range of cyclic and acyclic N-containing building blocks. Depending on their substitution, they behave as dienes for Diels-Alder reactions, as partners for [4+1], [3+2], [2+2]-cycloadditions, for aziridinations and as electrophiles for 1,2 and 1,4-additions. Nowadays, they are a very versatile family of compounds, despite their usual instability and complex reactivity. Four decades of research in this challenging area are reviewed in this critical review: their synthetic aspects and their reactivity towards a wide range of dienophiles, dipoles and nucleophiles are described as well. The introduction focuses on their electronic properties in order to get a clear picture of their reactivity (190 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe M Monbaliu
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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Khlebnikov VA, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF, Rostovskii NV. Rh(II)-Catalysed reactions of 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-acyl-2-diazoacetates. Synthesis of novel photochromic oxazines. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Azirino[c]imidazolyl ylides in the domino reaction of 2,2-dialkyl-4,6-diaryl-1,3-diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes with dichlorocarbenes. Synthesis of (1RS,5SR, 6RS)-4-(alk-1-enyl)-1,5-diaryl-3,7,7-trichloro-2,4-diazabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-enes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-008-0077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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Three-membered ring systems (2004). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(07)80006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Amer AA, Kostikov RR, Magull J, Vidovic D. Azirinium ylides from alkoxycarbonylcarbenoids and 2H-azirines: Generation and transformations. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428006040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Konev AS, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. The first example of the generation of azomethine ylides from a fluorocarbene: 1,3-cyclization and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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