1
|
Novel orthodiphenyl five-member N-heteroaromatic compounds as potent anticancer cell agents. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
2
|
Slavova KI, Todorov LT, Belskaya NP, Palafox MA, Kostova IP. Developments in the Application of 1,2,3-Triazoles in Cancer Treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:92-112. [PMID: 32679022 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200717164457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of cancer on modern society cannot be emphasized enough in terms of both economic and human costs. Cancer treatments are known, unfortunately, for their side effects - frequently numerous and severe. Drug resistance is another issue medical professionals have to tackle when dealing with neoplastic illnesses. Cancer rates are rising worldwide due to various factors - low-quality nutrition, air and water pollution, tobacco use, etc. For those and many other reasons, drug discovery in the field of oncology is a top priority in modern medical science. OBJECTIVE To present the reader with the latest in cancer drug discovery with regard to 1,2,3-triazole- containing molecules in a clear, concise way so as to make the present review a useful tool for researchers. METHODS Available information present on the role of 1,2,3-triazoles in cancer treatment was collected. Data was collected from scientific literature, as well as from patents. RESULTS A vast number of triazole-containing molecules with antiproliferative properties have been proposed, synthesized and tested for anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo. The substances vary greatly when considering molecular structure, proposed mechanisms of action and affected cancer cell types. CONCLUSION Triazole-containing molecules with anticancer activity are being widely synthesized and extensively tested. They vary significantly in terms of both structure and mechanism of action. The methods for their preparation and administration are well established and with proven reproducibility. These facts suggest that triazoles may play an important role in the discovery of novel antiproliferative medications with improved effectiveness and safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina I Slavova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lozan T Todorov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Mauricio A Palafox
- Departamento de Quimica-Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Irena P Kostova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bilodeau DA, Margison KD, Ahmed N, Strmiskova M, Sherratt AR, Pezacki JP. Optimized aqueous Kinugasa reactions for bioorthogonal chemistry applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1988-1991. [PMID: 31960852 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09473c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Kinugasa reactions hold potential for bioorthogonal chemistry in that the reagents can be biocompatible. Unlike other bioorthogonal reaction products, β-lactams are potentially reactive, which can be useful for synthesizing new biomaterials. A limiting factor for applications consists of slow reaction rates. Herein, we report an optimized aqueous copper(i)-catalyzed alkyne-nitrone cycloaddition involving rearrangement (CuANCR) with rate accelerations made possible by the use of surfactant micelles. We have investigated the factors that accelerate the aqueous CuANCR reaction and demonstrate enhanced modification of a model membrane-associated peptide. We discovered that lipids/surfactants and alkyne structure have a significant impact on the reaction rate, with biological lipids and electron-poor alkynes showing greater reactivity. These new findings have implications for the use of CuANCR for modifying integral membrane proteins as well as live cell labelling and other bioorthogonal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier A Bilodeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis-Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu G, Wu Q. A Domino Reaction of Pyridinium Salts: Efficient Synthesis of 4,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐(
NH
)‐Triazoles. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Long Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology, No 8, Liangxiang Donglu Beijing 102488 China
| | - Qin‐Pei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology, No 8, Liangxiang Donglu Beijing 102488 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu GL, Wu QP. Metal-Free Multicomponent Reaction for Synthesis of 4,5-Disubstituted 1,2,3-(NH
)-Triazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Long Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Pei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rai P, Sagir H, Kumar A, B. Yadav V, R. Siddiqui I. Organocatalyzed Synthesis of Medicinally Important Chromeno[2, 3-d]pyrimidine-triones in Biodegradable Reaction Medium. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis; Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad; Allahabad-211002 India
| | - Hozeyfa Sagir
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis; Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad; Allahabad-211002 India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis; Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad; Allahabad-211002 India
| | - Vijay B. Yadav
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis; Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad; Allahabad-211002 India
| | - I. R. Siddiqui
- Laboratory of Green Synthesis; Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad; Allahabad-211002 India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chignen Possi K, Mulumba M, Omri S, Garcia-Ramos Y, Tahiri H, Chemtob S, Ong H, Lubell WD. Influences of Histidine-1 and Azaphenylalanine-4 on the Affinity, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiangiogenic Activities of Azapeptide Cluster of Differentiation 36 Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9263-9274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelvine Chignen Possi
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mukandila Mulumba
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Samy Omri
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yesica Garcia-Ramos
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Houda Tahiri
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sylvain Chemtob
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Huy Ong
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département
de Chimie, ‡Département de Pédiatrie, and §Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Penthala NR, Yadlapalli JKB, Parkin S, Crooks PA. Crystal structures of (Z)-5-[2-(benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-1-(3,5-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)ethen-yl]-1H-tetra-zole and (Z)-5-[2-(benzo[b]thio-phen-3-yl)-1-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)ethen-yl]-1H-tetra-zole. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2016; 72:652-5. [PMID: 27308011 PMCID: PMC4908540 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989016005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
(Z)-5-[2-(Benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-1-(3,5-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)ethen-yl]-1H-tetrazole methanol monosolvate, C19H16N4O2S·CH3OH, (I), was prepared by the reaction of (Z)-3-(benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-2-(3,5-di-meth-oxy-phen-yl)acrylo-nitrile with tri-butyl-tin azide via a [3 + 2]cyclo-addition azide condensation reaction. The structurally related compound (Z)-5-[2-(benzo[b]thio-phen-3-yl)-1-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)ethen-yl]-1H-tetra-zole, C20H18N4O3S, (II), was prepared by the reaction of (Z)-3-(benzo[b]thio-phen-3-yl)-2-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)acrylo-nitrile with tri-butyl-tin azide. Crystals of (I) have two mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit (Z' = 2), whereas crystals of (II) have Z' = 1. The benzo-thio-phene rings in (I) and (II) are almost planar, with r.m.s deviations from the mean plane of 0.0084 and 0.0037 Å in (I) and 0.0084 Å in (II). The tetra-zole rings of (I) and (II) make dihedral angles with the mean planes of the benzo-thio-phene rings of 88.81 (13) and 88.92 (13)° in (I), and 60.94 (6)° in (II). The di-meth-oxy-phenyl and tri-meth-oxy-phenyl rings make dihedral angles with the benzo-thio-phene rings of 23.91 (8) and 24.99 (8)° in (I) and 84.47 (3)° in (II). In both structures, mol-ecules are linked into hydrogen-bonded chains. In (I), these chains involve both tetra-zole and methanol, and are parallel to the b axis. In (II), mol-ecules are linked into chains parallel to the a axis by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds between adjacent tetra-zole rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jaishankar K. B. Yadlapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A novel and efficient tributyltin azide-mediated synthesis of 1H-tetrazolylstilbenes from cyanostilbenes. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 4,5-disubstituted 2H-1,2,3-triazoles as cis-constrained analogues of combretastatin A-4. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:123-32. [PMID: 26352674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) analogues have been prepared from (Z)-substituted diarylacrylonitriles (1a-1p) obtained in a two-step synthesis from appropriate arylaldehydes and acrylonitriles. The resulting 4,5-disubstituted 2H-1,2,3-triazoles were evaluated for their anti-cancer activities against a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines. The diarylacrylonitrile analogue 2l exhibited the most potent anti-cancer activity in the screening studies, with GI₅₀ values of <10 nM against almost all the cell lines in the human cancer cell panel and TGI values of <10 nM against cancer cell lines SF-539, MDA-MB-435, OVCAR-3 and A498. Furthermore, in silico docking studies of compounds 2l, 2e and 2h within the active site of tubulin were carried out in order to rationalize the mechanism of the anti-cancer properties of these compounds. From the in silico studies, compound 2e was predicted to have better affinity for the colchicine binding site on tubulin compared to compounds 2l and 2h. Analogue 2e was also evaluated for its anti-cancer activity by colony formation assay against 9LSF rat gliosarcoma cells and afforded an LD₅₀ of 7.5 nM. A cell cycle redistribution assay using analogue 2e was conducted to further understand the mechanism of action of these CA-4 analogues. From this study, analogues 2e and 2l were the most potent anti-cancer agents in this structural class, and were considered lead compounds for further development as anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Penthala NR, Madhukuri L, Thakkar S, Madadi NR, Lamture G, Eoff RL, Crooks PA. Synthesis and anti-cancer screening of novel heterocyclic-(2 H)-1,2,3-triazoles as potential anti-cancer agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015; 6:1535-1543. [PMID: 27066215 PMCID: PMC4821443 DOI: 10.1039/c5md00219b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
trans-Cyanocombretastatin A-4 (trans-CA-4) analogues have been structurally modified to afford their more stable CA-4-(2H)-1,2,3-triazole analogues. Fifteen novel, stable 4-heteroaryl-5-aryl-(2H)-1,2,3-triazole CA-4 analogues (8a-i, 9 and 11a-e) were evaluated for anti-cancer activity against a panel of 60 human cancer cell lines. These analogues displayed potent cytotoxic activity against both hematological and solid tumor cell lines with GI50 values in the low nanomolar range. The most potent compound, 8a, was a benzothiophen-2-yl analogue that incorporated a 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl moiety connected to the (2H)-1,2,3-triazole ring system. Compound 8a exhibited GI50 values of <10 nM against 80% of the cancer cell lines in the panel. Three triazole analogues, 8a, 8b and 8g, showed particularly potent growth inhibition against the triple negative Hs578T breast cancer cell line with GI50 values of 10.3 nM, 66.5 nM and 20.3 nM, respectively. Molecular docking studies suggest that these compounds bind to the same hydrophobic pocket at the interface of α- and β-tubulin that is occupied by colchicine and cis-CA-4, and are stabilized by Van der Waals' interactions with surrounding amino acid residues. Compound 8a was found to inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro with an IC50 value of 1.7 µM. The potent cytotoxicity of these novel compounds and their inhibition of tubulin dynamics make these triazole analogues promising candidates for development as anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Leena Madhukuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, U.S.A
| | - Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nikhil Reddy Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gauri Lamture
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert L. Eoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, U.S.A
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Penthala NR, Madadi NR, Bommagani S, Parkin S, Crooks PA. Comparison of crystal structures of 4-(benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-5-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole and 4-(benzo[b]thio-phen-2-yl)-2-methyl-5-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:392-5. [PMID: 25484755 PMCID: PMC4257340 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814023095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal structure of (I), the molecules are linked into chains by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with (5) ring motifs. After the N-methylation of structure (I), no hydrogen-bonding interactions were observed for structure (II). The title compound, C19H17N3O3S (I), was prepared by a [3 + 2]cycloaddition azide condensation reaction using sodium azide and l-proline as a Lewis base catalyst. N-Methylation of compound (I) using CH3I gave compound (II), C20H19N3O3S. The benzothiophene ring systems in (I) and (II) are almost planar, with r.m.s deviations from the mean plane = 0.0205 (14) in (I) and 0.016 (2) Å in (II). In (I) and (II), the triazole rings make dihedral angles of 32.68 (5) and 10.43 (8)°, respectively, with the mean planes of the benzothiophene ring systems. The trimethoxy phenyl rings make dihedral angles with the benzothiophene rings of 38.48 (4) in (I) and 60.43 (5)° in (II). In the crystal of (I), the molecules are linked into chains by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds with R21(5) ring motifs. After the N-methylation of structure (I), no hydrogen-bonding interactions were observed for structure (II). The crystal structure of (II) has a minor component of disorder that corresponds to a 180° flip of the benzothiophene ring system [occupancy ratio 0.9363 (14):0.0637 (14)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nikhil Reddy Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Shobanbabu Bommagani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Madadi NR, Penthala NR, Bommagani S, Parkin S, Crooks PA. Crystal structure of 4,5-bis-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole methanol monosolvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o1128-9. [PMID: 25484710 PMCID: PMC4257191 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C20H23N3O6·CH3OH, was synthesized by [3 + 2] cyclo-addition of (Z)-2,3-bis-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phen-yl)acrylo-nitrile with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in DMF/water. The central nitro-gen of the triazole ring is protonated. The dihedral angles between the triazole ring and the 3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phenyl ring planes are 34.31 (4) and 45.03 (5)°, while that between the 3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-phenyl rings is 51.87 (5)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules, along with two methanol solvent mol-ecules are linked into an R (4) 4(10) centrosymmetric dimer by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Reddy Madadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, USA
| | - Narsimha Reddy Penthala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, USA
| | - Shobanbabu Bommagani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR 72205, USA
| |
Collapse
|