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Das B, Das K, De UC, Majumdar S. FeCl 3/SiO 2-catalyzed bis-indolylation of acetals and ketals: a highly atom-economical approach to the selective deprotection of protected carbohydrates. RSC Adv 2025; 15:5523-5534. [PMID: 39967884 PMCID: PMC11833773 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra07809h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
A simple and green catalytic system is developed for the synthesis of 3,3'-bisindolyl(methanes) (BIMs) using cyclic/acyclic acetals as the carbon source for the bridging residue between two indole motifs. The reaction occurred under mild and benign conditions using FeCl3/SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst without the requirement of any toxic organic solvents. The ready availability and recyclability of the catalytic system allows the reaction to be highly efficient, resulting in very good BIM products. DFT studies were also performed to establish the proposed mechanism and preferential formation of unsymmetrical bisindolylmethanes using equimolar amounts of different indoles. The present protocol is also extended to the bisindolylation-induced selective cleavage of protected carbohydrates to diols in a 100% carbon-preservation and maximized atom-economical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Das
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070 +91-8787793667 +91-9436124464
| | - Kamal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070 +91-8787793667 +91-9436124464
| | - Utpal Ch De
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070 +91-8787793667 +91-9436124464
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070 +91-8787793667 +91-9436124464
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2
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Das B, Bhattacharyya A, Paul B, Natarajan R, Majumdar S. An elegant approach for the synthesis of multisubstituted imidazole via FeCl 3/SiO 2 catalyzed activation of acetals: a photophysical study of an imidazole-carbazole hybrid. RSC Adv 2024; 14:33512-33523. [PMID: 39439828 PMCID: PMC11495403 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06436d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A simple and solvent-free catalytic system was developed for the direct conversion of multisubstituted imidazoles through the reaction of acetals and benzils with ammonium acetate/amines as the source of nitrogen. The reaction occurred under mild and benign conditions using FeCl3/SiO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst without the requirement of any toxic organic solvents. The easy preparation and recyclability of the catalyst allows the reaction to be simple and highly efficient, resulting in very good yields of imidazoles. Novel imidazole-carbazole hybrid compounds were also synthesised by adopting the present methodology. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study indicated the presence of a CH⋯π supramolecular interaction that renders effective molecular packing in the solid state. The steady-state and spectro-dynamic behaviours of these hybrid molecules were investigated, and it was revealed that a solvent-dependent excimer-coupled ICT phenomenon guided excited state photophysics. Very unusual excimer lifetime was noticed in the solid state of this bis-heterocyclic compound owing to the stacking of molecules via CH⋯π interaction, as evident from the X-ray studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Das
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070
| | - Arghyadeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070
| | - Bhaswati Paul
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Ramalingam Natarajan
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-2374802 +91-381-237-9070
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3
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Chung NT, Dung VC, Duc DX. Recent achievements in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32734-32771. [PMID: 37942457 PMCID: PMC10628531 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds in which a benzene ring is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole refers to the parent compound, while benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having similar ring structures, but different substituents. Benzimidazole derivatives possess a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiviral, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. Many compounds possessing a benzimidazole skeleton have been employed as drugs in the market. The application of benzimidazoles in other fields has also been documented. The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has attracted much attention from chemists and numerous articles on the synthesis of this class of heterocyclic compound have been reported over the years. The condensation between 1,2-benzenediamine and aldehydes has received intensive interest, while many novel methods have been developed. In this article, we will give a comprehensive review of studies on the synthesis of benzimidazole, which date back to 2013. We have also tried to describe reaction mechanisms as much as we can. The work might be useful for chemists who work in the synthesis of heterocycles or drug chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Vo Cong Dung
- Centre for Education Accreditation, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Dau Xuan Duc
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
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4
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13C-NMR Chemical Shifts in 1,3-Benzazoles as a Tautomeric Ratio Criterion. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196268. [PMID: 36234805 PMCID: PMC9570581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazole is an important heterocyclic fragment, present in many biologically active compounds with a great variety of therapeutic purposes. Most of the benzimidazole activities are explained through the existence of 1,3-tautomeric equilibrium. As the binding affinity of each tautomer to a protein target depends on an established bioactive conformation, the effect of tautomers on the ligand protein binding mechanism is determinant. In this work, we searched and analyzed a series of reported 13C-NMR spectra of benzazoles and benzazolidine-2-thiones with the purpose of estimating their tautomeric equilibrium. Herein, several approaches to determine this problem are presented, which makes it a good initial introduction to the non-expert reader. This chemical shift difference and C4/C7 signals of benzimidazolidine-2-thione and 1-methyl-2-thiomethylbenzimidazole as references were used in this work to quantitatively calculate, in solution, the pyrrole–pyridine tautomeric ratio in equilibrium. The analysis will help researchers to correctly assign the chemical shifts of benzimidazoles and to calculate their intracyclic or exocyclic tautomeric ratio as well as mesomeric proportion in benzimidazoles.
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5
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Katla R, Katla R, Domingues NLC. Highly Efficient Zn(L‐Pro)
2
Catalyst for the Synthesis of 2‐Phenyl Benzimidazoles and 2‐Phenyl Benzothiazoles
via
Aerobic Oxygenation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Katla
- Organic Catalysis and Biocatalysis Laboratory – LACOB Federal University of Grande Dourados – UFGD Dourados/MS Brazil
| | - Ramesh Katla
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory-4 School of Chemistry and Food – EQA Federal University of Rio Grande – FURG Rio Grande RS-Brazil
| | - Nelson Luis C. Domingues
- Organic Catalysis and Biocatalysis Laboratory – LACOB Federal University of Grande Dourados – UFGD Dourados/MS Brazil
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7
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Kamble VT, Waghmare AS, Murade VD, Kadam KR. Silica chemisorbed bis(hydrogensulphato)benzene (SiO 2-BHSB) as a new, efficient, and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of 5-oxopyrono[3,2- c]chromene scaffolds in water-based solvent. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1986503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod T. Kamble
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amit S. Waghmare
- Padmashri Vikhe Patil Arts’ Science and Commerce College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishali D. Murade
- Padmashri Vikhe Patil Arts’ Science and Commerce College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kailas R. Kadam
- Padmashri Vikhe Patil Arts’ Science and Commerce College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
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8
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Deb B, Debnath S, Chakraborty A, Majumdar S. Bis-indolylation of aldehydes and ketones using silica-supported FeCl 3: molecular docking studies of bisindoles by targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease binding sites. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30827-30839. [PMID: 35498942 PMCID: PMC9041420 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein an operationally simple, efficient and versatile procedure for the synthesis of bis-indolylmethanes via the reaction of indoles with aldehydes or ketones in the presence of silica-supported ferric chloride under grindstone conditions. The prepared supported catalyst was characterized by SEM and EDX spectroscopy. The present protocol has several advantages such as shorter reaction time, high yield, avoidance of using harmful organic solvents during the reaction and tolerance of a wide range of functional groups. Molecular docking studies targeted toward the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (3CLpro or Mpro) enzymes were investigated with the synthesized bis-indoles. Our study revealed that some of the synthesized compounds have potentiality to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme by interacting with key amino acid residues of the active sites via hydrophobic as well as hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-237-4802 +91-381-237-9070
| | - Sudhan Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhash Mahavidalaya Tripura 799114 India
| | - Ankita Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-237-4802 +91-381-237-9070
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Tripura University Suryamaninagar 799 022 India +91-381-237-4802 +91-381-237-9070
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9
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Chanu LV, Singh OM. Recent progress in the synthesis of azoles and related five‐membered ring heterocycles using silica‐supported heterogeneous catalysts. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Dhawale KD, Ingale AP, Shinde SV, Thorat NM, Patil LR. ZnO-NPs catalyzed condensation of 2-aminothiophenol and aryl/alkyl nitriles: Efficient green synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1894577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran D. Dhawale
- Department of Chemistry, Rao Bahadur Narayan Borawake College, Ahmednagar, India
| | - Ajit P. Ingale
- Department of Chemistry, Dada Patil College, Ahmednagar, India
| | | | - Nitin M. Thorat
- Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Jivajirao Shinde College, Ahmednagar, India
| | - Limbraj R. Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Jivajirao Shinde College, Ahmednagar, India
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11
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Sankar V, Karthik P, Neppolian B, Sivakumar B. Metal–organic framework mediated expeditious synthesis of benzimidazole and benzothiazole derivatives through an oxidative cyclization pathway. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04431k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report facile synthesis of various benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles by using the NH2-MIL-125(Ti) MOF as an efficient oxidant-free heterogeneous catalyst with good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velayudham Sankar
- Department of Chemistry and SRM Research Institute
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai-603203
- India
| | - Peramaiah Karthik
- Department of Chemistry and SRM Research Institute
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai-603203
- India
| | - Bernaurdshaw Neppolian
- Department of Chemistry and SRM Research Institute
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai-603203
- India
| | - Bitragunta Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry and SRM Research Institute
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology
- Chennai-603203
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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12
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Singhal S, Khanna P, Panda SS, Khanna L. Recent Trends in the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles From
o
‐Phenylenediamine
via
Nanoparticles and Green Strategies Using Transition Metal Catalysts. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Singhal
- University School of Basic and Applied SciencesGuru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University New Delhi 110078 India
| | - Pankaj Khanna
- Department of ChemistryAcharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi New Delhi 110019 India
| | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsAugusta University Augusta Georgia 30912 USA
| | - Leena Khanna
- University School of Basic and Applied SciencesGuru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University New Delhi 110078 India
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13
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Karimian R, Davarpanah SJ. MIL-101(Fe) hexagonal microspindle as a highly efficient, reusable and versatile catalyst for benzo-fused heterocyclic nucleus synthesis. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Karimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Davarpanah
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center; Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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14
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Fazlinia A, Sheikh S. Preparation of 2-Arylbenzimidazole derivatives using CuO nanoparticles /H2O2 system. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2017.1358182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Fazlinia
- Department of Chemistry, Zarghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zarghan, Iran
| | - Setareh Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
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15
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Guan Q, Sun Q, Wen L, Zha Z, Yang Y, Wang Z. The synthesis of benzimidazoles via a recycled palladium catalysed hydrogen transfer under mild conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:2088-2096. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of benzimidazoles was developed by virtue of a recycled palladium catalyzed hydrogen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Lixian Wen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Zhenggen Zha
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Yu Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology & Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
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16
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Zhang M, Han Y, Niu JL, Zhang ZH. A General and Practical Approach for the Synthesis of 1,2,4-Trioxanes Catalyzed by Silica-Ferric Chloride. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Han
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Liang Niu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science; Hebei Normal University; Shijiazhuang 050024 People's Republic of China
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17
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Chakraborty M, Deb B, Dey B, Hussain SA, Maiti DK, Majumdar S. Amberlite IR 120H+Catalyzed N-C/C-N Coupled Cylization Strategy to Give Imidazoles: Design and Fabrication of Organic Nanomaterial with AFM Imaging. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura (W) INDIA
| | - Barnali Deb
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura (W) INDIA
| | - Bapi Dey
- Department of Physics; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura INDIA
| | - Syed Arshad Hussain
- Department of Physics; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura INDIA
| | - Dilip K. Maiti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calcutta; 92 A P C Road Kolkata 700 009 INDIA
| | - Swapan Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry; Tripura University; Suryamaninagar 799 022, Tripura (W) INDIA
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