1
|
Flock U, Reese S, Otzdorff C, Klein R, Walter B. Anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in queens throughout the estrous cycle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 81:106749. [PMID: 35834880 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies in cats and dogs have proven the usefulness of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) as a diagnostic tool to determine the castration status or to diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome. Yet the secretion pattern of AMH over the estrous cycle in queens has not been investigated so far. Seven healthy sexually intact female cats were examined daily for signs of estrous behavior over a trial period of 4 months. Five queens showed regular estrous behavior, 1 queen was mated in her first heat and 1 queen never showed any signs of heat. To distinguish between inter-estrus and metestrus progesterone levels were determined. Serum samples for AMH and progesterone measurement were collected from the regular cycling queens in late anestrus, at several times during heat, inter-estrus and metestrus, from the mated queen during her first heat and during pregnancy, and in the acycling queen at various times during the trial period. The measured AMH values in anestrus were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in heat (P < 0.001), metestrus (P = 0.12) and inter-estrus (P = 0.449). In anestrus the median AMH levels were 10.26 ng/ml (range 4.96 to 22.90 ng/ml), in heat 5.97 ng/ml (range 3.32- 22.96 ng/ml), in inter-estrus 10.47 (range 3.35-22.96 ng/ml) and in metestrus 6.38 ng/ml (range 4.50-10.75 ng/ml. The pregnant cat showed median AMH concentrations of 6.47 ng/ml (range 5.60-9.80 ng/ml) during her pregnancy. The acycling queen had solely low AMH values with a median concentration of 0.39 ng/ml. In conclusion there were high variations of the AMH levels among and within the individual cats and between heat cycles in the single cat. Remarkable high AMH concentrations were measured in the younger queens of the study in their first estrous cycles and also in anestrus, when less ovarian activity is expected. Further studies are necessary to emphasize the reasons for these high AMH concentrations especially in young queens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Flock
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Christiane Otzdorff
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Ruth Klein
- Laboklin GmbH and Co.KG, Steubenstr. 4, Bad Kissingen 97688, Germany
| | - Beate Walter
- Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, Munich 80539, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goericke-Pesch S, Packeiser EM. Reproductive Management in Catteries: Optimising health and wellbeing through veterinarian-breeder collaboration. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:881-904. [PMID: 36002135 PMCID: PMC10812226 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Many veterinarians - even those engaged in small animal reproduction - are uncomfortable with taking care of cat breeders or being in charge of catteries. Likely reasons for this are that feline reproduction is largely under-represented in undergraduate and graduate reproduction teaching, as well as in postgraduate education and science, whereas cat breeders themselves are often well informed and actively share knowledge with other cat breeders via the internet and social media. CLINICAL CHALLENGES A variety of problems can exist within a cattery, and collaboration between veterinarian and breeder to solve these is ultimately beneficial for the breeder, for the veterinarian, and for the health and wellbeing of the individual cats and of the cattery as a whole. AIM This review presents a comprehensive overview of aspects of cattery management that might negatively impact reproduction, including sanitation, hygiene and infectious disease control. It also discusses monitoring of reproductive performance, breeding recommendations, and the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to some common and specific problems. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Reproductive management in the cattery requires no specialised equipment, as such. What it does need is an open mind, in terms of seeing how things are done, an open ear, for listening to the breeder, and the veterinarian's clinical skills in palpation, auscultation and, where required, further examination of the animals. Keeping abreast of the latest information on infectious diseases, disinfection and genetics ensures proper advice is provided. EVIDENCE BASE Current knowledge of reproductive management in catteries is summarised in order to apply an evidence-based approach, whenever possible. Notwithstanding, much of the information remains empirical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Bünteweg 15, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zambelli D, Cunto M. Artificial Insemination in Queens in the Clinical Practice Setting: Protocols and challenges. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:871-880. [PMID: 36002144 PMCID: PMC10812221 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Despite substantial advances in assisted reproductive techniques having been recently reported in cats, the use of these is limited and routine application is still far from being a reality in veterinary clinics. Nevertheless, there is an increasing demand from domestic cat breeders for artificial insemination (AI) techniques that are already commonly used in dogs. Where natural breeding is not possible in tom cats and queens of high breeding value, AI could offer a solution. Clinical challenges: AI in cats is more difficult than in other species - both in terms of semen collection/handling and oestrous cycle management given that ovulation must be induced. AIM For practitioners wishing to perform AI in queens, there are challenges to overcome, and a good understanding of the techniques and procedures involved is pivotal. This review aims to contribute to improved knowledge by providing an overview of AI protocols, encompassing choice of breeding animals, procedures for semen collection, oestrus and ovulation induction, AI techniques and equipment. EQUIPMENT AND TECHNICAL SKILLS Depending on the animals involved and the specific AI technique chosen, essential equipment may include an artificial vagina, electroejaculator, endoscope (sialendoscope, which can be fairly expensive) and special catheters for transcervical insemination. Other instrumentation and materials needed are typically readily available in a veterinary clinic. In general, no particular skills are needed to perform the procedures described in this review, with the exception of endoscopic transcervical catheterisation, where the ability to use an endoscope is required. EVIDENCE BASE The information and advice/recommendations provided are based on specific feline research and reviews published in scientific peer-reviewed journals, animal reproduction textbooks, and presentations at national and international congresses. The authors also drew on their own clinical experience with regard to the choice of protocols and procedures presented in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zambelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, 50 – 40064 – Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Marco Cunto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-Universita di Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra, 50 – 40064 – Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suzuki H, Watanabe H, Abe Y. Assisted reproductive techniques for canines: preservation of genetic material in domestic dogs. J Reprod Dev 2021; 68:1-11. [PMID: 34840199 PMCID: PMC8872749 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs), such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, and cryopreservation of gametes/zygotes, have been developed to improve breeding and reproduction of livestock and for the treatment of human infertility. Their widespread use has contributed to improvements in human health and welfare. However, in dogs, only artificial insemination using frozen semen is readily available as an ART to improve breeding and control genetic diversity. A recent priority in sperm cryopreservation is the development of alternatives to egg yolk, which is widely used as a component of the sperm extender. Egg yolk can vary in composition among batches and is prone to contamination by animal pathogens. The latter can be a problem for international exchange of cryopreserved semen. Low-density lipoprotein and skim milk are promising candidates for use as extenders, to ensure fertility after artificial insemination. Although not tested for its effects on fertility following artificial insemination, polyvinyl alcohol may also be a useful alternative to egg yolk as an extender. The development of cryopreservation techniques for canine embryos lags behind that for other mammals, including humans. However, given the success of non-surgical embryo transfer in 2011, studies have sought to refine this approach for practical use. Research on sperm cryopreservation has yielded satisfactory results. However, investigation of other approaches, such as cryopreservation of oocytes and gonadal tissues, remains insufficient. Techniques for the efficient induction of estrus may aid in the development of successful canine ARTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Suzuki
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Abe
- Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsuchida M, Sakurai D, Komura N, Nakagata N, Suzuki H. Induction of oestrus by administering Inhibin antiserum along with equine chorionic gonadotropin in anoestrous bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1398-1405. [PMID: 34388283 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As dogs experience oestrus only once or twice a year, it is necessary to establish an effective method of oestrous induction for efficient breeding. In the present study, we evaluated inhibin antiserum (IAS) on oestrous induction in anoestrous females. Bitches were administered 0.5 ml/kg IAS or a mixture of 50 IU/kg equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 0.5 ml/kg IAS and 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administered 7 days after the mixture injection. As a control, bitches received 50 IU/kg eCG, with 500 IU hCG administered 7 days after eCG injection. Blood-tinged vaginal discharge, vulvar swelling, plasma progesterone concentrations and ovarian follicular development were assessed from day 0 to day 14. IAS alone injection did not induce oestrus in bitches at the anoestrous stage. Conversely, vulvar swelling, blood-tinged vaginal discharge and an estimated luteinizing hormone (LH) surge appeared on days 3-7, days 3-6 and days 7-9 after the IAS+eCG mixture injection, respectively, in all five bitches at the anoestrous stage. The average number of developing and ovulated follicles in bitches administered IAS+eCG was 8.8 and 9.6 respectively. A single eCG injection followed by hCG induced oestrous signs, with an average of 8.3 developing follicles and 4.5 ovulated follicles. This study revealed that IAS alone did not induce oestrus, but when IAS was used in combination with eCG, it induced oestrus and promoted a considerable number of ovulations in anoestrous dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tsuchida
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Daichi Sakurai
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Nako Komura
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Suzuki
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Espiñeira IM, Vidal PN, Ghersevich MC, Soler Arias EA, Bosetti F, Cabrera Blatter MF, Miceli DD, Castillo VA. Adrenal cortex stimulation with hCG in spayed female dogs with Cushing's syndrome: Is the LH-dependent variant possible? Open Vet J 2021; 11:319-329. [PMID: 34307090 PMCID: PMC8288738 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The expression and overexpression of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors in the canine adrenal gland cortex have been reported. Therefore, it was hypothesized that a LH-dependent form of Cushing’s syndrome (CS) could exist in dogs. Aim: To assess whether the adrenal gland post-ovariectomy (OVx) exhibits a greater response to adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) stimulation; to evaluate whether the adrenal gland responds to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation by increasing the release of cortisol; and to consider whether hCG stimulus testing would be useful as a diagnosis for possible cases of LH-dependent CS. Methods: Cortisol concentrations were measured from healthy female dogs (n=16) at baseline and following ACTH stimulation before and 2 months after gonadectomy (OVx). Cortisol concentrations were also measured for female dogs with CS (n = 14) following administration of hCG (5000 IU). A post-hCG cortisol concentration greater than 140 nmol/l was used to define dogs with LH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Results: In normal female dogs, both pre- and post-stimulation cortisol concentrations increased following OVx (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0003, respectively). In female dogs with CS, cortisol concentrations increased following stimulation with hCG in 57% (8/14; p = 0.002). Age at the time of OVx was associated (p = 0.015) with the cortisol response to hCG [8 (5–9) years vs. 3.5 (2–6) years, p = 0.0013). Conclusion: Based on these results, an LH-dependent form of CS occurs in spayed female dogs, and that it is more likely to occur when female dogs are spayed later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Espiñeira
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Becario Estímulo UBACyT, Rep. Argentina
| | - Patricia N Vidal
- Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria-U. Endocrinología, Rep. Argentina.,Becaria Proyecto Estratégicos UBACyT, Rep. Argentina
| | - María C Ghersevich
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, U. Católica de Córdoba-Argentina, Rep. Argentina
| | | | - Fernanda Bosetti
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria-U. Endocrinología, Rep. Argentina
| | - María F Cabrera Blatter
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria-U. Endocrinología, Rep. Argentina
| | - Diego D Miceli
- Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria-U. Endocrinología, Rep. Argentina.,IByME-CONICET, Rep. Argentina
| | - Víctor A Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Clínica Médica de Pequeños Animales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hospital Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria-U. Endocrinología, Rep. Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferré-Dolcet L, Frumento P, Abramo F, Romagnoli S. Disappearance of signs of heat and induction of ovulation in oestrous queens with gonadorelin: a clinical study. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:344-350. [PMID: 32840446 PMCID: PMC10812213 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20951284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a single intramuscular administration of gonadorelin to induce ovulation in queens in oestrus. METHODS Twenty-seven queens presented in oestrus for elective ovariectomy were divided into a treatment (n = 19) and a placebo (n = 8) group. Treated queens received a 50 µg dose of gonadorelin, while placebo-treated queens were injected intramuscularly (IM) with an equal amount of saline solution. All treatments were performed between the second and fourth days of heat. RESULTS Two days later, signs of behavioural heat had disappeared in all gonadorelin-treated queens, while 5/8 placebo-treated queens were still in heat. Following ovariectomy, performed 4 days after drug administration, the ovaries of each queen were evaluated histologically and the number of corpora lutea were counted. Sixteen of 19 (84%) gonadorelin-treated queens had ovulated and developed five (range 2-9) corpora lutea, while 3/8 (37%) placebo-treated queens had ovulated and developed five (range 3-6) corpora lutea. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is the first study to document the efficacy of a 50 µg/cat gonadorelin dose to induce ovulation in oestrous queens when administered IM on days 2-4 following the onset of oestrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ferré-Dolcet
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Abramo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ciani F, Maruccio L, Cocchia N, d’Angelo D, Carotenuto D, Avallone L, Namagerdi AA, Tafuri S. Antioxidants in assisted reproductive technologies: An overview on dog, cat, and horse. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:173-184. [PMID: 33860028 PMCID: PMC8043350 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are widely used as a tool to improve reproductive performance in both humans and animals. In particular, in the veterinary field, ARTs are used to improve animal genetics, recover endangered animals, and produce offspring in the event of subfertility or infertility in males or females. However, the use of ARTs did not improve the fertilization rate in some animals due to various factors such as the difficulty in reproducing an anatomical and humoral substrate typical of the natural condition or due to the increase in catabolites and their difficult elimination. The in vitro environment allows the production and increase in the concentration of substances, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which could be harmful to gametes. If produced in high concentration, the ROS becomes deleterious, both in vitro and in vivo systems. It has been seen that the use of antioxidants can help neutralize or counteract the production of ROS. The present study aims to report the latest findings regarding the use of antioxidants in ARTs of some domestic species, such as dogs, cats, and horses, compared to other animal species, such as cattle, in which ARTs have instead developed more widely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ciani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lucianna Maruccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Natascia Cocchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Danila d’Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Scudder CJ, Hazuchova K, Gostelow R, Church DB, Forcada Y, Fowkes RC, Niessen SJM. Pilot study assessing the use of cabergoline for the treatment of cats with hypersomatotropism and diabetes mellitus. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:131-137. [PMID: 32684121 PMCID: PMC10741349 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20933213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An affordable and effective treatment is needed to manage feline hypersomatotropism. The aim of this study was to assess whether treatment with oral cabergoline for 90 days in cats with hypersomatotropism and diabetes mellitus improved diabetic and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) control. METHODS This was a prospective cohort non-blinded pilot study enrolling client-owned cats with spontaneously occurring diabetes mellitus and hypersomatotropism. Cats received oral cabergoline (5-10 µg/kg q24h) for 90 consecutive days. Serum IGF-1 and fructosamine concentrations were measured on days 1, 30 and 90. Quality of life was determined using the DIAQoL-pet questionnaire on days 1 and 90. RESULTS Nine cats were enrolled and eight completed the study. There was no significant change in the following: IGF-1 (day 1 median 2001 ng/ml [range 890-2001 ng/ml]; day 30 median 2001 ng/ml [range 929-2001 ng/ml]; day 90 median 1828 ng/ml [range 1035-2001 ng/ml]; χ2(2) = 0.667, P = 0.805); fructosamine (day 1 median 499 µmol/l [range 330-887 µmol/l], day 30 median 551 µmol/l [range 288-722 µmol/l], day 90 median 503 [range 315-851 µmol/l]; χ2(2) = 0.581, P = 0.764); or DIAQoL-pet score (median on day 1 -2.79 [range -4.62 to -0.28], median on day 90 -3.24 [range -4.41 to -0.28]; P = 0.715). There was a significant change of insulin dose (χ2(2) = 8.667, P = 0.008) with cats receiving higher insulin doses at day 90 compared with day 1 (median on day 1 was 0.98 [range 0.63-1.49] and median on day 90 was 1.56 [range 0.49-2.55] units/kg q12h; P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cabergoline did not improve diabetic control or normalise insulin-like growth factor concentration, or improve patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scudder
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- Small Animal Internal Medicine
Department, Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Basildon, UK
| | - Katarina Hazuchova
- Clinical Science and Services, The
Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Ruth Gostelow
- Clinical Science and Services, The
Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - David B Church
- Clinical Science and Services, The
Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Yaiza Forcada
- Clinical Science and Services, The
Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- VetCT Telemedicine Hospital,
Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert C Fowkes
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences,
The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Stijn JM Niessen
- Clinical Science and Services, The
Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
- VetCT Telemedicine Hospital,
Cambridge, UK
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute
of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aguiar J, Crossley VJ, Davison LJ, Fowkes RC, Syme HM. Long-term effect of neutering on plasma luteinising hormone concentration in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 23:867-874. [PMID: 33269622 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20977788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to validate a commercially available luteinising hormone (LH) cat ELISA, to determine whether the increases in plasma LH concentration that occur after neutering are maintained throughout cats' lives and if other factors such as calendar seasons in both intact and neutered cats, and neutering age in neutered cats, influence plasma LH concentrations. METHODS Stored plasma samples from client-owned cats were used for the measurement of LH concentrations. Clinical data, including age, sex, age at neutering and medical history, were reviewed. Two populations were included in this study: (1) a senior and geriatric cat population (⩾9 years old), including 18 intact and 18 neutered cats matched for age, sex and month of sample collection; and (2) an adult cat population (2-8 years old), including 45 neutered cats. LH concentrations were measured using a commercially available feline ELISA. RESULTS Senior and geriatric neutered cats had higher plasma LH concentrations than age-matched intact cats (P <0.001). Calendar season did not influence plasma LH concentrations in the adult (P = 0.727) or senior/geriatric (P = 0.745) cats included in this study. No influence of age at neutering was observed on plasma LH concentrations (P = 0.296). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Neutering causes a significant long-term increase in LH concentrations in cats and further studies are required to determine the consequences on feline health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Aguiar
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Victoria J Crossley
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert C Fowkes
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Harriet M Syme
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ohtaki T, Fujiwara H, Watanabe G, Ono M, Taya K, Tsumagari S. Changes in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency and prolactin levels in bitches in response to estrus induction by cabergoline-its cases where it is delayed to induce estrus. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1773-1780. [PMID: 33132356 PMCID: PMC7804036 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of estrus induction by cabergoline on gonadotropin and steroid hormone responses was examined in anestrous bitches. Eleven beagles were used in the study; seven were included in the estrus induction group and four were included in the spontaneous estrus group. Cabergoline was orally administered to the estrus induction group at 5 µg/kg once daily for four weeks, or until hemorrhagic discharge was detected. The inter-estrus interval in the estrus induction group was significantly shorter than the previous estrus interval. Bitches that showed proestrus within four weeks of treatment showed increased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency and, subsequently, increased estradiol (E2) levels. Prolactin (PRL) levels declined promptly after treatment, except in one bitch that did not show proestrus during the cabergoline treatment period. There was a significant correlation between the time to proestrus induction and the reduction in PRL levels. A positive correlation was found between the LH levels two weeks after cabergoline administration and PRL reduction. This study demonstrates that an abrupt reduction in PRL is likely to be important for initiation of estrus in bitches. A reduction in PRL indirectly leads to an increase in LH pulse frequency, which regulates follicular development in bitches. However, if the period from the end of the previous estrus to the cabergoline treatment is short, it may take some time to show proestrus without increasing E2 levels, even if the LH level increases after cabergoline administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadatoshi Ohtaki
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Haruna Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.,Department of Basic Veterinary Science, the Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Cooperative Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ono
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Tsumagari
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Murray PJ, Rogie M, Fraser N, Hoy J, Kempster S. Development of the Mata Hari Judas Queen ( Felis catus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101843. [PMID: 33050456 PMCID: PMC7599923 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats (Felis catus) are significant predators of mammals, birds, frogs and reptiles and are implicated in mammal species extinctions in Australia. Current controls fail to eradicate entire populations allowing survivors to re-establish. The use of the Mata Hari Judas (MHJ) technique, i.e., inducing prolonged oestrus using hormone implants, can enhance the eradication of remnant animals and would greatly improve conservation efforts. The hypotheses tested were that hormone implants could induce prolonged oestrus in queens (adult female cats), and that prolonging oestrus would result in sustained attractiveness to toms (adult male cats). Queens (n = 14) were randomly allocated to five treatments including a control and four treatments using hormone implants. Queens were observed daily; alone and during indirect contact with a tom for 30 consecutive days. There were significant increases (p < 0.001) in oestrus duration (19 to 27 days) for entire and ovariohysterectomised queens given Compudose100™ implants (1/8 or 1/4 implant). This study shows that it is possible to induce and prolong oestrus in queens using Compudose100™ implants where these queens are attractive to toms. The MHJ queen is a new tool with the potential to enhance the detection and thus the control of feral cats in remnant populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Murray
- School of Sciences, Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba QLD 4350, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland Gatton campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia;
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland Gatton campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia; (N.F.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Melanie Rogie
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland Gatton campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Natalie Fraser
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland Gatton campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia; (N.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Julia Hoy
- Hidden Vale Wildlife Centre, The University of Queensland, Grandchester QLD 4340, Australia;
| | - Samantha Kempster
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland Gatton campus, Gatton QLD 4343, Australia; (N.F.); (S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thongphakdee A, Sukparangsi W, Comizzoli P, Chatdarong K. Reproductive biology and biotechnologies in wild felids. Theriogenology 2020; 150:360-373. [PMID: 32102745 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conservation strategies in natural habitats as well as in breeding centers are necessary for maintaining and reinforcing viable populations of wild felids. Among the fundamental knowledge that is required for conservation breeding, a solid understanding of reproductive biology is critical for improving natural breeding and enhance genetic diversity. Additionally, it offers the opportunity to develop assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in threatened and endangered species. Conservation breeding and reproductive biotechnologies of wild felids have advanced in the past decade. It has been clearly shown that female felids have species and individual patterns of reproductive cycles and respond differently to exogenous hormones. In males, several species still have poor semen quality often due to the loss of genetic diversity in small populations. To overcome the challenges of natural breeding (incompatibility between individuals or suboptimal environment) and mitigate inbreeding, artificial insemination, embryo production and embryo transfer have been further developed in 24 wild cat species. Major factors limiting ART success are inconsistent responses to ovarian stimulation, variable quality of gametes and embryos, and preparation of recipient females. Additional approaches including stem cell technologies have been explored for future medical applications. However, there still is a critical need for better knowledge of feline reproductive biology and improvement of ARTs efficiency to increase the genetic diversity and create sustainable populations of wild felids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ampika Thongphakdee
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization Under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, 267, Pracharaj 1 Road, Bang Sue, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand.
| | - Woranop Sukparangsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Saen Suk, Muang, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Ave, NW, Washington, DC, 2008, USA
| | - Kaywalee Chatdarong
- Research Unit of Obstetrics and Reproduction in Animals, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Thuwanut P, Brown JL, Comizzoli P, Crosier AE. Responsiveness of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) ovary to exogenous gonadotropins after preemptive oral progestin treatment. Theriogenology 2019; 138:39-46. [PMID: 31284220 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Control of ovarian function in cheetahs is sub-optimal, which currently limits the integration of assisted reproductive techniques into the genetic management of that endangered species. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preemptive progestin treatment on the quality of ovarian responses after exogenous gonadotropin stimulation in cheetahs. Adult females received either 1) 200 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) followed with 3,000 IU porcine luteinizing hormone (pLH) (intramuscular route) (n = 5; control group) or 2) similar eCG/pLH administration preceded by a 7-day treatment with oral progestin (0.1 mg/kg altrenogest; ALT group; n = 7). At 42 h post-pLH administration, a series of metrics was assessed via laparoscopy (number of follicles ≥ 2 mm, number of corpora lutea, oviduct and uterine cornua diameter and overall vascularization). Concentrations of fecal estradiol, progesterone and glucocorticoid metabolites (FEM, FPM, and FGM, respectively) were measured by enzyme immunoassay for 3 wk before ALT treatment (Period 1), 7 d during ovarian suppression period (Period 2), throughout eCG/LH treatment and laparoscopy (Period 3), and 6 wk following laparoscopy (Period 4). Overall, nine out of 12 cheetahs (4/5 in control and 5/7 ALT group) had freshly-formed corpora lutea at the time of laparoscopy. Mean follicle and corpora lutea numbers in the control versus ALT group were not different (P > 0.05). Overall measurements and vascularization scores also did not differ (P > 0.05) among groups. FEM average concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.05) in response to eCG for the ALT-treated females between Periods 2 and 3 and were sustained during Period 4. However, FEM average concentrations did not vary (P > 0.05) for control females throughout Periods 1-4. Post-ovulatory FPM average concentrations (Period 4) did not differ (P > 0.05) between the ALT-treated females and controls. FPM average concentration from both groups increased in Period 4 compared to Periods 1-3 (P ≤ 0.05). Females receiving the ALT treatment also had lower (P ≤ 0.05) FGM metabolite average concentrations than control females during ovarian suppression (suggesting adrenal suppression). Collective results suggest that ovarian response to gonadotropin treatment in the cheetah was improved following oral progestin administration due to the normative increase in estradiol following stimulation for these females compared with control. This treatment should lead to more effective timed assisted reproduction procedures for this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweena Thuwanut
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, Washington DC, 20008, USA; Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, Washington DC, 20008, USA
| | - Adrienne E Crosier
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, Washington DC, 20008, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nováková Tkadlečková V, Vysloužil J, Kubová K, Elbl J, Bučková D, Muselík J, Vetchý D, Novotný R, Proks P, Jančář J, Poláček P. The development of a silicone vaginal ring with a prostaglandin analogue for potential use in the treatment of canine reproductive disorders. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:1021-1031. [PMID: 31132965 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1622565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, vaginal rings (VRs) are rarely used. However, there are diseases of female dogs' reproductive system which represent a suitable possibility for their usage. An example of such a disease is canine pyometra which can be treated by lipophilic prostaglandin drugs, unfortunately with harmful side effects after systemic administration. The aim of the study was to prove that the matrix VR based on silicone and channel-forming substance can be successfully used as a carrier for a three-day delivery of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Based on an in-vitro release study, an optimum channel-forming substance and its concentration were selected. The results were implemented during the construction of VR from the medical grade silicone DDU-4840 with PGE2 (5 mg). Glucose anhydrous in the 30% concentration was chosen as the most functional channel-forming substance due to synergism of osmotic activity and solubility. The DDU-VR containing PGE2 and 30% of glucose anhydrous exhibited excellent mechanical characteristics and ensured 29% drug release through water-filled channels in first-order kinetic manner. This is eight times higher than a sample without glucose where molecular diffusion through the silicone matrix was dominating the release mechanism. Moreover, drug-free VRs were tested for mechanical resistance and the design of removal thread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakub Vysloužil
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kubová
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Elbl
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Darja Bučková
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Jan Muselík
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - David Vetchý
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Robert Novotný
- b Department of Reproduction , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Proks
- c Small Animal Clinic , University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Brno , Czech Republic.,d CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jančář
- e Institute of Materials Science , Brno University of Technology , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Poláček
- e Institute of Materials Science , Brno University of Technology , Brno , Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hirata M, Tanihara F, Taniguchi M, Takagi M, Terazono T, Otoi T. Follicular development of canine ovaries stimulated by a combination treatment of eCG and hCG. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:333-340. [PMID: 30273973 PMCID: PMC6236137 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian follicular dynamics is not well known in dogs. Imaging of ovaries is technically difficult; however, ovaries clamped at a subcutaneous site can more easily be monitored using ultrasound imaging. This study investigated the follicular development of canine ovaries stimulated by hormone treatment using ultrasound imaging of the ovaries clamped at a subcutaneous site. Oestrus was induced using subcutaneous administration of 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and 1000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (eCG/hCG). Five bitches were given 1000 IU hCG 11 days after eCG/hCG administration. Examinations with ovarian ultrasonography using a 7.5‐MHz sector transducer, vaginal cytology, and assays of serum oestrogen and progesterone were performed daily until 20 days after eCG/hCG administration. Serosanguineous vaginal discharges and vaginal cytology of two of the bitches were observed. New follicular growth (>1.0 mm in diameter) was observed in all bitches from 2 to 8 days after eCG/hCG administration. The mean diameter of follicles and maximum numbers of follicles per ovary ranged from 2.8 to 5.5 mm and 4 to 16, respectively. The elevation in oestrogen concentrations after eCG/hCG administration was observed in all bitches, and elevation in progesterone concentration (>2 ng mL−1) was observed in three bitches. However, no follicles ovulated until 9 days after hCG administration. In conclusion, although the number of examined bitches were limited, follicular growth in ovaries clamped at a subcutaneous site can be monitored using ultrasound imaging. Ovarian ultrasonography showed that eCG/hCG administration induced new follicular growth and hCG administration induced increases in oestrogen concentrations but not ovulation by hCG administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maki Hirata
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tanihara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taniguchi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Terazono
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshige Otoi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Myozai-gun, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Case summary Mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia (MFH) is a benign pathology characterised by extensive proliferation of the ductal epithelium and mammary stroma. It typically occurs in young female cats, and seems to result from hypersensitivity to progesterone. A 2-year-old entire male European Shorthair cat presented to the veterinary clinic with enlargement of several mammary glands, which had developed within the previous 10 days. There was no prior administration of progestin in the cat’s medical history. Diagnostic tests were performed to assess the basal progesterone concentration and the concentration after stimulation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which ruled out the presence of functional ovarian tissue. Histological examination of the testes excluded hormone-secreting testicular tumours. Histological examination of the mammary gland confirmed the diagnosis of MFH. Treatment was started with aglepristone, a selective competitor for progesterone receptors, administered subcutaneously at 15 mg/kg at days 1, 2, 8 and 15. A reduction in the size of the mammary glands was evident 6 days after the first administration, with complete remission observed after 4 weeks. Relevance and novel information To the best of our knowledge, this is the first full report of MFH in a male cat. Although the origin of the progestins responsible for MFH in this case could not be confirmed, in the light of the diagnostic tests performed and the results obtained, accidental contact with hormone-like substances seems to be the only plausible explanation for the cat’s clinical signs. Inhibitor therapy was successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Bo
- Veterinary Association of Bo-Ferro Outpatient Clinic, Turin, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shimatsu Y. Use of cabergoline for oestrus induction in multiparous anoestrous Beagle bitches. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:350-352. [PMID: 28845559 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of daily cabergoline administration on oestrus induction in bitches. METHODS AND RESULTS Of 20 multiparous Beagle bitches, 15 were not mated with sires in their last oestrus and 5 bitches that had been mated whelped. All bitches were in early or mid-anoestrus and received 5 μg/kg/day cabergoline PO. Oestrus was induced in the mid-anoestrus bitches at a higher rate than in the early anoestrus bitches. Comparing the different histories of previous pregnancy among the mid-anoestrus bitches, the rate of oestrus induction in the non-pregnant bitches was higher than in the bitches that whelped. CONCLUSION Cabergoline is effective for oestrus induction in mid-anoestrus bitches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimatsu
- Ishiyama Co. Ltd, Mukawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi, Japan.,Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Suwa, Nagano, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tajima H, Yoshizawa M, Sasaki S, Yamamoto F, Narushima E, Tsutsui T, Funahashi T, Kusuda S, Doi O, Tateyama Y, Kobayashi M, Hori T, Kawakami E. Intrauterine insemination with fresh semen in Amur leopard cat (Pionailurus bengalensis eutilura) during non-breeding season. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:92-99. [PMID: 27733725 PMCID: PMC5289244 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine and human chorionic gonadotropins were administered to two female Amur leopard cats to induce estrus and ovulation during non-breeding season. Fresh
semen collected from male cats was surgically inseminated into the uterine horn of the females. In one animal, two fetal sacs without heartbeats were observed
on abdominal ultrasonography 31 days after insemination, which indicated that embryo death had occurred. In the other animal, fetal heartbeats were detected in
two fetal sacs 29 days after insemination, which confirmed as pregnancy. This animal delivered two newborns 68 days after insemination; the one of the kittens
was assumed to be stillbirth, and the other grew normally. In this study, we successfully obtained a kitten from an Amur leopard cat by artificial breeding for
the first time in Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tajima
- Inokashira Park Zoo, 1-17-6, Gotenyama, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0005, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jurczak A, Domosławska A, Bukowska B, Janowski T. Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Stimulation Increase the Number of Luteinized Follicles and the Progesterone Level Compared with Cabergoline Stimulation in Anoestrus Bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:562-8. [PMID: 27321641 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ovarian morphologies and blood progesterone concentrations following oestrous induction in bitches were examined. Fifty-three clinically healthy anoestrus bitches received cabergoline at a daily dose of 5 μg/kg of body weight per os for 21 days (group I) or subcutaneous equine chorionic gonadotropin at a dose of 20 IU/kg of body weight for five consecutive days with an additional 500 IU s.c. per bitch of human chorionic gonadotropin on the last day of treatment (group II). Twenty bitches that spontaneously displayed oestrous signs were left untreated and served as controls (group III). The induced oestrous rates and ovulation rates in groups I and II were 60.0% vs 64.3% and 86.7% vs 83.3%, respectively. Morphological assessments of the ovarian structures after ovariohysterectomy revealed an increase in the number of luteinized follicles and cysts in group II compared with the two other groups (p < 0.001). In contrast, the numbers of corpora lutea and follicles were similar in all groups. In accordance with the above-mentioned alteration, the progesterone concentration in the gonadotropin group (II) was increased (p < 0.001) in the periovulatory period compared with the other two groups. During the entire sampling period, the progesterone profiles in the cabergoline (I) and control (III) groups were similar and typical of normally cycling bitches. In conclusion, gonadotropin treatment is associated with an increased progesterone level during the periovulatory period that probably originates from luteinized follicles, whereas cabergoline treatment induces cycles with both physiological progesterone concentrations and ovarian morphologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jurczak
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Domosławska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Bukowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - T Janowski
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Stornelli MC, García Mitacek MC, Praderio RG, Nuñez Favre R, de la Sota RL, Stornelli MA. Prolactin, Androstenedione and IGF1 Serum Concentrations During Induced Follicular Growth by eCG Administration in the Bitch. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 51:130-4. [PMID: 26695709 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oestrus cycle in the domestic bitch, a monoestrous species, differs considerably from that of other veterinary domestic animals species. In the bitch the combined use of eCG and hCG is effective to induce oestrus predictably and safely (Stornelli et al., Theriogenology, 78, 2012 and 1056). Although several studies were done to describe the hormonal changes during the canine oestrus cycle, to our knowledge none was done to describe the hormonal changes during induced follicular growth after the administration of eCG. The aim of this work was to study prolactin (PRL), insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) and androstenedione (ANDR) serum concentrations during follicular growth induced by a single dose of eCG administered to late anoestrous bitches. PRL and ANDR concentrations were lower before than after eCG TRT (before eCG vs pro-oestrus, oestrus and dioestrus; 4.3 ± 1.8 ng/ml vs 6.5 ± 1.6 ng/ml, p < 0.05; 0.08 ± 0.2 ng/ml vs 0.42 ± 0.16 ng/ml, p < 0.05). Conversely, IGF1 concentrations were similar before and after eCG TRT (286.0 ng/ml ±32.2, p > 0.53). Additionally, PRL concentrations were similar before oestrus compared to during oestrus and dioestrus (6.9 ± 1.7 ng/ml, p > 0.19). Furthermore, IGF1 concentrations were higher before and during oestrus compared to first day of dioestrus (286.1 ± 29.8vs 200.4 ± 29.2 ng/ml, p < 0.01). On the contrary, ANDR concentrations were lower before and during oestrus compared to first day of diestrum (0.35 ± 0.17 ng/ml and 0.38 ± 0.15 vs 0.68 ± 0.17 ng/ml, p < 0.05). These results show that treatment with a single injection of 50 IU/kg of eCG in late anoestrous bitches successfully induced changes in follicular growth which were paralleled with changes in PRL, IGF1 and ANDR serum concentration similar to those occurring during a normally occurring oestrous cycle. In addition, our results suggest that IGF1 in the bitch could play an important role in ovarian folliculogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Stornelli
- Catedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C García Mitacek
- Catedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - R G Praderio
- Catedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - R Nuñez Favre
- Catedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - R L de la Sota
- Catedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.,CONICET, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - M A Stornelli
- Catedra y Servicio de Reproducción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Choi ES, Yang BC, Park PR, Chae JI, Kim DK, Yoo JK, Kim DH, Cho KW, Kong IK. Effect of feeding fermented rice punch on oestrous induction in anoestrous bitches. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000076. [PMID: 26392895 PMCID: PMC4567152 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a consequence of poor productivity caused by a long anoestrous period, considerable research effort has been given to oestrus induction in dogs to enhance the productivity of young dogs and to preserve breeds. Materials and methods Oestrus was induced in 30 anoestrous bitches more than three months after the last oestrus. Bitches orally received fermented rice punch with or without bromocriptine once daily for 21 consecutive days. The bitches were divided into two groups (n=10 per group): Group (1) fed fermented rice punch and Group (2) administered bromocriptine (100 µg/kg/day) and fed fermented rice punch. Results The concentration of dopamine in fermented rice punch was 47.2 mg/kg (parts per million). Six of 10 (60.0 per cent) and seven of 10 (70.0 per cent) bitches showed pro-oestrual bleeding in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean and median values (min–max) to oestrus induction was not significantly different between Groups 1 and 2 (9.7±7.3, 6.5 (3–22) and 11.3±6.6, 7.9 (5–21) days) after treatment commencement (P>0.05). The pregnancy rate was very similar between Groups 1, 2 (66.0%) and control (66.0, 57.0 and 50.0 per cent). The mean and median values (min–max) of pups per bitch are also not significantly different between Groups 1, 2 and control (7.0±1.8, 7.0 (5–9) and 7.5±2.1, 7.5 (5–10) and 7.0±0, 7.0 (7–7)). Conclusion We suggest that rice punch effectively induces oestrus in bitches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eul-Soo Choi
- Department of Veterinary Science , College of Veterinary Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Gyeongsangnam-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Chul Yang
- Animal Biotechnology Division , National Institute of Animal Science , Suwon 441-706 , Republic of Korea
| | - Pu-Rum Park
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Gyeongsangnam-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Il Chae
- Department of Oral Pharmacology , School of Dentistry and Institute of Dental Bioscience, BK21 plus, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ku Kim
- Nuri Science Co., Ltd. 405 , Seoul 143-190 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyu Yoo
- Dairy Science Division , National Institute of Animal Science , Cheona 331-801 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division , National Institute of Animal Science , Suwon 441-706 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Woan Cho
- Department of Veterinary Science , College of Veterinary Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Gyeongsangnam-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Gyeongsangnam-do , Republic of Korea ; Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju 660-701, Gyeongsangnam-do , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
RECURRENCE OF HYPERPROLACTINEMIA AND CONTINUATION OF OVARIAN ACYCLICITY IN CAPTIVE AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) TREATED WITH CABERGOLINE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:569-76. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0254r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
24
|
Painer J, Goeritz F, Dehnhard M, Hildebrandt TB, Naidenko SV, Sánchez I, Quevedo Muñoz MA, Jewgenow K. Hormone-induced luteolysis on physiologically persisting corpora lutea in Eurasian and Iberian lynx (Lynx lynx and Lynx pardinus). Theriogenology 2014; 82:557-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
25
|
Van Soom A, Rijsselaere T, Filliers M. Cats and Dogs: Two Neglected Species in this Era of Embryo Productionin Vitro? Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 2:87-91. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - T Rijsselaere
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - M Filliers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Goericke-Pesch S, Wehrend A, Georgiev P. Suppression of Fertility in Adult Cats. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49 Suppl 2:33-40. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Goericke-Pesch
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Justus-Liebig-University; Gießen Germany
- Department of Large Animal Sciences; Section of Veterinary Reproduction; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - A Wehrend
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals; Justus-Liebig-University; Gießen Germany
| | - P Georgiev
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Reproduction and Reproductive Disorders of Veterinary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Trakia University; Stara Zagora Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johnson AEM, Freeman EW, Colgin M, McDonough C, Songsasen N. Induction of ovarian activity and ovulation in an induced ovulator, the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), using GnRH agonist and recombinant LH. Theriogenology 2014; 82:71-9. [PMID: 24742964 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques, such as ovarian manipulation and artificial insemination, are useful for enhancing genetic management of threatened wildlife maintained ex situ. In this study, we used noninvasive fecal hormone monitoring to investigate (1) the influence of pairing with a male on endocrine responses of female maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) to a GnRH agonist (deslorelin) and (2) the efficiency of recombinant LH (reLH) on ovulation induction in females housed alone. Deslorelin (2.1 mg Ovuplant) was given to females that were either paired with a male (n = 4) or housed alone (n = 7); the implant was removed 7 to 11 days postimplantation. Three of seven singleton females were injected with reLH (0.0375 mg) on the day of implant removal, whereas the remaining females (n = 4) did not receive the additional treatment. Fecal samples were collected 5 to 7 days/wk from all females starting 11 days prior to hormone insertion until at least 70 days post implant removal for a total of 11 hormone treatment cycles. Fecal estrogen and progestagen metabolites were extracted and analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. Evidence of ovulation, demonstrated by a surge of estrogen followed by a significant rise in progestagen, occurred in all paired females. Three of the four singleton females that did not receive reLH treatment exhibited no rise in progestagen after an estrogen surge. All singleton females treated with reLH exhibited a rise in fecal progestagen after injection, indicating ovulation. In conclusion, deslorelin is effective at inducing ovarian activity and ovulation in paired female maned wolves; however, exogenous reLH is needed to induce ovulation in females housed alone. The findings obtained from this study serve as a foundation for future application of artificial insemination to enhance genetic management of this threatened species ex situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E M Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA; Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Mark Colgin
- Venaxis, Inc. (formerly AspenBio Pharma, Inc.), Castle Rock, Colorado, USA
| | - Caitlin McDonough
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - Nucharin Songsasen
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim GA, Oh HJ, Park JE, Kim MJ, Park EJ, Jo YK, Jang G, Kim MK, Kim HJ, Lee BC. Species-specific challenges in dog cloning. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 47 Suppl 6:80-3. [PMID: 23279471 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is now an established procedure used in cloning of several species. SCNT in dogs involves multiple steps including the removal of the nuclear material, injection of a donor cell, fusion, activation of the reconstructed oocytes and finally transfer to a synchronized female recipient. There are therefore many factors that contribute to cloning efficiency. By performing a retrospective analysis of 2005-2012 published papers regarding dog cloning, we define the optimum procedure and summarize the specific feature for dog cloning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spankowsky S, Heuwieser W, Arlt SP. Does oral administration of the amino acid tyrosine affect oestradiol-17β concentration and sexual behaviour in the bitch? Vet Rec 2013; 172:212. [PMID: 23315766 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The oral administration of the amino acid, tyrosine, has been for years recommended in order to improve fertility, especially to improve copulation behaviour in female dogs. However, evidence is comparatively poor. The objective of our study was to determine whether oral administration of tyrosine has an effect on oestradiol-17β concentrations and the oestrous behaviour in the bitch. Fifty bitches were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups in which each dog received 100mg/kg/day of either tyrosine or milk sugar orally between Day 3 and Day 9 of heat. Every two to three days, a gynaecological examination was performed and blood samples were taken to determine oestradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations. The day of ovulation was estimated by clinical findings, and according to the specifications of the laboratory, once progesterone values exceeded 12.7nmol/l. The observed copulation behaviour was not different between the groups. No differences in volume and visual nature of vaginal discharge were observed. At the day of ovulation, mean oestradiol-17β concentration in the treated group was 163.4pmol/l and 162.2pmol/l in the placebo group, respectively. In conclusion, feeding tyrosine to female dogs between Day 3 and Day 9 of heat did not alter visual signs of heat or copulation behaviour, and did not alter oestradiol-17β concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Spankowsky
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wolf T, Meyer H, Kutzler M. Litter Size Response to Oestrous Induction with Deslorelin (Ovuplant®) in Dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 6:387-8. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Wolf
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Oregon State University; Corvallis; OR; USA
| | - H Meyer
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis; OR; USA
| | - M Kutzler
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis; OR; USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stornelli M, García Mitacek M, Giménez F, Bonaura M, Videla Dorna I, de la Sota R, Stornelli M. Pharmacokinetics of eCG and induction of fertile estrus in bitches using eCG followed by hCG. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1056-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Nak D, Nak Y, Simsek G. Comparison of the use of cabergoline and gonadotrophin to treat primary and secondary anoestrus in bitches. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:194-6. [PMID: 22510079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and reliability of cabergoline and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) for induction of oestrus in bitches with primary or secondary anoestrus. PROCEDURES We studied 39 healthy bitches of various breeds aged 2-6 years and in primary or secondary anoestrus: 20 bitches were administered 5 µg/kg/day cabergoline orally until day 2 after the onset of pro-oestrus or for a maximum of 42 days, and 19 bitches were administered 20 IU/kg/day PMSG intramuscularly for 5 consecutive days, followed by an additional single injection of 25 IU/kg of human chorionic gonadotrophin on the fifth day. RESULTS The rates of oestrus induction in the primary and secondary anoestrous bitches treated with cabergoline and PMSG were found to be similar. Pregnancy and whelping rates in the cabergoline group were statistically different from the rates in the PMSG group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cabergoline is more effective and reliable for the induction of a fertile oestrus in bitches with primary or secondary anoestrous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Nak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Uludag, Dogum ve Jinekoloji Ana Bilim Dali, Bursa, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Levy JK, Friary JA, Miller LA, Tucker SJ, Fagerstone KA. Long-term fertility control in female cats with GonaCon™, a GnRH immunocontraceptive. Theriogenology 2011; 76:1517-25. [PMID: 21835455 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled reproduction of free-roaming feral cats contributes to overpopulation and associated concerns regarding their welfare and impact on public health and the environment. Nonsurgical fertility control that could be administered to feral cats in the field would be a powerful tool for cat population control. The objective was to test the efficacy and duration of activity of a single-dose GnRH immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaCon™) on the fertility of adult female laboratory cats. Vaccinated cats (n = 15) received a single injection of vaccine containing a GnRH-KLH conjugate (200 μg) emulsified in a mycobacterial and oil adjuvant on study Day 0. Sham-treated cats (n = 5) received a single injection containing all vaccine components except the GnRH-KLH conjugate. A breeding trial started on study Day 120. Vaccinated cats had a longer time to conception (median 39.7 mo) compared to sham-treated cats (4.4 mo; P < 0.001). A total of 93% of vaccinated cats remained infertile for the first year following vaccination, whereas 73, 53, and 40% were infertile for 2, 3, and 4 y, respectively. At study termination (5 y after a single GnRH vaccine was administered), four cats (27%) remained infertile. The GnRH antibody titers declined more rapidly in short-term responding cats with < 2 y of infertility (n = 4), compared to long-term responding cats that experienced fertility control for >2 y (n = 11) (P < 0.05). Non-painful but persistent late-onset granulomatous injection site masses appeared 2 y after initial vaccination in five cats. We concluded that GnRH immunocontraception is an ideal candidate for further development for feral cat control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ohmura M, Torii R, Hatoya S, Sugiura K, Tamada H, Kawate N, Takahashi M, Sawada T, Inaba T. Induction of fertile oestrus in dioestrous bitches using prostaglandin F2α and a GnRH agonist. Vet Rec 2011; 168:669. [PMID: 21652660 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ohmura
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Trisomy-X with estrous cycle anomalies in two female dogs. Theriogenology 2011; 76:374-80. [PMID: 21550105 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two female dogs were presented with a history of abnormal estrous cycles and infertility, despite multiple breedings. Medical therapy to correct the cycle anomalies did not result in pregnancy. Cytogenetic analysis of blood lymphocyte cultures in each dog revealed three copies of the X chromosome in each cell, constituting a 79,XXX karyotype (trisomy-X). Both dogs were eventually ovariohysterectomised and histological evaluation revealed hypoplastic ovaries and an absence of normal follicular structures. However, partial or immature follicles were noted, which may have been sufficient to cause both females to initiate cycling. The history and clinical characteristics found in these dogs were compared to those described in three other dogs reported with trisomy-X, as well as those reported in other species. These findings highlighted the importance of cytogenetic studies in fertility evaluation and achieving a definitive diagnosis for infertility in the bitch.
Collapse
|
38
|
Levy JK. Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:63-70. [PMID: 21501281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming unowned stray and feral cats exist throughout the world, creating concerns regarding their welfare as well as their impact on the environment and on public health. Millions of healthy cats are culled each year in an attempt to control their numbers. Surgical sterilization followed by return to the environment is an effective non-lethal population control method but is limited in scope because of expense and logistical impediments. Immunocontraception has the potential to be a more practical and cost-effective method of control. This is a review of current research in immunocontraception in domestic cats. Functional characteristics of an ideal immunocontraceptive for community cats would include a wide margin of safety for target animals and the environment, rapid onset and long duration of activity following a single treatment in males and females of all ages, and sex hormone inhibition. In addition, product characteristics should include stability and ease of use under field conditions, efficient manufacturing process, and low cost to the user. Two reproductive antigens, zona pellucida and GnRH, have been identified as possible targets for fertility control in cats. Zona pellucida, which is used successfully in multiple wildlife species, has achieved little success in cats. In contrast, immunization against GnRH has resulted in long-term contraception in both male and female cats following a single dose. GnRH is an ideal contraceptive target because it regulates pituitary and gonadal hormone responses in both males and females, thus suppressing nuisance behaviors associated with sex hormones in addition to preventing pregnancy. The responsiveness of cats to fertility control via GnRH suppression should encourage researchers and cat control stakeholders to continue efforts to optimize vaccines that induce multiyear contraception following a single dose in a high proportion of treated cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Songsasen N, Woodruff TK, Wildt DE. In vitro growth and steroidogenesis of dog follicles are influenced by the physical and hormonal microenvironment. Reproduction 2011; 142:113-22. [PMID: 21502334 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the influences of the physical and hormonal microenvironment on in vitro growth and steroidogenesis of dog follicles. Follicles were enzymatically isolated and individually encapsulated in 0.5% (w/v; n=17) or 1.5% (n=10) alginate and cultured with 0.5 IU/ml equine chorionic gonadotropin for 192 h. In a separate experiment, follicles were encapsulated in 0.5% alginate and cultured with 0 (n=22), 1 (n=23), 10 (n=20) or 100 (n=21) μg/ml FSH for 240 h. Follicle diameter and steroid production were assessed every 48 h in both studies. Follicles encapsulated in the 0.5% alginate grew faster (P<0.05) than those cultured in the 1.5% concentration. Oestradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P(4)) increased consistently (P<0.05) over time, and follicles in the 1.5% alginate produced more (P<0.05) P(4) than those in the 0.5% solution. Follicles cultured in the highest FSH concentration (100 μg/ml) increased 100% in size after 240 h compared with 50 to 70% in lower dosages. E(2) concentration remained unchanged over time (P>0.05) across FSH dosages. However, P(4) increased (P<0.05) as culture progressed and with increasing FSH concentration. Results demonstrate that dog follicles cultured in alginate retain structural integrity, grow in size and are hormonally active. Lower alginate and increasing FSH concentrations promote in vitro follicle growth. However, the absence of an E(2) rise in follicles cultured in FSH alone suggests the need for LH supplementation to support theca cell differentiation and granulosa cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Songsasen
- Department of Reproductive Sciences, Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia 22630, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Arlt SP, Spankowsky S, Heuwieser W. Follicular cysts and prolonged oestrus in a female dog after administration of a deslorelin implant. N Z Vet J 2011; 59:87-91. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.552858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
41
|
Boutelle S, Lenahan K, Krisher R, Bauman K, Asa C, Silber S. Vitrification of oocytes from endangered Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi). Theriogenology 2011; 75:647-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
42
|
Chastant-Maillard S, Viaris de Lesegno C, Chebrout M, Thoumire S, Meylheuc T, Fontbonne A, Chodkiewicz M, Saint-Dizier M, Reynaud K. The canine oocyte: uncommon features of in vivo and in vitro maturation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:391-402. [DOI: 10.1071/rd10064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of the canine oocyte is unusual compared with that of other mammalian females. The present paper reviews both in vivo and in vitro specificities of canine oocytes. Final follicular growth in the bitch is characterised by an early appearance of LH binding sites in the granulosa, a high proportion of polyovular follicles and a preovulatory luteinisation, starting at the time of the LH surge. Through follicular fluid, preovulatory oocytes are thus exposed to high levels of progesterone, as high as 1000-fold plasma concentrations. The composition of the follicular fluid is affected by the size of the female. The more specific aspect of oocyte biology in the bitch is ovulation: oocytes are expelled immature, at the Prophase I stage. Ovulatory follicles are 6–8 mm in diameter, releasing oocytes from 110 µm, with dark cytoplasm. Resumption of meiosis occurs from 48 h postovulation, MII stages appearing 48–54 h after ovulation. The mechanisms controlling such a late meiotic resumption are still unknown. Granulosa cells seem to play a central role as in other mammalian species, but not with cAMP as the principal mediator. The importance of a transient reactivation of oocyte transcription a few hours before meiotic resumption is to be explored. These specific features may contribute to the low efficiency of IVM. Only 10–20% oocytes reach the metaphase stage and suffer from a poor cytoplasmic maturation. Moreover, in vitro culture of canine oocytes is associated with a high proportion of degeneration. To date, IVM of the oocytes is the main limiting factor for the development of assisted reproductive techniques in the canine. A better knowledge of the basic physiology of folliculogenesis and the molecular mechanisms controlling oocyte meiosis resumption in this species may allow us to overcome this obstacle.
Collapse
|
43
|
Arlt S, Spankowski S, Kaufmann T, Kostelnik K, Heuwieser W. Fertility control in a male rabbit using a deslorelin implant. A case report. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2010.8190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
44
|
Goericke-Pesch S. Reproduction Control in Cats: New Developments in Non-Surgical Methods. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:539-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance Reproduction control is an area of feline medicine that is assuming increasing importance in companion animal practice. Signs of oestrus such as increased vocalisation, rolling on the ground and a very short interoestrous interval may negatively influence the relationship between cat and owner, and prompt the owner to seek a method of reproduction control. In breeding catteries, control of reproduction may be needed as part of a planned breeding programme. Clinical challenges Surgical contraception is not always the owner's wish — especially when a cat may be intended for future breeding. Besides, ethical principles and animal welfare legislation in an increasing number of countries are imposing restrictions on this ‘classical approach’ to reproduction control. Progestins are routinely used as non-surgical alternatives in cases where fertility is to be preserved, but the associated risks of uterine disease, mammary tumours, fibroadenomatosis or diabetes mellitus have to be taken into account — especially in predisposed animals. Modern, effective pharmacological alternatives are available for managing oestrous suppression and unwanted pregnancy. Detailed knowledge of the physiology of the oestrous cycle in the cat is necessary to ensure that the appropriate treatment is chosen for the individual animal and its owner. Audience This article presents an update for small animal practitioners on these alternative methods; specifically, the use of slow-release GnRH agonists or melatonin implants for hormonal contraception, and the antiprogestin aglepristone for pregnancy termination. Evidence base Several studies have documented the mode of action and risk of side effects of the traditional alternative to surgical castration — treatment with progestins. Evidence underpinning the safety and efficacy of GnRH agonists and melatonin implants for suppression of fertility in queens and toms is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lanna L, Marques Jr. A, Douglas R. Effect of deslorelin on the induction of estrus in anestrous bitches. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of one or multiple doses of an injectable formulation of deslorelin (a GnRH agonist) was evaluated to induce estrus in anestrous bitches. Thirteen animals composed three groups: group 1 (n=5, single IM injection of 2mg deslorelin), group 2 (n=5, four IM injections of 2mg deslorelin in alternate days), and control group (n=3, four IM saline injections in alternate days). Daily clinical evaluations, sexual behavior, vaginal cytology, plasma progesterone concentration, ovaryhysterectomy and macroscopic evaluation of the uterus and ovaries were done. In group 1, none of the bitches showed signs of estrus, while two developed clinical signs and vaginal cytology of proestrus. In group 2, all animals presented proestrus, four presented estrus, and three ovulated; resulting in a functional corpus luteum and high progesterone concentration until day 25 of diestrus, when ovaryhysterectomy was performed. The duration of the stages of deslorelin induced cycles and the progesterone profile were similar to those described in the literature, and no side effects were observed. In conclusion, injectable formulation of deslorelin in multiple injections was effective to induce fertile estrus in anestrous bitches.
Collapse
|
46
|
England GCW, Russo M, Freeman SL. Follicular dynamics, ovulation and conception rates in bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 44 Suppl 2:53-8. [PMID: 19754536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Real-time ultrasound imaging was used in a clinical study to estimate the number of follicles of different sizes, ovulation and conception rates, and to study follicle dynamics following oestrus-induction of bitches. Follicles were identified during late anoestrus (between 100 and 60 days prior to the pre-ovulatory LH surge) and there appeared to be a shift in the population from small follicles (1-3 mm in diameter) to large follicles (>4 mm diameter) approximately 2 days prior to the LH surge. Corpora lutea could be reliably identified although the majority were cavitated. High ovulation rates (97-100%) and pregnant rates (86-100%) were detected, and although the conception rate was approximately 70% it varied between 8 and 92%. Within the narrow range of the clinical population studied there were trends relating age to reproduction performance. Oestrus induction with a gonadotrophin regime appeared to result in large numbers of small follicles that did not ovulate, whilst when using cabergoline the number of small and large follicels and the number of copora lutea were similar to those of control cycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C W England
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
In dogs, the termination of the 3-10-month obligate anoestrus involves selection of a cohort of LH-sensitive follicles, presumably from a wave of dominant small antral follicles that would otherwise undergo atresia. The number and size of such follicles appears to increase, especially during the last 50 days of anoestrus when the already elevated concentrations of FSH become further elevated. The final selection and eventual terminal development of these follicles is caused by an increased frequency of high-amplitude LH pulses at the end of anoestrus. Concomitant increases in FSH are typically small or negligible. High concentrations of FSH in anoestrus are likely to be important in maintaining, if not stimulating, overlapping waves of dominant follicles throughout anoestrus, their expression of aromatase activity and basal oestradiol secretion sufficient to suppress LH by negative feedback. An attractive hypothesis is that late anoestrus increases in LH-stimulate synthesis of precursor androgen for already available FSH-dependent aromatase. After 7 or more days of elevated LH, and perhaps 2-5 days of semi-autonomous growth, with maximal oestradiol production reached, follicle capacity to further increase oestradiol becomes limited and excess progesterone becomes increasingly secreted. The pre-ovulatory LH surge and oestrus onset are then triggered - often synchronously and in concert with the terminal maturation of the follicles - by central effects of the large decrease in the oestrogen to progestin ratio. Follicular endocrine and paracrine events during and following the LH surge are likely similar to those reported for other species. The prolonged luteal phase lengths of 55-75 days in non-pregnant bitches bracket the 64 +/- 1 day in pregnancy and represent a genetically programmed luteal cell lifespan approximating gestation length as occurs in the luteal phase of hysterectomized animals of most polyoestrous artiodactyls and rodents. The 30-40-day slow regression after day 20 to 30 involves periodic cell death, diminution in cell size, low levels of apoptosis and minimal or modest involvement of endogenous prostaglandin F (PGF) production. The canine corpus luteum (CL) is dependent on both LH and prolactin as stimulating luteotrophins by day 15, and as required luteotrophins by days 20-25, if not earlier. Thereafter, both luteotrophins likely have cellular mechanisms of action similar to those reported for other species. Progesterone secretion during pregnancy is greatly enhanced by characteristic, and probably relaxin-stimulated, increases in prolactin concentration starting at or after day 25, and persisting to term. Near term, foetoplacental maturation results in the placental release of large, luteolytic amounts of PGF for 1-2 days pre-partum. Pre-partum luteolysis, like that induced by exogenous prostaglandin, likely involves a cascade enhanced by the removal of progesterone inhibition of PGF release and some degree of intra-luteal PGF synthesis. That a likely twofold or greater increase in progesterone production by the CL of pregnancy does not result in significantly higher serum progesterone than in non-pregnant metoestrus relates to several biological changes, including a large increase in plasma volume of distribution, increased metabolism of progesterone by increased uterine, placental and mammary masses and increased liver clearance and excretion of progesterone and progesterone metabolite. Anoestrus length and ovarian cycle intervals, variable within and among bitches, are likely affected by neuroendocrine components of an endogenous circannual cycle, albeit only photo-entrained in the Basenji breed. This may be modified by the prior luteal phase, exposure to oestrus female pheromones and as yet unknown mechanisms that likely operate via inhibitory opioidergic and/or stimulatory dopaminergic hypothalamic pathways affecting late anoestrus increases in LH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Concannon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Travis AJ, Kim Y, Meyers-Wallen V. Development of new stem cell-based technologies for carnivore reproduction research. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 44 Suppl 2:22-8. [PMID: 19754531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
New reproductive technologies based on stem cells offer several potential benefits to carnivore species. For example, development of lines of embryonic stem cells in cats and dogs would allow for the generation of transgenic animal models, which could be used to advance both veterinary and human health. Techniques such as spermatogonial stem cell transplantation (SSCT) and testis xenografting offer new approaches to propagate genetically valuable individual males, even if they should die before producing sperm. These techniques might therefore have application to the conservation of endangered species of carnivores, as well as to biomedical research. Recently, our laboratory has successfully performed SSCT in the dog, with a recipient dog producing sperm of donor genetic origin. Testis xenografting has been used to produce sperm from pre-pubertal testis tissue from both cats and ferrets. These early steps reinforce the need not only for research on stem cell technologies, but also for additional research into complementary technologies of assisted reproduction in carnivores, so that the widest array of research and clinical benefits can be realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Travis
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chastant-Maillard S, Chebrout M, Thoumire S, Saint-Dizier M, Chodkiewicz M, Reynaud K. Embryo biotechnology in the dog: a review. Reprod Fertil Dev 2010; 22:1049-56. [DOI: 10.1071/rd09270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine embryos are a scarce biological material because of difficulties in collecting in vivo-produced embryos and the inability, to date, to produce canine embryos in vitro. The procedure for the transfer of in vivo-produced embryos has not been developed adequately, with only six attempts reported in the literature that have resulted in the birth of 45 puppies. In vitro, the fertilisation rate is particularly low (∼10%) and the incidence of polyspermy particularly high. So far, no puppy has been obtained from an in vitro-produced embryo. In contrast, cloning of somatic cells has been used successfully over the past 4 years, with the birth of 41 puppies reported in the literature, a yield that is comparable to that for other mammalian species. Over the same period, canine embryonic stem sells and transgenic cloned dogs have been obtained. Thus, the latest reproductive technologies are further advanced than in vitro embryo production. The lack of fundamental studies on the specific features of reproductive physiology and developmental biology in the canine is regrettable in view of the increasing role of dogs in our society and of the current demand for new biological models in biomedical technology.
Collapse
|
50
|
Wiebe VJ, Howard JP. Pharmacologic advances in canine and feline reproduction. Top Companion Anim Med 2009; 24:71-99. [PMID: 19501345 PMCID: PMC7104932 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Substantial improvements in therapeutic options for companion animal reproduction and gynecologic emergencies have been made over the last decade. New, alternative drug treatments, with fewer side effects and improved efficacy, are available. This has widened the spectrum of therapeutic possibilities for diseases that were previously treated only by surgical intervention. New drugs are available for estrus induction and pregnancy termination, as well as for the treatment of pyometra. This review summarizes the pharmacology and toxicology of reproductive agents currently in use for contraception, pyometra, dystocia, eclampsia, premature labor, agalactia, mastitis, metritis, and prostatic disorders, and compares their efficacy and safety with newer agents. Drug use and exposure during pregnancy and lactation, and subsequent risks to the fetuses, are also explored, with emphasis on antimicrobials, antifungals, anthelminthics, anesthetics, and vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Wiebe
- Department of Pharmacy, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|