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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Laurusevičius T, Šiugždaitė J, Juodžiukynienė N, Kerzienė S, Anskienė L, Jackutė V, Trumbeckas D, Van Soom A, Posastiuc FP, Žilinskas H. Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Methods for Subclinical Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Intact Breeding Male Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1204. [PMID: 38672352 PMCID: PMC11047341 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an androgen-related non-neoplastic enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly affects both reproductive capabilities and the general health of intact dogs. The subclinical form of BPH can be challenging to diagnose due to a lack of clinical signs, even if rectal palpation is performed. Left untreated, this condition poses risks to the dogs' health and breeding status. This study, involving 65 male dogs, aimed to investigate subclinical BPH through rectal palpation, ultrasonography, and analysis of canine prostatic-specific esterase (CPSE). Of the participants, 35 had subclinical BPH, and 30 served as a healthy control group. Dogs suspected of subclinical BPH, as determined by examination results from ultrasonography and CPSE analysis, underwent fine needle aspiration (FNA) guided by ultrasound to enhance diagnostic precision. Findings revealed distinct differences in rectal palpation and ultrasonography between subclinical BPH and healthy dogs. This study established diagnostic thresholds based on prostatic volume and CPSE values and proposed new thresholds for subclinical BPH. Additionally, results showed that prostate gland volume depended on the weight and the age of the dog. In conclusion, early detection of this condition is possible through various examinations, such as changes in ultrasound features, CPSE levels, and rectal palpation. All together, these methods can aid practitioners in early detection of BPH and assist with scheduling screening programs for dogs, ultimately promoting their overall health and reproductive well-being. In conclusion, we advocate for routine, non-invasive prostate screenings in breeding males, underlining the effectiveness of a combination of various multiple techniques for early subclinical BPH detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Laurusevičius
- Kaunas Veterinary Practice, Veiveriu Str. 176a-2, 46415 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Jūratė Šiugždaitė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Nomeda Juodžiukynienė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Sigita Kerzienė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Lina Anskienė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Vaiva Jackutė
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
| | - Darius Trumbeckas
- Department of Urology, Urology Clinic, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Ann Van Soom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.S.); (F.P.P.)
| | - Florin Petrisor Posastiuc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.S.); (F.P.P.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 105 Blvd. Splaiul Independentei, 050097 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Henrikas Žilinskas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžes Str. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (J.Š.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (L.A.); (V.J.); (H.Ž.)
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Bucci R, Del Signore F, Vignoli M, Felici A, Russo M, Maresca C, Carluccio A. Canine prostatic serum esterase and strain and 2D-shear wave sonoelastography for evaluation of normal prostate in dogs: Preliminary results. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1311-1319. [PMID: 37501343 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Canine prostatic serum esterase (CPSE) is considered a useful tool to identify prostate disorders in dogs, with increasing interest in ultrasound (US)-based sonoelastography to non-invasively detect prostate disorders. Since no report is available about a possible correlation between these diagnostic tools, we aimed to investigate a possible correlation between strain elastography (SE) and 2D-shear wave elastography (SWE) and CPSE. Twenty-one dogs were included and, on each animal, CPSE was evaluated followed by a complete US examination and SE and 2D-SWE application. Healthy dogs were identified based on the CPSE results. All the dogs included were characterized by normal CPSE values (<52.3 ng/mL) and normal US prostate appearance. The prostate was characterized by intermediate stiffness with SE (pattern III - 84.7% for the left lobe and 79.27% for the right lobe) and softer than the abdominal wall (SR 0.6 for the left lobe and 0.56 for the right lobe), with low values for both m/s and kilopascals (kPa) for 2D-SWE, pointing that the healthy tissue is not hard. 2D-SWE results were, respectively, 13.51 ± 5.55 kPa and 2.31 ± 0.42 m/s for the left lobe and 18.05 ± 6.47 kPa and 2.39 ± 0.43 m/s for the right lobe. The significant difference between the right and left measurements expressed with kPa, not evidenced with m/s, can be considered indicative of m/s as the most reliable measurement to be considered regarding the prostate parenchyma. Even though no linear correlation was detected between CPSE and elastography values, these preliminary results evidence that the healthy prostates were characterized by a similar elastographic pattern, thus pointing that these techniques can be potentially useful to be applied in case of prostatic disorders to improve the accuracy of the final diagnosis in a non-invasive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Vignoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Russo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Maresca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Augusto Carluccio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Stempel S, Körber H, Reifarth L, Schuler G, Goericke-Pesch S. What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? II. Recovery of Testicular Function after Implant Removal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192545. [PMID: 36230286 PMCID: PMC9559295 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although deslorelin slow-release implants are widely used in the clinic, detailed published information about the recovery of testosterone concentrations (T), semen quality, and testicular and prostatic volume (TV, PV) after treatment is still missing. This article aims to characterize changes during restart after a five-months treatment and subsequent implant removal. Seven male Beagle dogs were treated with deslorelin (treatment group, TG), and three saline-treated dogs served as controls (CG). Deslorelin implants were removed after five months (D ex), followed by detailed andrological examinations for TV, PV, semen collection, and blood sampling for T-analysis with/without GnRH/hCG stimulation tests. TV, PV, and T increased rapidly after D ex in TG, not differing from CG from D91 (TV), D49 (PV), and D14 (T). The first sperm-containing ejaculates were collected between D49 and 70, whereas the samples were normospermic between D84 and 133. A T increase (>0.1 ng/mL) subsequent to the GnRH/hCG stimulation test was observed from D28/29 onwards, respectively. Histological assessment of testicular tissue at the end of the observational period (D149 after implant removal) revealed normal spermatogenesis. Our data confirm that the restart of endocrine and germinative testicular function is highly variable, but nevertheless, all of the effects induced were reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Stempel
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Hanna Körber
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Larena Reifarth
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schuler
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals, Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, 30559 Hanover, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-9538508
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What Happens in Male Dogs after Treatment with a 4.7 mg Deslorelin Implant? I. Flare up and Downregulation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182379. [PMID: 36139239 PMCID: PMC9495213 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Until now, information about the “flare up” and the time to downregulation in male dogs after treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant is strongly limited, regarding testosterone concentrations, testicular and prostatic volume and semen quality. The aim of this study was to provide detailed insights into these open questions. GnRH and hCG stimulation tests were performed to gain further insights into testicular endocrine function. Seven male beagle dogs were treated with a 4.7 mg deslorelin implant, and three animals were treated with saline, representing the controls. In deslorelin-treated dogs, first basal testosterone concentrations were observed earliest on D7 and latest on D28 after treatment. Infertility—based on the lack of semen or spermatozoa— was diagnosed earliest on D35 and latest on D77. After five months, the treatment was still effective in six dogs but was reversed in one deslorelin-treated dog. Abstract Although registered since 2007, knowledge about changes in testosterone concentrations (T), testicular and prostatic volumes (TV, PV) and semen quality, as well as the time point of infertility following treatment with a 4.7 mg deslorelin (DES) slow-release implant, is limited. Therefore, seven sexually mature male dogs were treated with DES (TG); three male dogs treated with saline served as controls (CG). The study assessed local tolerance, TV, PV, semen parameters and T subsequent to GnRH/hCG stimulation in regular intervals. Local tolerance was good. In TG, T was increased right after treatment, but decreased four hours afterwards. Subsequently, TV, PV, semen quality and T decreased over time in TG, but not CG. T was basal (≤0.1 ng/mL) from D28 onwards. Response to GnRH/hCG stimulation was variable, with two TG dogs having increased T post-stimulation on all study days independent of pre-treatment concentrations. A(zoo)spermia in TG was observed from D35–D77 in all seven dogs. Whereas treatment was still effective in six TG dogs five months after implant insertion, it was fully reversed in one dog in terms of T and spermatozoa on the last examination. These results indicate high variation in individual dogs, necessary to consider when advising dog owners.
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Schäfer-Somi S. Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, the most frequent diseases of the prostate gland are benign prostate gland hyperplasia (BPH), acute and chronic prostatitis, squamous metaplasia, and prostate tumors. New diagnostic tools comprise diagnostic markers in the blood and urine, as well as advanced imaging methods. The therapy can be initialized with the 5α-reductase-inhibitor finasteride or an anti-androgenic compound, and prolonged with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)-agonist such as deslorelin. In case of prostatitis, effective antibiotics must be applied for weeks. Antibiotics must be able to penetrate into the prostate tissue; fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and erythromycin are good choices and are in addition effective against mycoplasms. The chronical prostatitis cannot be differentiated from a neoplasia by sonography; a biopsy, histological, and bacteriological examination are required. Tumors of the prostate gland are seldom and mostly occur in castrated but in intact dogs. For the final diagnosis, a biopsy must be taken. Partial and total resection of the prostate gland by use of laser technique is possible but coincedes with many side effects and the prognosis is still futile. Immunotherapy combined with NSAIDs, targeted noninvasive thermotherapy, BRAF gene inhibitors, or prostate artery chemoembolization are promising methods.
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7
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Åhlberg TM, Salonen HM, Laitinen‐Vapaavuori OM, Mölsä SH. CT imaging of dogs with perineal hernia reveals large prostates with morphological and spatial abnormalities. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:530-538. [PMID: 35347797 PMCID: PMC9790208 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of canine perineal hernia (PH) remains unclear, although as a disease of older male dogs, it is likely to be hormonal. The role of the prostate in the formation of PH has been questioned; however, prospective and systematic evaluation of prostates in these dogs is absent in the literature. In this prospective case-control study, CT imaging was used to assess prostatic changes in dogs with PH (n = 46) and compare these findings with those of intact age-matched male dogs (n = 23). Using the OsiriX® DICOM viewer, we measured prostatic volume and correlated it with the size of the dog by using the length of the sixth lumbar vertebra. In addition, we recorded spatial and morphological changes of the prostate, such as heterogenicity, intra- and paraprostatic cysts, and mineralizations, as well as prostatic location and rotation. We found that dogs with PH had larger prostates (P < .001) that more often contained cysts (P < .001) and had larger cyst diameters (P = .013) than age-matched controls. Prostates of PH dogs also contained paraprostatic cysts (17.4%) and focal mineralizations (32.6%), which were absent in the control group. Abnormal rotation and location of the prostate were common in dogs with PH. In conclusion, these findings support the use of CT as an adjunct diagnostic imaging modality for the evaluation of the prostate in dogs with PH. Further studies are needed to evaluate nonprostatic CT findings in the pelvic cavity of PH dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli M. Åhlberg
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Hanna M Salonen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Outi M Laitinen‐Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Sari H Mölsä
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Kizilkan Y, Duran MB, Senel S, Yikilmaz TN, Akbelen B, Toksoz S. The effect of ejaculation time on varicose vein diameter and reflux level. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14090. [PMID: 33913191 DOI: 10.1111/and.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the time interval between ejaculation and scrotal Doppler ultrasonography affects the results of the varicose vein diameter and reflux time. Age, medication use, operation history, physical examination and semen analysis findings, varicose vein diameters and the presence of reflux and reflux time were evaluated prospectively in the patients older than 18 years of age who presented to the urology outpatient clinic with infertility and underwent scrotal Doppler ultrasonography and semen analysis. The time interval between the two scrotal Doppler ultrasonography for semen analysis was noted, the two results were compared. The patients were divided into four groups according to the time interval between ejaculation and scrotal Doppler ultrasonography. The study included 81 varicocele cases, with 57 left-sided and 12 bilateral varicocele. The varicose vein diameters were significantly larger after ejaculation than before ejaculation (p < .001). Similarly, the reflux time after ejaculation in all patients was significantly higher in scrotal Doppler ultrasonography performed before and after ejaculation at rest and during Valsalva manoeuvre (p < .001). In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that a waiting time of at least 90 min must be allowed between ejaculation and scrotal Doppler ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mesut Berkan Duran
- Department of Urology, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Samet Senel
- Department of Urology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Behcet Akbelen
- Department of Radiology, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Serdar Toksoz
- Department of Urology, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey
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Holst BS, Carlin S, Fouriez-Lablée V, Hanås S, Ödling S, Langborg LM, Ubhayasekera SJKA, Bergquist J, Rydén J, Holmroos E, Hansson K. Concentrations of canine prostate specific esterase, CPSE, at baseline are associated with the relative size of the prostate at three-year follow-up. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:173. [PMID: 33902583 PMCID: PMC8074475 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enlargement of the prostate is associated with prostatic diseases in dogs, and an estimation of prostatic size is a central part in the diagnostic workup. Ultrasonography is often the method of choice, but biomarkers constitute an alternative. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) shares many characteristics with human prostate specific antigen (PSA) and is related to prostate size. In men with clinical symptoms of prostatic disease, PSA concentrations are related to prostate growth. The aims of the present follow-up study were to evaluate if the concentration of CPSE is associated with future growth of the prostate, and if analysis of a panel of 16 steroids gives further information on prostatic growth. Owners of dogs included in a previous study were 3 years later contacted for a follow-up study that included an interview and a clinical examination. The prostate was examined by ultrasonography. Serum concentrations of CPSE were measured, as was a panel of steroids. Results Of the 79 dogs included at baseline, owners of 77 dogs (97%) were reached for an interview, and 22 were available for a follow-up examination. Six of the 79 dogs had clinical signs of prostatic disease at baseline, and eight of the remaining 73 dogs (11%) developed clinical signs between baseline and follow-up, information was lacking for two dogs. Development of clinical signs was significantly more common in dogs with a relative prostate size of ≥2.5 at baseline (n = 20) than in dogs with smaller prostates (n = 51). Serum concentrations of CPSE at baseline were not associated with the change in prostatic size between baseline and follow-up. Serum concentrations of CPSE at baseline and at follow-up were positively associated with the relative prostatic size (Srel) at follow-up. Concentrations of corticosterone (P = 0.024), and the class corticosteroids (P = 0.0035) were positively associated with the difference in Srel between baseline and follow-up. Conclusions The results support the use of CPSE for estimating present and future prostatic size in dogs ≥4 years, and the clinical usefulness of prostatic size for predicting development of clinical signs of prostatic disease in the dog. The association between corticosteroids and prostate growth warrants further investigation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02874-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil S Holst
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Carlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Virginie Fouriez-Lablée
- Diagnostic Imaging Clinic, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Hanås
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.,Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | - Sofie Ödling
- Evidensia Specialist Animal Hospital Strömsholm, Strömsholm, Sweden
| | | | - S J Kumari A Ubhayasekera
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry - Biomedical Center, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesper Rydén
- Department of Energy and Technology, Applied Statistics and Mathematics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Holmroos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Ferré-Dolcet L, Sussan B. Acute colonic impaction and faecaloma due to canine benign prostatic hyperplasia - Case report. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:9-13. [PMID: 33844640 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present case report describes the clinical signs and case resolution of an intact 9-year-old male crossbreed dog with spontaneous constipation. The dog presented with abdominal pain, lack of appetite, tenesmus and without signs of defecation in the last 4 days. No important alterations were observed in the complete blood count and biochemistry. A substantial obstruction caused by a faecaloma and a prostate with increased size was observed on X-rays. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was confirmed by ultrasonography (size: 48.29 cm3) and by testing the serum canine prostate-specific arginine esterase concentration (105.97 ng/mL). Colon impaction was resolved with rectal enemas within two days. BPH was treated with osaterone acetate. Ultrasonographic checks were performed after 60 and 180 days from the demission and a concrete constant reduction of prostatic volume and of the clinical signs was established. Faecaloma is an uncommon finding in male dogs, and it occurs especially as a consequence of BPH. Colon impaction in patients with BPH is usually subclinical, but it is important to underline how, in severe cases, perforation of the colon and faecal peritonitis can occur, leading to fatal conditions for the animal. In conclusion, prostatic enlargement should always be considered in male dogs suffering from colonic impaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis Ferré-Dolcet
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - Beatrice Sussan
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
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Khodamoradi P, Amniattalab A, Alizadeh S. Overexpression of GDNF and FGF-1 in Canine Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Evidence for a Pathogenetic Role of Neural Growth Factor. J Comp Pathol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Khodamoradi P, Amniattalab A, Alizadeh S. Overexpression of GDNF and FGF-1 in Canine Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Evidence for a Pathogenetic Role of Neural Growth Factor. J Comp Pathol 2021; 182:43-53. [PMID: 33494907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in aged dogs, but the pathogenesis has not been clearly elucidated. A total of 33 male Iranian dogs of mixed breed and in three age groups (under 3 years [n = 10]; 3-6 years [n = 15]; over 6 years [n = 8]), were investigated. BPH was confirmed by ultrasonography and histopathology in 13 cases. The highest prevalence of BPH was in the 3-6 years age group (8/15; 53.3%). Examination of sections of prostate that had been stained with Masson's trichrome revealed that the intensity of stromal smooth muscle cell staining (P <0.05) and the number of fibroblasts (P = 0.002) were significantly increased in BPH compared with normal prostate glands. Prostate cells from dogs with BPH (n = 13) had a significantly higher intensity of cytoplasmic immunolabelling with antibodies against glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, vimentin, fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), compared with normal prostate glands (n = 20) (P = 0.001), except for PSA, which was negative in both normal and BPH affected prostates. The overexpression of GDNF and FGF-1 in stromal and epithelial cells of prostate glands of dogs with BPH suggests that GDNF has a paracrine or autocrine role in stimulating cellular proliferation. GDNF overexpression may also play a pathogenetic role in promoting chronic prostatitis and increasing fibrosis and the smooth muscle component of the prostate gland in BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouya Khodamoradi
- Department of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Amniattalab
- Department of Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Siamak Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
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13
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Melandri M, Alonge S. Highlights on the Canine Prostatic Specific Esterase (CPSE): A diagnostic and screening tool in veterinary andrology. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:35-40. [PMID: 32881401 PMCID: PMC7840190 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, the need to look for an accurate and precise diagnosis of prostatic diseases in dogs has grown. Among other diagnostic tools, the seric CPSE has been studied and identified as a valid and specific biomarker for prostatic disorders, since it can result significantly more elevated in dogs affected by several prostatic abnormalities, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, bacterial prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, dosing CPSE in serum represents a new diagnostic and screening tool. Dosing CPSE in everyday clinical practice has three objectives: (a) the diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia; (b) the preventive screening of prostatic disorders in healthy dogs; (c) the medical follow‐up in subjects with prostatic disorders during and after medical therapy. Neither circadian rhythms nor transrectal palpation performed during the andrological examination do affect CPSE. A sexual rest of at least 24 hr before dosing CPSE is recommended as it is affected by ejaculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
| | - Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
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14
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Driancourt MA, Briggs JR. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonist Implants for Male Dog Fertility Suppression: A Review of Mode of Action, Efficacy, Safety, and Uses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:483. [PMID: 32923467 PMCID: PMC7456901 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, only surgical sterilization is available for veterinarians and pet owners seeking suppression of fertility in male dogs, in most countries. An alternative contraceptive alternative approach is GnRH releasing implants that desensitize the pituitary to the stimulatory effects of GnRH and thereby block testicular function (testosterone and sperm production). Two GnRH agonists (deslorelin and azagly-nafarelin) have been researched in controlled release formulations for this purpose. A deslorelin-releasing biodegradable implant, marketed under the name Suprelorin®, has been available in Australia and New Zealand since 2007, the European Union (EU) since 2008, and received regulatory approval in China and Mexico in late 2019. Two versions of the implant are available, one labeled for a minimum of 6 months of fertility suppression in male dogs, and the other for a minimum of 12 months in male dogs. Another GnRH agonist (azagly-nafarelin) was also included in a solid implant (Gonazon®). Research results showed it delivered 6-months to 1 year of suppressed fertility; however, it is not commercialized. This review paper summarizes research on the mechanism of action for these technologies and compiles and interprets the research on efficacy and safety. New findings on usage of the deslorelin releasing implant in countries where veterinarians and pet owners have this option is shared. Research on off-label use of the product in male dogs is also reviewed. This review aims to aid in the evaluation of the deslorelin releasing implant as an adjunct or alternative for surgical sterilization of male dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce R Briggs
- Alliance for Contraception in Cats and Dogs, Portland, OR, United States
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15
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Tesi M, Lazzarini G, Magliaro C, Abramo F, Fanelli D, Miragliotta V, Rota A. Age-related changes of seminiferous tubule morphology, interstitial fibrosis and spermatogenesis in dogs. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 219:106534. [PMID: 32828409 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There are age-related changes in testicular anatomy and physiology whereby there are modifications of sperm production and reproductive hormone functions. Effects of age on testicular microanatomy are well documented in humans, while there is limited understanding of these changes in dogs. The aim of this study was to evaluate age-related changes of seminiferous tubule morphology, interstitial fibrosis and spermatogenesis in dogs. Dogs (n = 32) were divided into four age groups: peripubertal (n = eight), relatively younger (n = seven), reproductively mature (n = seven) and relatively older (n = ten). Picrosirius Red stained sections were used for morphometrical analysis of testicular tissues, while the characteristics of seminiferous epithelium were assessed using a modified Johnsen scoring system for haematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Seminiferous epithelium and seminiferous tubule area increased from peripuberty to reproductive maturity, indicating there were changes during sexual maturation and subsequently there were decreases with further aging. There was a similar age-related trend for changes in seminiferous epithelium height with values being greatest in reproductively mature dogs; while there were no age-related differences in tubular diameter. Collagen content in the testicular interstitium gradually decreased from peripuberty to the age when dogs were reproductively mature and there were subsequent increases in relatively older dogs, thus, there was an association between the extent of testicular fibrosis and senescence. There was a decrease in spermatogenetic functions from relatively younger to older ages. Further investigations are warranted to establish mechanisms responsible for age-related changes of testicular morphology and related clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tesi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Diana Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Rota
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Italy
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16
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Mantziaras G. Imaging of the male reproductive tract: Not so easy as it looks like. Theriogenology 2020; 150:490-497. [PMID: 32241560 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnostic imaging is one of the most important tools in the breeding soundness evaluation of dogs and cats with reproduction problems. In recent years several imaging techniques have been developed, trying to aid the diagnosis and to differentiate between abnormal findings. This review presents the current knowledge on the imaging of normal and abnormal testes, spermatic cord, excurrent duct system, scrotum, accessory sex glands, penis and muscles for protrusion, erection and ejaculation of the dog and of cat. It also highlights the weak points and disadvantages of each imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mantziaras
- EchoVet Small Animal Clinic, Kifissias Avenue 22, Marousi, Athens, 15125, Greece.
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17
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Golchin-Rad K, Mogheiseh A, Nazifi S, Ahrari Khafi MS, Derakhshandeh N, Abbaszadeh-Hasiri M. Changes in the Serum Prostatic Biomarkers During the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with a 5alpha-reductase Inhibitor: Finasteride. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 38:100405. [PMID: 32115076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of serum prostatic biomarkers during the treatment will help clinicians to know the statement of the response to finasteride in dogs affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The present study was aimed to assess changes in the serum canine prostate-specific esterase (CPSE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prostate volume evaluation using ultrasonographic examination during the treatment with finasteride in BPH-induced dogs. Twenty dogs were divided into 4 groups (n = 5): BPH + finasteride group, dogs which were induced for BPH and received oral finasteride once daily for 1 month; BPH group, dogs which were induced for BPH and received placebo; finasteride group, normal dogs which received finasteride; and normal group, normal intact dogs which did not receive treatment. Blood sampling and ultrasonography examination were performed on days 0, 14, and 28. The administration of finasteride led to a significant decrease in the concentration of the prostate-specific biomarkers (PSA, CPSE), DHT, testosterone, and the volume of the prostate in BPH + finasteride group compared with the BPH group during 1 month. Interestingly, the PAP concentration did not change in the BPH-induced dogs and in dogs treated with finasteride. It seems that the monitoring of serum PSA and CPSE levels and ultrasonographic examination of the prostate are useful methods for following up the response to finasteride treatment in dogs affected by BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Golchin-Rad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Asghar Mogheiseh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran.
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | | | - Nooshin Derakhshandeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
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18
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MRI-guided, transrectal, intraprostatic steam application as potential focal therapeutic modality for prostatic diseases in a large animal translational model: A feasibility follow-up study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226764. [PMID: 31869376 PMCID: PMC6927626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parallel to establishment of diagnostic surveillance protocols for detection of prostatic diseases, novel treatment strategies should be developed. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the feasibility and possible side effects of transrectal, MRI-targeted intraprostatic steam application in dogs as an established large animal translational model for prostatic diseases in humans. Twelve healthy experimental, intact, male beagle dogs without evidence of prostatic pathology were recruited. An initial MRI examination was performed, and MRI-targeted steam was applied intraprostatically immediately thereafter. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), clinical and ultrasonographic examinations were performed periodically following the procedure to assess treatment effect. Four weeks after treatment, all dogs underwent follow-up MRI examinations and three needle-core biopsies were obtained from each prostatic lobe. Descriptive statistics were performed. MRI-guided intraprostatic steam application was successfully performed in the study population. The first day after steam application, 7/12 dogs had minimal signs of discomfort (grade 1/24 evaluated with the short-form Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale) and no dogs showed any sign of discomfort by day 6. CRP elevations were detected in 9/12 dogs during the first week post steam application. Mild to moderate T2 hyperintense intraparenchymal lesions were identified during follow-up MRI in 11/12 dogs four weeks post procedure. Ten of these lesions enhanced mild to moderately after contrast administration. Coagulative necrosis or associated chronic inflammatory response was detected in 80.6% (58/72) of the samples obtained. MRI-targeted intraprostatic steam application is a feasible technique and displays minimal side effects in healthy dogs as translational model for human prostatic diseases. This opens the possibility of minimally invasive novel treatment strategies for intraprostatic lesions.
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19
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Melandri M, Barella G, Alonge S. Assessment of the optimal age for a preventive ultrasonographic screening of the uterine health in bitches. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1182-1187. [PMID: 31187907 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies about prevalence of uterine pathologies in bitches are scarce. Although correlation between age and uterine disorders was documented, the most suitable age for a preventive sonographic screening has not been proposed yet. Present study aimed to estimate the eligible age for an ultrasonographic screening of uterine abnormalities in dogs. Data regarding ultrasound examination and clinical records of non-pregnant intact females were retrospectively analysed. The age of each bitch was expressed as age ratio (actual/maximum age expected for the respective breed). The cut-off age ratio was determined by a ROC curve for overall uterine abnormalities. Frequencies of different abnormalities below and over the cut-off derived from the ROC curve were calculated and statistically analysed by chi-Square and OR. Prevalence of three categories of ultrasonographic findings was as follows: cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) 18%; uterine collections (UC) 10.5%; masses (M) 1.3%. By the cut-off age ratio (0.325), derived by ROC curve (AUC = 0.91; SP 84.23%; SE 79.2%; PPV 83.4%; NPV 80%), 228 cases were divided into two subgroups: bitches over (exposed group: n.83) and below cut-off (control group: n.145). All abnormalities resulted more frequent in exposed group: OR was 24.96 (p < 0.0001: 71.1% over vs. 9% below cut-off) for overall abnormalities; 13.68 (p < 0.0001: 40.9% vs. 4.8%) for CEH; 6.13 (p < 0.002: 21.7% vs. 4.1%) for UC; 12.65 (p = 0.09: 3.6% vs. 0%) for M. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia represents the most common finding in adult bitches, followed by UC. A preventive sonographic screening for uterine abnormalities should start from 33% of expected longevity to preventively select animals requiring further evaluations.
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Aiudi G, Lacalandra GM. Advances in Prostatic Diagnostics in Dogs: The Role of Canine Prostatic Specific Esterase in the Early Diagnosis of Prostatic Disorders. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:105-108. [DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Leoci R, Lacalandra GM, Aiudi G. Ejaculation effect on blood testosterone and prostatic pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasound in dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53 Suppl 2:70-73. [PMID: 30238660 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Local vessels ultrasonography evaluates prostatic physio-pathologic states. Testosterone promotes tissue and vascular growth. Knowing variables on prostatic vasculature is crucial to correctly apply Pulsed-Wave exam. The study aims to assess how ejaculation and blood testosterone affect Pulsed-Wave indexes. Serial blood testosterone dosages and Pulsed-Wave exams were performed in 20 dogs, immediately before (T0) and after (T1) ejaculation and 6 hr later (T2). Arteria prostatica cranialis, Arteriola capsularis, Arteriola trabecularis and Arteriola parenchimalis were evaluated and mean Pulsatility and Resistivity Index, Systolic-Peak, End-Diastolic and Mean Velocity calculated. Data were grouped by time and vessel (ANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). At T1, Resistivity Index significantly lowered in A. prostatica cranialis, A. trabecularis and A. parenchimalis but grew in A. capsularis; Pulsatility Index had the same pattern, but not significant in A. parenchimalis; Systolic Peak Velocity, End-Diastolic Velocity, Mean Velocity significantly rose in A. capsularis and A. trabecularis. No indexes differed at T0 and T2. Testosterone did not differ at T0 (10.93 ± 7.05 ng/ml), T1 (12.71 ± 7.29) and T2 (10.54 ± 6.63). Results stated the risen prostatic vascular flow postejaculation, affecting Pulsed-Wave. Due to semi-rigid capsule, impairing vasodilation of other vessels, only A. capsularis indexes increased. Intimal cushions of A. prostatica cranialis kept velocities fixed; A. capsularis and A. trabecularis lack of intimal cushions, thus velocities grew. In A. parenchimalis, precapillary sphincters opening allows increased flow redistribution in vasodilated parenchymal bed, keeping velocities fixed. As testosterone, not affected by ejaculation, did not peak, vascular changes are not due to testosterone itself. These physiological effects of ejaculation suggest proper sexual rest before Pulsed-Wave exam planned to explore suspected prostatic neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy.,Section of Surgery and Obstetrics, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" Srl, Sesto Calende, Varese, Italy
| | - Raffaella Leoci
- Section of Surgery and Obstetrics, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni M Lacalandra
- Section of Surgery and Obstetrics, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio Aiudi
- Section of Surgery and Obstetrics, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DiMeV), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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22
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23
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Leoci R, Lacalandra GM, Aiudi G. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) as an useful biomarker in preventive screening programme of canine prostate: CPSE threshold value assessment and its correlation with ultrasonographic prostatic abnormalities in asymptomatic dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 53:359-364. [PMID: 29164718 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased attention that pet-owners devote to their animals and to the improved veterinary care, investigations regarding methods to early detect prostatic disorders that might affect canine life quality have been performed. Canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) concentration was reported to be higher in dogs suffering from prostatic diseases. This study aimed to estimate the CPSE threshold as a biomarker to early identify prostatic diseases in asymptomatic dogs. The ultrasonographic examination of the prostate was performed in 19 dogs (6-40 kg; 1-5 years) with no symptoms of prostatic diseases. Dogs were grouped according to the presence (Group A) or absence (Group B) of prostatic disorders at the ultrasound (altered appearance, the presence of cysts or irregular borders). For each dog, a venous blood sample was collected to measure serum CPSE and the ratio between calculated and normal expected prostatic volume was assessed for each dog. The CPSE data were statistically analysed (t test, p < .05), and the CPSE threshold in blood serum between groups was calculated by ROC. In 11 dogs, ultrasonography showed signs of prostatic abnormalities (Group A, 2-5 years), while no signs were detected in eight dogs (Group B, 1-3 years). The calculated/estimated volume ratio resulted greater than 1.5 in Group A dogs. The CPSE was statistically different between groups (p < .0001): higher in Group A (mean = 184.9, SD = 126 ng/ml) than in Group B (38.9 ± 22.1 ng/ml). The cut-off CPSE threshold was 52.3 ng/ml (ROC, AUC = 0.974, SE 95.6%, SP 89.2%). This study suggests that CPSE serum concentration higher than 50 ng/ml in asymptomatic dogs is associated with ultrasonographic alterations and increased the prostatic size (volume by 1.5 times greater than the normal size). As the onset of prostatic disorders often remains asymptomatic, the rapid assessment of CPSE could be suitable for selecting preventively those animals that would require further accurate evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alonge
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" srl, Sesto Calende, Italy.,Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - M Melandri
- Società Veterinaria "Il Melograno" srl, Sesto Calende, Italy
| | - R Leoci
- Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - G M Lacalandra
- Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - G Aiudi
- Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions, Department of D.E.T.O., University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Alonge S, Melandri M, Fanciullo L, Lacalandra GM, Aiudi G. Prostate vascular flow: The effect of the ejaculation on the power doppler ultrasonographic examination. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:110-115. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Alonge
- Ambulatorio Veterinario “Il Melograno”; Sesto Calende Italy
- Department of D. E. T. O.; Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions; University of Bari “Aldo Moro”; Valenzano Italy
| | - M Melandri
- Ambulatorio Veterinario “Il Melograno”; Sesto Calende Italy
| | - L Fanciullo
- Ambulatorio Veterinario “Il Melograno”; Sesto Calende Italy
| | - GM Lacalandra
- Department of D. E. T. O.; Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions; University of Bari “Aldo Moro”; Valenzano Italy
| | - G Aiudi
- Department of D. E. T. O.; Section of Veterinary Clinics and Animal Productions; University of Bari “Aldo Moro”; Valenzano Italy
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