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Will KJ, Zanin GP, Magoga J, da Rosa Ulguim R, Mellagi APG, Bortolozzo FP. Effect of peripartum dexamethasone treatment on farrowing outcomes and newborn piglet traits in multiparous sows. Theriogenology 2024; 223:22-28. [PMID: 38657436 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of dexamethasone treatment on farrowing performance and piglet traits in the first 5 days of life in multiparous sows, a high-risk group for stillbirths and prolonged farrowing. In this study, 185 multiparous sows (parity 4.25 ± 0.14) were selected on the day of farrowing and divided into three treatments: CON - control, without dexamethasone treatment; DexaPF - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im per female) at the time of copious colostrum secretion (pre-farrowing); and DexaFO - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im per female) when the first piglet was born (farrowing onset). All sows and their litters were monitored for farrowing duration, obstetric interventions, colostrum yield and intake, newborn piglet traits, and piglet performance until 5 d of age. A subsample of 106 females (∼35 per treatment) had their blood glucose concentration checked hourly shortly after the first piglet was born until the end of farrowing. Additionally, blood samples from 42 litters were collected for immunocrit evaluation. The results showed no differences regarding farrowing duration (CON = 258.02 ± 13.81 min; DexaPF = 251.29 ± 13.60 min; DexaFO = 294.92 ± 13.89 min; P = 0.06) and obstetric intervention rates among treatments (CON = 36.58 ± 6.78 %; DexaPF = 42.16 ± 6.89 %; DexaFO = 48.05 ± 7.08 %; P = 0.45). The blood glucose concentration during farrowing was higher in DexaPF (94.56 ± 1.57 mg/dL; P < 0.001) than in CON (73.50 ± 1.72 mg/dL) and DexaFO (87.94 ± 1.80 mg/dL). No differences were observed regarding total piglets born and born alive, stillborn, newborn piglet vitality, colostrum intake, immunocrit, colostrum yield, and glycemia and rectal temperature at 24 h of age (P ≥ 0.13). Regarding meconium staining, higher percentages of piglets born without meconium staining were observed in DexaFO (54.77 ± 5.21 %; P = 0.02) compared with CON (48.58 ± 5.26 %), and no difference was observed for the DexaPF group (53.23 ± 5.21 %). In addition, a higher unbroken umbilical cord rate was observed in DexaFO (92.41 ± 1.31 %; P < 0.01) than the CON or DexaPF (86.91 ± 1.97 % and 89.31 ± 1.67 %, respectively). However, the treatments did not affect piglet performance (weight gain and survival) until 5 d of age (P ≥ 0.15). In summary, dexamethasone treatment in periparturient multiparous sows did not improve farrowing performance and key production parameters, such as the piglet weight gain and survival up to 5 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Jaqueline Will
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Piovesan Zanin
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joana Magoga
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Carnevale RF, Muro BBD, Leal DF, Alves LKS, Monteiro MS, Gomes NAC, Pereira FA, Ferreira FNA, Neta CSS, Watanabe TTN, Almond GW, Garbossa CAP. The effects of feeding sows at onset of farrowing supplemental energy (blend of carbohydrates and glycerol) on farrowing kinetics and piglet vitality. Animal 2024; 18:101104. [PMID: 38417217 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivering piglets is one of the most energy-demanding activities sows undergo in their lifetime. Sows can have myometrial contractions from 2 to 12 h before the first piglet is expelled as well as a nest-building behavior. Thus, when the first piglet is delivered, the female has already used part of her energy supply. When the sow gets exhausted due to lack of energy, the farrowing process can be interrupted, causing damage to the viability and vitality of the piglets. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of feeding sows an energy supplement at the onset of farrowing on farrowing kinetics and piglet vitality. The energy supplement consisted of a blend of carbohydrates and glycerol which provides 439 kJ of metabolizable energy per kg of metabolic weight. A total of 180 sows were used. At the onset of farrowing, sows were assigned to one of the following treatments: sows that were not supplied energy at the onset of farrowing, serving as controls (CON, n = 85); sows fed the energy supplement at the onset of farrowing (ESP, n = 95). Farrowing kinetics, blood glucose concentration, and piglet vitality were recorded for each sow. Blood glucose concentration was assessed by puncturing the auricular vein and using a portable glucometer at four different time points: after the birth of the 1st piglet (T0), and at 20 (T20), 40 (T40), 80 (T80), and 180 (T180) min after the birth of the 1st piglet. The vitality of the 1st, 6th, 12th, 17th, and 20th piglet born was evaluated using the Apgar score. Piglet birth weight and average colostrum intake were measured. The farrowing duration was 20 min shorter (P < 0.05) for ESP sows in comparison with CON sows. Sows from ESP treatment had higher (P ≤ 0.05) blood glucose concentration at T20 and T40 compared to the CON sows. The inter-piglet birth interval was shortened (P < 0.05) by 14 min between the 1st and 2nd piglet for the ESP treatment. The 17th and 20th piglets born from ESP sows had higher (P < 0.05) Apgar score compared to piglets of the same birth order from CON sows. Colostrum intake was higher (P < 0.01) for piglets born from ESP sows. Litter growth performance did not differ (P > 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a blend of carbohydrates and glycerol as an energy supplement for farrowing sows improved farrowing kinetics and piglet vitality score.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - B B D Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | | | - L K S Alves
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - M S Monteiro
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos, SP 13563-651, Brazil
| | - N A C Gomes
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - F A Pereira
- Technical Services Department, Agroceres Multimix, Rio Claro, SP 13502-741, Brazil
| | - F N A Ferreira
- Technical Services Department, Agroceres Multimix, Rio Claro, SP 13502-741, Brazil
| | - C S S Neta
- Technical Services Department, Agroceres Multimix, Rio Claro, SP 13502-741, Brazil
| | - T T N Watanabe
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - G W Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - C A P Garbossa
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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Hoai Nam N, Sukon P. Effect of oxytocin administration at different time points during parturition on the farrowing process in sows. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2147183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoai Nam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Peerapol Sukon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research Program on Toxic Substances, Microorganisms and Feed Additives in Livestock and Aquatic Animals for Food Safety, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Schoos A, Muro BBD, Carnevale RF, Chantziaras I, Biebaut E, Janssens GPJ, Maes D. Relationship between piglets' survivability and farrowing kinetics in hyper-prolific sows. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:37. [PMID: 37641115 PMCID: PMC10464185 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged farrowing and more piglets born with low birth weight are undesirable consequences of genetic selection for increased litter size. The objective of the present observational study was to evaluate the relationship between piglets' survivability and farrowing kinetics in hyperprolific sows. A total of 58 sows of different parities and 1190 piglets were included. The entire farrowing process was monitored and the following parameters were recorded: inter-piglet birth interval, birth order, total born, live born, dead born, and mummified piglets, obstetric intervention, weight at birth and 24h, colostrum yield and intake. RESULTS The sows included in this study had on average 20.6 ± 0.6 total piglets born, of which 16.4 ± 0.6 were live born, 3.3 ± 0.4 were stillborn and 0.9 ± 0.2 were mummified piglets. The average farrowing duration and average birth interval were 411.3 ± 31.6 and 20.6 ± 1.7 min, respectively. Farrowing duration was positively associated (p < 0.05) with parity, number of stillborn and mummified piglets. Piglet mortality 24h after birth was negatively affected (p < 0.01) by birth weight and positively affected (p < 0.01) by cumulative birth interval. The last tercile of piglets born (birth order ≥ 17) had the highest (p < 0.01) inter-piglet birth interval (IPBI) (43.4 ± 4.17 min) compared to piglets born in the first (birth order between 2 and 7) (26.5 ± 3.8 min) and second (birth order between 8 and 16) terciles (21.9 ± 3.8 min). Cumulative birth interval, birth weight, occurrence of stillborn piglets and manual intervention were positively associated (p < 0.05) with IPBI. Piglet birth weight was also positively associated (p < 0.01) to individual colostrum intake. Piglets ingesting more colostrum had lower (p < 0.01) mortality from 24h after birth until weaning. Sow's parity and cumulative birth interval were positively associated with the presence of stillborn piglets (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION Reducing farrowing duration may be crucial to decrease stillbirth rate and neonatal mortality in hyperprolific sows. Moreover, special care must be provided to the lighter piglets within a litter to increase their colostrum intake and minimize piglet's mortality throughout lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schoos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Bracco Donatelli Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Fernandes Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilias Chantziaras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Evelien Biebaut
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Paul Jules Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Muro BBD, Carnevale RF, Monteiro MS, Yao R, Ferreira FNA, Neta CSS, Pereira FA, Maes D, Janssens GPJ, Almond GW, Garbossa CAP, Watanabe TTN, Leal DF. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Creep Feeding Effects on Piglet Pre- and Post-Weaning Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2156. [PMID: 37443957 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present systematic review and meta-analysis, we evaluated the effects of providing piglets with creep feed during lactation on piglet pre- and post-weaning performance. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Creep feeding in lactation improved pre-weaning piglet performance in 46% of the studies selected, while 58% of the included studies reported that creep feeding in lactation improved piglet performance during the nursery phase. Creep feeding increased the average piglet body weight (creep = 7.23 ± 0.30, no creep = 6.96 ± 0.31; p = 0.03) and litter weight (creep = 81.2 ± 4.18, no creep = 76.4 ± 4.22; p < 0.001) at weaning. The average piglet body weight and litter weight were positively associated (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively) with total creep feed intake. Creep feeding of piglets for more than 14 days increased (p = 0.003) the litter weight at weaning compared to litters not provided or provided for shorter periods with creep feed. The present work strengthened the notion that creep feeding during lactation presents opportunities for improving weaning weights and post-weaning piglet performance compared to litters not provided or provided for shorter periods with creep feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B D Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos 13563-651, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus S Monteiro
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos 13563-651, SP, Brazil
| | - Renjie Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Clarice S S Neta
- Agreceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro 13502-741, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Pereira
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Agreceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro 13502-741, SP, Brazil
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane T N Watanabe
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
- Nerthus Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento LTDA, São Carlos 13563-651, SP, Brazil
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Bienboire-Frosini C, Muns R, Marcet-Rius M, Gazzano A, Villanueva-García D, Martínez-Burnes J, Domínguez-Oliva A, Lezama-García K, Casas-Alvarado A, Mota-Rojas D. Vitality in Newborn Farm Animals: Adverse Factors, Physiological Responses, Pharmacological Therapies, and Physical Methods to Increase Neonate Vigor. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091542. [PMID: 37174579 PMCID: PMC10177313 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitality is the vigor newborn animals exhibit during the first hours of life. It can be assessed by a numerical score, in which variables, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, mucous membranes' coloration, time the offspring took to stand up, and meconium staining, are monitored. Vitality can be affected by several factors, and therapies are used to increase it. This manuscript aims to review and analyze pharmacological and physical therapies used to increase vitality in newborn farm animals, as well as to understand the factors affecting this vitality, such as hypoxia, depletion of glycogen, birth weight, dystocia, neurodevelopment, hypothermia, and finally, the physiological mechanism to achieve thermostability. It has been concluded that assessing vitality immediately after birth is essential to determine the newborn's health and identify those that need medical intervention to minimize the deleterious effect of intrapartum asphyxia. Vitality assessment should be conducted by trained personnel and adequate equipment. Evaluating vitality could reduce long-term neonatal morbidity and mortality in domestic animals, even if it is sometimes difficult with the current organization of some farms. This review highlights the importance of increasing the number of stock people during the expected days of parturitions to reduce long-term neonatal morbidity and mortality, and thus, improve the farm's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Ramon Muns
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough BT 26 6DR, Northern Ireland, UK
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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Carnevale RF, Muro BBD, Pierozan CR, Monteiro MS, Leal DF, Poor AP, Alves LKS, Gomes NAC, Silva CA, Maes D, Janssens GPJ, Almond GW, Garbossa CAP. Peripheral glycemia and farrowing traits in pigs: An observational study. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Will KJ, Magoga J, De Conti ER, da Rosa Ulguim R, Mellagi APG, Bortolozzo FP. Relationship between dexamethasone treatment around parturition of primiparous sows and farrowing performance and newborn piglet traits. Theriogenology 2023; 198:256-263. [PMID: 36623428 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the relationship between the steroidal anti-inflammatory action of dexamethasone treatment in primiparous sows and farrowing and piglet performance in the first 5 d of life. For this purpose, 234 gilts were selected on the day of farrowing and distributed among three treatments: CON - control, without dexamethasone treatment; DexaPF - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im) per female at the moment of copious colostrum secretion (pre-farrowing); and DexaFO - treatment with dexamethasone (20 mg im), per female when the first piglet was born (farrowing onset). All females and their litters were evaluated regarding farrowing duration, obstetric interventions, colostrum yield and intake, newborn piglet traits, and piglet performance until 5 d of age. A subsample of 79 females (∼26 per treatment) had their blood glucose concentration evaluated hourly shortly after the first piglet was born until the end of farrowing. Additionally, blood samples from 11 litters per treatment were collected for immunocrit evaluation. As a result, faster farrowing was observed in the DexaPF treatment (188.14 min; P = 0.002) compared with CON (229.99 min) and DexaFO (221.79 min). Additionally, lower obstetric intervention rates were observed in sows treated with dexamethasone (DexaPF = 7.69%; DexaFO = 5.13%) compared with CON (19.23%; P = 0.02). The sow's blood glucose concentration during farrowing was higher in DexaPF (90.55 mg/dL) than in CON (73.15 mg/dL) and DexaFO (80.06 mg/dL) treatments (P < 0.01). Besides the effect on farrowing duration, no differences among treatments were observed regarding piglets born alive and stillbirths, newborn piglet vitality, colostrum consumption, immunocrit, and colostrum yield (P ≥ 0.17). Regarding piglet traits, higher percentages of piglets born without meconium staining and lower percentages of piglets with meconium scores 2 and 3 were observed in the groups treated with dexamethasone (DexaPF and DexaFO; P < 0.01) compared with CON. However, piglet weight gain and survival rate until 5 d of age were not affected by the treatment (P ≥ 0.61). In summary, dexamethasone treatment before farrowing onset, in primiparous sows, had the potential to reduce the farrowing duration and the necessity of obstetric intervention, but it did not affect the main productive parameters such as the occurrence of stillbirths, piglet weight gain, and survival rates until 5 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Jaqueline Will
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Joana Magoga
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Elisa Rigo De Conti
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa Ulguim
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gonçalves Mellagi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pandolfo Bortolozzo
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária, Setor de Suínos, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, CEP 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Marcet-Rius M, Bienboire-Frosini C, Lezama-García K, Domínguez-Oliva A, Olmos-Hernández A, Mora-Medina P, Hernández-Ávalos I, Casas-Alvarado A, Gazzano A. Clinical Experiences and Mechanism of Action with the Use of Oxytocin Injection at Parturition in Domestic Animals: Effect on the Myometrium and Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040768. [PMID: 36830555 PMCID: PMC9952595 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a key hormone for parturition and maternal traits in animals. During the peripartum period, the levels of endogenous oxytocin dictate physiological events such as myometrial contractions, prostaglandin production with the subsequent increase in oxytocin receptors, and the promotion of lactation when administered immediately after birth. While this hormone has some benefits regarding these aspects, the exogenous administration of oxytocin has been shown to have detrimental effects on the fetus, such as asphyxia, meconium staining, ruptured umbilical cords, and more dystocia cases in females. This review aims to analyze the main effects of oxytocin on myometrial activity during parturition, and its potential favorable and negative administration effects reflected in the fetus health of domestic animals. In conclusion, it is convenient to know oxytocin's different effects as well as the adequate doses and the proper moment to administrate it, as it can reduce labor duration, but it can also increase dystocia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
- Correspondence: (M.M.-R.); (A.D.-O.)
| | - Cécile Bienboire-Frosini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Chemical Communication, Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology (IRSEA), 84400 Apt, France
| | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence: (M.M.-R.); (A.D.-O.)
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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10
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Baxter EM, Hall SA, Farish M, Donbavand J, Brims M, Jack M, Lawrence AB, Camerlink I. Piglets' behaviour and performance in relation to sow characteristics. Animal 2023; 17:100699. [PMID: 36657298 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of maternal care in commercial pig production is largely ignored. The sow has little possibility to interact with her piglets, and piglets are often subjected to early weaning or artificial rearing. This study aimed to investigate aspects of physiological and behavioural maternal provisioning that contribute to offspring outcomes. We hypothesised that better maternal care and nutritional provisioning would relate positively to piglet immunity, growth and behaviour. Nineteen sows and their litters were studied in free-farrowing pens. Oxytocin and tumour necrosis factor-α in colostrum/milk and salivary cortisol were sampled from sows throughout lactation. Sows were assessed for dominance rank, response to handling, maternal defensiveness, suckling initiation and termination, posture and sow-piglet contact. Piglets were weighed, measured for body mass index (BMI) and sampled for blood (Immunoglobulin G; at birth). After weaning, they experienced a human approach test (HAT) and novel object test. Correlations were explored between individual sow characteristics, individual piglet outcomes, and between sow characteristics and piglet outcomes averaged by litter. Significant correlations between sow and piglet factors were analysed at the litter level in mixed models with piglet outcomes as response variables and sow characteristics as predictor variables, while accounting for sow parity, litter size and batch. Litters grew faster when their sow had lower cortisol values (P = 0.03), while sows with lower cortisol levels had more successful suckling bouts and engaged in greater amounts of sow-piglet contact. Litters had a lower BMI at weaning when the sow had a higher milk fat percentage at d3. Litters of the most dominant sows took longer to approach the human in the HAT, while litters of sows with higher cortisol at d0 took longer to approach the novel object when assessed on correlations (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) but not when the model accounted for parity and litter size (P = 0.35). Only some of the measured nutritive and non-nutritive sow factors influenced litter performance and behaviour, with parity and litter size also playing a role. Given the continued increase in litter size, but also the interest in loose-housed lactation pens for sows, further research on sows' maternal investment and how it can be optimised is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Baxter
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Sarah A Hall
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Marianne Farish
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jo Donbavand
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Mark Brims
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Mhairi Jack
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Alistair B Lawrence
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences, SRUC, Peter Wilson Building King's Buildings, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Irene Camerlink
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland.
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11
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Diehl B, Oster M, Vernunft A, Wimmers K, Bostedt H. Intrinsic challenges of neonatal adaptation in swine. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:427-438. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-427-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The losses of piglets in commercial pig farming remain at
concerning levels and need to be addressed through the implementation of new
sustainable breeding and management strategies. In fact, piglets are
especially at risk in the first days of life. Both genetics and the
farrowing process have been shown to impact piglet vitality. In addition,
knowledge of the animal-intrinsic responses in adapting to extra-uterine
life is particularly important but is scarcely described in the scientific
literature. In this review, the three phases that constitute neonatal
adaptation in the pig are systematically presented. The first phase of early
adaptation involves primarily the development of cardiorespiratory function
(within the first 10 min of life) as well as thermoregulatory processes
and acid–base balance (up to 24 h of life). In the second phase,
homeostasis is established, and organ maturation takes place (up to 14 d
post natum). The final third phase aims at the development of neurological,
immunological and muscular features (up to 28 d of life). The involvement
of aggravating and ameliorating factors such as dystocia, low colostrum
yield and heat supply is key to the development of strategies to reduce
piglet losses and increase vitality. The insights are of particular value in
addressing current concerns in pig farming and to further improve animal
welfare in pig production across different management types.
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12
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Monteiro MS, Matias DN, Poor AP, Dutra MC, Moreno LZ, Parra BM, Silva APS, Matajira CEC, de Moura Gomes VT, Barbosa MRF, Sato MIZ, Moreno AM. Causes of Sow Mortality and Risks to Post-Mortem Findings in a Brazilian Intensive Swine Production System. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141804. [PMID: 35883351 PMCID: PMC9312163 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for post-mortem findings and causes of sow mortality. A post-mortem examination and microbiological investigation were conducted on 123 sows from a breeding herd with 15,000 dams. The mortality of spontaneous death in sows occurred mostly in the peripartum period (53%; p < 0.05). The spontaneous deaths were associated with heart failures, hemorrhagic and perforating gastric ulcers, and liver torsion, while in the euthanized sows, the post-mortem findings were associated with locomotor disorders. A higher body condition score (BCS ≥ 3.5) increased (p < 0.05) heart failure on the post-mortem examination. The excessive use of manual obstetric interventions increased sow deaths resulting from cervix/uterus ruptures and increased the odds of death (p < 0.05) due to metritis. Sow mortality had a multifactorial etiology. Infections were polymicrobial. The main microbial agents identified from a septic lesion in locomotor, genitourinary, and respiratory systems were Trueperella pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, respectively. In conclusion, sow mortality involved multiple risk factors and several bacterial agents. These results indicate that better management practices can reduce sow mortality in swine production and increase sow welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Saliba Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
| | - Débora Novais Matias
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - André Pegoraro Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation–Av. Pres. Tancredo de Almeida Neves, 1063, São Paulo 071112-070, SP, Brazil
| | - Maurício Cabral Dutra
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
| | - Luisa Zanolli Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation–Av. Pres. Tancredo de Almeida Neves, 1063, São Paulo 071112-070, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Martins Parra
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
| | - Ana Paula Santos Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
| | - Carlos Emílio Cabrera Matajira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
- Faculty of Basic Science, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Calle 5 #62-00, Cali 4102, Colombia
| | - Vasco Túlio de Moura Gomes
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
| | - Mikaela Renata Funada Barbosa
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, São Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil; (M.R.F.B.); (M.I.Z.S.)
| | - Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
- Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo (CETESB), Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Júnior 345, São Paulo 05459-900, SP, Brazil; (M.R.F.B.); (M.I.Z.S.)
| | - Andrea Micke Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (M.S.M.); (A.P.P.); (M.C.D.); (L.Z.M.); (B.M.P.); (A.P.S.S.); (C.E.C.M.); (V.T.d.M.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-1377
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13
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Defining the Effect of Oxytocin Use in Farrowing Sows on Stillbirth Rate: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141795. [PMID: 35883343 PMCID: PMC9311507 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oxytocin is a hormone that causes smooth muscle contraction and is particularly important during parturition. The administration of exogenous oxytocin to sows at farrowing has been used for decades as a means of assisting sows during parturition. Over the past decade, swine-litter size has dramatically increased, as well as the stillbirth rate. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the benefits and possible negative side effects of oxytocin use during farrowing. By accumulating data from 25 randomized controlled trials, a meta-analysis examined whether the average number of stillborn piglets, the farrowing duration, and the time interval between the births of piglets were different in the sows that received oxytocin compared to the controls. The results from this study demonstrated that the sows that received oxytocin had an increased average number of stillborn piglets, but experienced reduced farrowing duration and shorter birth intervals between piglets compared to the controls. Future research is required to refine oxytocin usage guidelines, including dosages and the timing of administration. The results of this study demonstrate that it is important to recognize that oxytocin can have adverse side effects, including an increase in stillborn pigs. Abstract The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify the benefits and possible adverse side effects of oxytocin use during farrowing. Randomized controlled trials that were published in English within the last 50 years were eligible for inclusion. Eligible research needed to contain the PICO elements: population (P)—sows at farrowing; intervention (I):—oxytocin given to sows—comparator (C): sows at farrowing not given oxytocin, as well as sows given different dosages and/or different timing of administration; and outcomes (O):—stillbirths, sow mortality, and piglet viability. Four bibliographic databases were used: PubMed, CAB Direct, Web of Science Core Collection, and ProQuest Dissertations, and Theses Global. In addition, we performed a manual search of the table of contents in the American Association of Swine Veterinarians database for relevant conference proceedings and reports. To assess the risk of bias at the study level, a modified version of the Cochrane 2.0 ROB was used. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the average stillbirth rate, farrowing duration, and birth interval between piglets using random-effect standardized mean difference (SMD) models. To explore heterogeneity, a sub-group analysis was performed on the objectives of the study, dose, time, and route of administration. Of the 46 studies eligible for meta-analyses, only 25 had sufficient information. The pooled analyses of the random effect model demonstrated that the average number of stillborn pigs was lower in the comparator group (SMD = 0.23; CI95% = 0.1, 0.36), and both the farrowing duration (SMD = −8.4; CI95% = −1.1, −0.60) and the birth interval between piglets (SMD = −1.41; CI95% = −1.86, −0.97) were shorter in the oxytocin group. The majority of the studies had an overall risk of bias of ‘some concerns’. It was concluded that the use of oxytocin increases the overall number of stillborn piglets, but decreases the farrowing duration and time interval between piglets. However, future studies should focus on the effect of oxytocin on the experience of dystocia among sows.
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14
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Nam NH, Dao BTA, Sukon P. Effects of farrowing induction using cloprostenol on sow farrowing characteristics. Vet World 2022; 15:1535-1540. [PMID: 35993062 PMCID: PMC9375209 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1535-1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Previous findings regarding the effects of farrowing induction on the farrowing characteristics of sows are controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of farrowing induction on the following characteristics: (1) Proportion of sows that farrowed during working hours, (2) stillbirth rate, (3) number of stillbirths per farrow, (4) dystocia rate per farrow, (5) dystocia rate (the proportion of farrowings that had at least one dystocia event), (6) number of dystocia events per farrow, (6) farrowing duration, (7) birth interval, and (8) birth weight.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight Landrace x Yorkshire sows were randomly allocated into two groups; the control group and the treatment group. In the control group (n = 18), sows farrowed spontaneously. In the treatment group (n = 20), farrowing was induced approximately 2 days earlier than the herd's average length of gestation (7:00 am on day 114) by injecting cloprostenol into the perivulval region. All sows were supervised throughout their farrowing. We recorded the interval between induction and farrowing; total number of births; number of live, stillborn, and mummified piglet births; number of dystocia events; birth interval; farrowing duration; and birth weight. A generalized linear mixed model, a linear mixed-effects model, the Chi-squared test, and Student's t-test were used to compare outcomes between the two groups.
Results: Farrowing induction did not influence the percentage of sows that farrowed during working hours (7 am–5 pm), stillbirth rate, birth weight, and number of dystocia events per farrow. Farrowing induction led to an increase in birth interval, dystocia rate, dystocia per farrow (p < 0.05) and in addition to the percentage of sows that farrowed on the day following induction (60% vs. 27.8%; p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Farrowing induction using a single dose of cloprostenol 2 days before the expected farrowing date can be performed with care to concentrate farrowing into a short interval. This can enhance the optimization of cross-fostering and the practice of an all-in-all-out strategy in the swine breeding industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoai Nam
- Department of Animal Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trauqui, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Tran Anh Dao
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trauqui, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peerapol Sukon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand; Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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15
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Farmer C, Edwards SA. Review: Improving the performance of neonatal piglets. Animal 2022; 16 Suppl 2:100350. [PMID: 34801424 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets have a high incidence of preweaning mortality that is not only associated with low birth weights but also with the presence of intra-uterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets. Such IUGR piglets are commonly seen in litters from hyperprolific sows as a result of insufficient placental transfer of nutrients. Nutritional strategies can be used prior to and during gestation to enhance foetal development and can also be implemented in the transition period to reduce the duration of farrowing and increase colostrum yield. Recent findings showed that the energy status of sows at the onset of farrowing is crucial to diminish stillbirth rate. Newborn piglets often fail to consume enough colostrum to promote thermostability and subsequent growth, and this is particularly problematic in very large litters when there are fewer available teats than the number of suckling piglets. One injection of 75 IU of oxytocin approximately 14 h after farrowing can prolong the colostral phase, hence increasing the supply of immunoglobulins to piglets. Nevertheless, assistance must be provided to piglets after birth in order to increase their chance of survival. Various approaches can be used, such as: (1) optimising the farrowing environment, (2) supervising farrowing and assisting newborn piglets, (3) using cross-fostering techniques, (4) providing nurse sows, and 5) providing artificial milk. Although research advances have been made in developing feeding and management strategies for sows that increase performance of their newborn piglets, much work still remains to be done to ensure that maximal outcomes are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Farmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke R & D Centre, 2000 College St., Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - S A Edwards
- Newcastle University, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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16
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Nam N, Sukon P. Incidence of dystocia at piglet level in cloprostenol-induced farrowings and associated risk factors. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:97-103. [PMID: 35282397 PMCID: PMC8908415 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-97-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated risk factors for dystocia in swine, although this birthing abnormality can compromise welfare of both sows and piglets
by increasing stillbirth rate and decreasing sow productivity. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with dystocia at piglet level
in cloprostenol-induced farrowings. A dystocia event was recorded when a birth interval exceeded 45 min or when manual extraction was applied. Data
were collected from 898 piglets born from 77 Landrace × Yorkshire crossbred sows, which were induced for farrowing on day 114 of
gestation. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were used to evaluate the association between dystocia and parity, gestation length, litter size,
relative birth order (RBO (%) = 100 ⋅ birth order/litter size), birth weight, crown rump length, body mass index, ponderal index,
piglet's sex, use of oxytocin, and stillbirth. Sows nested in farrowing batches were fitted as random factors in GLMMs. Incidence of dystocia at
piglet and farrowing levels was 11.0 % and 75.3 %, respectively. The final multivariate model explained 20.1 % variation of
dystocia. RBO had a quadratic effect on dystocia in which incidence of dystocia decreased from RBO ≤ 40 % to RBO = 60 %–70 %,
and then increased to the end of parturition. Piglets with birth weight > 1700 g and stillborn piglets had higher odds of dystocia in
comparison with piglets with a birth weight of 900–1700 g (OR = 2.63; 95 % CI = 1.66–4.18) and live-born piglets
(OR = 2.62; 95 % CI = 1.12–6.15), respectively. This study indicates that dystocia is very common in cloprostenol-induced farrowings
and suggests that the last one-third of parturitions is the most important stage to be supervised, and selection for homogenous litters and moderate
high birth weight may reduce the rate of dystocia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoai Nam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peerapol Sukon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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17
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Monteiro MS, Muro BBD, Poor AP, Leal DF, Carnevale RF, Shiroma MP, Almond GW, Garbossa CAP, Moreno AM, Viana CHC. Effects of farrowing induction with prostaglandins on farrowing traits and piglet performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Theriogenology 2021; 180:1-16. [PMID: 34929429 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Induction of farrowing with prostaglandins is a way of increasing farrowing supervision and to provide adequate care for piglets in the first hours of life. However, some studies observed negative effects associated with induction, including decreased piglet viability, reduced birth weight and decreased colostrum yield. Furthermore, the farrowing response of sows to prostaglandins treatment varies among studies, largely influenced by the induction protocol applied. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of farrowing induction with prostaglandins on stillbirth rate, birth weight, pre-weaning mortality, weaning weight, farrowing duration and colostrum and milk characteristics as well as the farrowing response to prostaglandin treatment. The interval from farrowing induction to onset of farrowing (IFIOF) was 31 h, and a twice application of prostaglandin increased by 37% the proportion of sows farrowing during the next working day. Prostaglandins had no effect on farrowing duration (P > 0.05). Piglet birth weight and weaning weight were only decreased (P < 0.05) when farrowing was induced ≥3 days before the expected farrowing date (based on herd average or in gestational length of the control group). Induction three or two days before the expected farrowing date had no effect on stillbirth rate; conversely, stillbirth rate was reduced by 28% (P < 0.05) when induction was performed one day before the expected farrowing date. Farrowing induction had no influence on pre-weaning mortality. The present study strengthened the observations that farrowing induction with prostaglandins is a valuable tool to reduce gestational length variation and to synchronize farrowing during the working day, allowing better assistance to sows and piglets. To obtain the maximum benefit of farrowing induction, it is recommended that induction should be performed one or two days before the expected farrowing date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus S Monteiro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno B D Muro
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - André P Poor
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego F Leal
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Rafaella F Carnevale
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina P Shiroma
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Glen W Almond
- Department of Population Health & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Cesar A P Garbossa
- Department of Nutrition and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Moreno
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Campus São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos H C Viana
- Pontifical Catholic University Minas, MG, Campus Poços de Caldas, Brazil
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Li Y, He G, Chen D, Yu B, Yu J, Zheng P, Huang Z, Luo Y, Luo J, Mao X, Yan H, He J. Supplementing daidzein in diets improves the reproductive performance, endocrine hormones and antioxidant capacity of multiparous sows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1052-1060. [PMID: 34738035 PMCID: PMC8546373 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Certain hormones play important roles in modulating mammalian reproductive behaviour. Daidzein is a well-known isoflavonic phytoestrogen that possesses oestrogenic activity. This study was conducted to probe the effects of daidzein supplementation in gestation diets on the reproductive performance in sows. A total of 120 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 60) and fed either a base diet (control) or one containing 200 mg/kg daidzein during gestation. We discovered that daidzein supplementation significantly increased the total number of piglets born per litter and number of piglets born alive per litter (P < 0.05), decreased the farrowing time (P < 0.05) and increased the serum oestrogen and progesterone concentrations (P < 0.05) at 35 d of gestation. Moreover, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were higher in the daidzein-treated group than in the control group at 35 d of gestation (P < 0.05). Daidzein increased the serum SOD activity and total anti-oxidative capacity (T-AOC) at 85 d of gestation (P < 0.05). Interestingly, daidzein elevated the expression levels of the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SLC38A1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) genes in the placenta (P < 0.05). These results suggest that daidzein ingestion could improve sow reproductive performance by changing serum hormones, elevating anti-oxidative capacity and up-regulating critical functional genes in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | | | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
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