ACK1/TNK2 kinase: molecular mechanisms and emerging cancer therapeutics

Decoding the genetic puzzle: Mutations in key driver genes of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Although pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs) are less common than other pancreatic tumors, they show significant differences in clinical behavior, genetics, and treatment responses. The understanding of the molecular pathways of PanNETs has gradually improved with advances in sequencing technology. Mutations in MEN1 (the most frequently varied gene) may result in the deletion of the tumor suppressor menin, affecting gene regulation, DNA repair, and chromatin modification. Changes in ATRX and DAXX involve chromatin remodeling, telomere stability and are associated with the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and aggressive tumors. VHL mutations emphasize the roles of hypoxia and angiogenesis. Mutations in PTEN, TSC1/TSC2, and AKT1-3 often disrupt the mTOR pathway, complicating the genetic landscape of PanNETs. Understanding these genetic alterations and their impact on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis help to investigate new targeted therapies, which in turn can improve patient prognosis. This review aims to clarify PanNET pathogenesis through key mutations and their clinical relevance.

The activated tyrosine kinase ACK1 by multiple receptor tyrosine kinases promotes proliferation and invasion of mesothelioma via regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MAPK signaling pathways

Activation of the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) EGFR, MET, and AXL has been described in subsets of mesothelioma, suggesting that tyrosine kinases (TKs) might represent therapeutic targets in this chemotherapy resistant and highly lethal cancer. In the present study, activated TKs were identified in mesothelioma cells by phosphotyrosine immunoaffinity purification and tandem mass spectrometry, and biological functions were evaluated. The results showed that non-RTK activated-CDC42 kinase 1 (ACK1) was highly expressed and activated in 8 of 9 mesothelioma cell lines and 15 of 18 mesothelioma biopsies, but not in normal mesothelial cells. This ACK1 activation was in turn driven by the collective activation of EGFR, MET, and AXL. ACK1 inactivation by either a small molecule inhibitor (AIM-100) or RNAi had anti-proliferative, anti-migration, and pro-apoptotic effects in four mesothelioma cultures due to G1 arrest and xenograft model. These responses resulted from inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MAPK pathways, inhibition of cyclin A and cyclin D1, and up-regulation of cell cycle checkpoints TP53, CDKN1A (p21), and CDKN1B (p27). Combination treatment with AIM-100, cisplatin (CIS), and pemetrexed (PEM) had greater impact on mesothelioma response (apoptosis, proliferation arrest, and inhibition of migration and invasion) compared to administering only one or two of these agents. The current findings identify ACK1 as a single downstream target that can be inhibited to stymie these multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR, MET, and AXL) oncogenic programs in mesothelioma, and highlight that ACK1 inhibition, potentially in combination with PEM and CIS, warrants evaluation as a therapeutic strategy in mesothelioma.