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Yang ZK, Li DW, Peng L, Liu CF, Wang ZY. Transcriptomic responses of the zearalenone (ZEN)-detoxifying yeast Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans to ZEN exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113756. [PMID: 35691196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a potent oestrogenic mycotoxin that is mainly produced by Fusarium species and is a serious environmental pollutant in animal feeds. Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans has been widely used as a feed additive to detoxify ZEN. However, the effects of ZEN on A. mycotoxinivorans and its detoxification mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses were used to investigate the molecular responses of A. mycotoxinivorans to ZEN exposure and the genetic basis of ZEN detoxification. We detected 1424 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 446 were upregulated and 978 were downregulated. Functional and enrichment analyses showed that ZEN-induced genes were significantly associated with xenobiotic metabolism, oxidative stress response, and active transport systems. However, ZEN-inhibited genes were mainly related to cell division, cell cycle, and fungal development. Subsequently, bioinformatic analysis identified candidate ZEN-detoxification enzymes. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases and carboxylesterases, which are responsible for the formation and subsequent hydrolysis of a new ZEN lactone, respectively, were significantly upregulated. In addition, the expression levels of genes related to conjugation and transport involved in the xenobiotic detoxification pathway were significantly upregulated. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding enzymatic antioxidants and those related to growth and apoptosis were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, which made it possible for A. mycotoxinivorans to survive in a highly toxic environment and efficiently detoxify ZEN. This is the first systematic report of ZEN tolerance and detoxification in A. mycotoxinivorans. We identified the metabolic enzymes that were potentially involved in detoxifying ZEN in the GMU1709 strain and found that ZEN-induced transcriptional regulation of genes is key to withstanding highly toxic environments. Hence, our results provide valuable information for developing enzymatic detoxification systems or engineering this detoxification pathway in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kai Yang
- Innovation centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Enhanced Recovery after Abdominal Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Fei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wang
- Innovation Centre for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Denet E, Espina-Benitez MB, Pitault I, Pollet T, Blaha D, Bolzinger MA, Rodriguez-Nava V, Briançon S. Metal oxide nanoparticles for the decontamination of toxic chemical and biological compounds. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119373. [PMID: 32339629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For several years, the international context is deeply affected by the use of chemical and biological weapons. The use of CBRN (Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear) threat agents from military stockpiles or biological civilian industry demonstrate the critical need to improve capabilities of decontamination for civilians and military. Physical decontamination systems that operate only by adsorption and displacement such as Fuller's Earth, have the drawback of not neutralizing hazardous agents, giving place to cross contaminations. Consequently, the development of a formulation based on metal oxide nanoparticles attracts considerable interest, since they offer physicochemical properties that allow them to both adsorb and degrade toxic compounds. Thus, the aim of this study is to found metal oxide nanoparticles with a versatile activity on both chemical and biological toxic agents. Therefore, several metal oxides such as MgO, TiO2, CeO2, ZnO and ZrO2 were characterized and their decontamination kinetics of less-toxic surrogate of VX, paraoxon, were studied in vitro. To determine the antimicrobial activity of these nanoparticles, simulants of biological terrorist threat were used by performing a 3-hours decontamination kinetics. This proof-of-concept study showed that MgO is the only one that exhibits both chemical and antibacterial actions but without sporicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Denet
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557, INRAe 1418), Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Maria Betzabeth Espina-Benitez
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, F-69373 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Isabelle Pitault
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Didier Blaha
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557, INRAe 1418), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, F-69373 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Veronica Rodriguez-Nava
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne (UMR CNRS 5557, INRAe 1418), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, F-69373 Villeurbanne, France.
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Hopf NB, Spring P, Plateel G, Berthet A. Ethanolamines permeate slowly across human skin ex vivo, but cause severe skin irritation at low concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2555-2564. [PMID: 31435711 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin exposures are common during cleaning activities, and may contribute to the overall body burden. Cleaning products may contain irritants such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanol amine (DEA). The significance of the skin exposure route is unknown, as no estimates for MEA skin permeation are available. We used in vitro flow-through diffusion cells with excised fresh human skin to measure skin permeation, and assessed skin damage with histological methods. MEA(aq) by itself (2%) or as a constituent in cleaning products (0.25% working solution) did not permeate after 1 h or 24 h of exposure. MEA(aq) (10%) did not permeate skin after 1 h but after 24 h with a delay (Tlag; 7 h) and a moderate permeation rate (J; 26.6 μg/cm2/h). MEA permeation rate was 20-fold greater (544 μg/cm2/h) and ¼ of the time lag (1.5 h) when applied as undiluted cleaning product (13% MEA) compared to 10% MEA(aq). DEA in cleaning products did not permeate skin after 24 h. MEA and DEA produced skin irritations at low concentrations (1% MEA) and severe skin irritations when tested as a constituent in cleaning products. Absorption increased from 0 to 3% after 24 h to 14-29% after 88 h of MEA exposure, and is likely explained by the increased damage of the skin barrier. Limitations of this study are the low number of skin donors (N = 5) available. Our results demonstrate that topically applied MEA permeates across human skin relatively slowly and not below 5% while relatively extensively as a constituent of a commercial cleaning product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté; formerly known as Institute for Work and Health (IST)), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Spring
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Plateel
- University Centre of Legal Medicine (CUMRL), Universities of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Berthet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté; formerly known as Institute for Work and Health (IST)), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Eudier F, Savary G, Grisel M, Picard C. Skin surface physico-chemistry: Characteristics, methods of measurement, influencing factors and future developments. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 264:11-27. [PMID: 30611935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties such as surface free energy, polarity or hydrophobicity of solid surfaces have been largely studied in literature because they are involved in many physical phenomena: adhesion, friction, wetting … Nowadays, the study of biointerfaces is of great interest for the medical, the pharmaceutical or the cosmetic field but also for material design researches, especially for the development of biomimetic surfaces. The present paper focuses on a particular biointerface, namely skin, which is the most extended organ of the human body. The different ways for the study of skin physico-chemistry are first reviewed, followed by their practical uses, from pharmaceutical to cosmetic science. Those properties depict the ways skin interacts with topical products, its lipid composition but also its hydration state. In addition, this article aims to present recent approaches using original model materials in order to mimic human skin; indeed, in vivo experiments are often limited by the inter and intra individual variability, the safety regulation and above all the time and the cost of such studies. Finally, further data clearly highlight the importance of skin surface properties for dermatological and pharmaceutical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Eudier
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Géraldine Savary
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Michel Grisel
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Céline Picard
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France.
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Salerno A, Devers T, Bolzinger MA, Pelletier J, Josse D, Briançon S. In vitro skin decontamination of the organophosphorus pesticide Paraoxon with nanometric cerium oxide CeO 2. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 267:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bignon C, Amigoni S, Devers T, Guittard F. Barrier cream based on CeO 2 nanoparticles grafted polymer as an active compound against the penetration of organophosphates. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 267:17-24. [PMID: 26947807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their small size, nanoparticles possess unique properties. Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been already studied for their capacity to adsorb and neutralize toxic compounds including organophosphates. By covalently grafting these nanoparticles to a thickening polymer, their potential aggregation resulting in a loss of surface area and their potential toxicity are avoided. Indeed, copolymers easily form gels in water at neutral pH thanks to low interactions occurring between polymeric chains; thus, gels can be spread on membrane supports to afford protective barriers. However, as we demonstrated previously, a formulation step of these hydride nanoparticle-polymeric compounds is necessary to overcome the cracking of the coating during drying. This work reports the impact of many factors on the efficiency of a new active Topical Skin Protectant (aTSP) including: (1) the presence of CeO2 nanoparticles in the protective coating and their amount, (2) their grafting to a perfluorocarbon thickening polymer and (3) the formulation of the CeO2 nanoparticle-grafted polymer. The combination of all the benefit parameters led to a very effective new aTSP against paraoxon penetration. The major in vitro diffusion studies were performed in Franz-type diffusion cells on two artificial membranes (silicone and Strat-M) and final validation on ex vivo human skin. The comparison of 24 h-exposure between membrane results indicated a difference in the behavior between the two artificial supports and the biological model; Strat-M membranes seeming closer to human skin results. Therefore, positive results regarding occlusive conditions should be confirmed with human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bignon
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Sonia Amigoni
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - Thierry Devers
- ICMN UMR 7374, IUT de Chartres, Université d'Orléans, 21, rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Zenerino A, Boutard T, Bignon C, Amigoni S, Josse D, Devers T, Guittard F. New CeO 2 nanoparticles-based topical formulations for the skin protection against organophosphates. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1007-1013. [PMID: 28962441 PMCID: PMC5598096 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To reinforce skin protection against organophosphates (OPs), the development of new topical skin protectants (TSP) has received a great interest. Nanoparticles like cerium dioxide (CeO2) known to adsorb and neutralize OPs are interesting candidates for TSP. However, NPs are difficult to disperse into formulations and they are suspected of toxicological issues. Thus, we want to study: (1) the effect of the addition of CeO2 NPs in formulations for the skin protection (2) the impact of the doping of CeO2 NPs by calcium; (3) the effect of two methods of dispersion of CeO2 NPs: an O/W emulsion or a suspension of a fluorinated thickening polymer (HASE-F) grafted with these NPs. As a screening approach we used silicone membranes as a skin equivalent and Franz diffusion cells for permeation tests. The addition of pure CeO2 NPs in both formulations permits the penetration to decrease by a 3–4-fold factor. The O/W emulsion allows is the best approach to obtain a film-forming coating with a good reproducibility of the penetration results; whereas the grafting of NPs to a thickener is the best way to obtain an efficient homogenous suspension of CeO2 NPs with a decreased of toxicological impact but the coating is less film-forming which slightly impacts the reproducibility of the penetration results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Zenerino
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Tifenn Boutard
- ABC Texture, rue Isaac Newton, 35800 Dinard, France.,Centre de Recherche de la Matière Divisée (CRMD) - FRE 3520, IUT de Chartres, Université d'Orléans, 21, rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Cécile Bignon
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Sonia Amigoni
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Denis Josse
- Départemental d'Incendie et de Secours des Alpes-Maritimes, 140, Avenue de Lattre de Tassigny BP99, 06271 Villeneuve Loubet Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Devers
- Centre de Recherche de la Matière Divisée (CRMD) - FRE 3520, IUT de Chartres, Université d'Orléans, 21, rue de Loigny la Bataille, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Frédéric Guittard
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée - UMR CNRS 7336, Groupe Surfaces et Interfaces, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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Chilcott RP, Larner J, Matar H, Kansagra S, Theivendran B, Viegas VA, Goldman VS. Optimisation of a dosing regime for a topical skin protectant (barrier cream). Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 34:327-34. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.994124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Human skin in vitro permeation of bentazon and isoproturon formulations with or without protective clothing suit. Arch Toxicol 2013; 88:77-88. [PMID: 23820846 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin exposures to chemicals may lead, through percutaneous permeation, to a significant increase in systemic circulation. Skin is the primary route of entry during some occupational activities, especially in agriculture. To reduce skin exposures, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is recommended. PPE efficiency is characterized as the time until products permeate through material (lag time, Tlag). Both skin and PPE permeations are assessed using similar in vitro methods; the diffusion cell system. Flow-through diffusion cells were used in this study to assess the permeation of two herbicides, bentazon and isoproturon, as well as four related commercial formulations (Basagran(®), Basamais(®), Arelon(®) and Matara(®)). Permeation was measured through fresh excised human skin, protective clothing suits (suits) (Microchem(®) 3000, AgriSafe Pro(®), Proshield(®) and Microgard(®) 2000 Plus Green), and a combination of skin and suits. Both herbicides, tested by itself or as an active ingredient in formulations, permeated readily through human skin and tested suits (Tlag < 2 h). High permeation coefficients were obtained regardless of formulations or tested membranes, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Short Tlag, were observed even when skin was covered with suits, except for Microchem(®) 3000. Kp values tended to decrease when suits covered the skin (except when Arelon(®) was applied to skin covered with AgriSafe Pro and Microgard(®) 2000), suggesting that Tlag alone is insufficient in characterizing suits. To better estimate human skin permeations, in vitro experiments should not only use human skin but also consider the intended use of the suit, i.e., the active ingredient concentrations and type of formulations, which significantly affect skin permeation.
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Misik J, Pavlik M, Novotny L, Pavlikova R, Chilcott RP, Cabal J, Kuca K. In vivodecontamination of the nerve agent VX using the domestic swine model. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2012; 50:807-11. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2012.720986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Misik J, Pavlikova R, Josse D, Cabal J, Kuca K. In vitroskin permeation and decontamination of the organophosphorus pesticide paraoxon under various physical conditions – evidence for a wash-in effect. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:520-5. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.686535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Collombet JM. Nerve agent intoxication: Recent neuropathophysiological findings and subsequent impact on medical management prospects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:229-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Misík J, Pavlíková R, Cabal J, Novotný L, Kuča K. METHOD OF STATIC DIFFUSION CELLS FOR ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDES SKIN PERMEATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.31482/mmsl.2011.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dorandeu F, Taysse L, Boudry I, Foquin A, Hérodin F, Mathieu J, Daulon S, Cruz C, Lallement G. Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse. (I) Development of a model for screening studies in skin decontamination and protection. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:470-90. [PMID: 20547654 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110373615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to lethal chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is no longer only a military issue due to the terrorist threat. Among the CWAs of concern are the organophosphorus nerve agent O-ethyl-S-(2[di-isopropylamino]ethyl)methyl-phosphonothioate (VX) and the vesicant sulfur mustard (SM). Although efficient means of decontamination are available, most of them lose their efficacy when decontamination is delayed after exposure of the bare skin. Alternatively, CWA skin penetration can be prevented by topical skin protectants. Active research in skin protection and decontamination is thus paramount. In vivo screening of decontaminants or skin protectants is usually time consuming and may be expensive depending on the animal species used. We were thus looking for a suitable, scientifically sound and cost-effective model, which is easy to handle. The euthymic hairless mouse Crl: SKH-1 (hr/hr) BR is widely used in some skin studies and has previously been described to be suitable for some experiments involving SM or SM analogs. To evaluate the response of this species, we studied the consequences of exposing male anaesthetized SKH-1 mice to either liquid VX or to SM, the latter being used in liquid form or as saturated vapours. Long-term effects of SM burn were also evaluated. The model was then used in the companion paper (Taysse et al.(1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dorandeu
- Département de Toxicologie et risque chimique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, La Tronche, France.
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Millerioux J, Cruz C, Bazire A, Lallement G, Lefeuvre L, Josse D. In vitro selection and efficacy of topical skin protectants against the nerve agent VX. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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