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Cui Y, Zhao M, Han L. Differences in biological activities between recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rhPON1) subtype isozemys R/Q as antidotes against organophosphorus poisonings. Toxicol Lett 2020; 325:51-61. [PMID: 31981688 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a type of aromatic esterase widely existing in mammals. It can hydrolyze various kinds of compounds effectively in vivo and in vitro. Previous studies have confirmed that PON1 can be used as antidote against organophosphorus poisonings (OPs). In this study, we obtained two subtype isozymes (i.e. rhPON1R192 and rhPON1Q192) by gene recombination and compared their detoxification effects against different OPs in rats. The rhPON1R192 demonstrated better detoxification effect against chlorpyrifos poisoning than the rhPON1Q192, whose detoxification effect against diazinon poisoning was prior to the former. Both of them showed poor detoxification effect against trithion. Therefore, we concluded that, to different OPs, better detoxification effect may be achieved by selecting the PON1 subtype isozyme with higher specific hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Lang Han
- Specialist Clinics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, 110022, China.
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Alejo-González K, Hanson-Viana E, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Enzymatic detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides and related toxicants. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:1-9. [PMID: 30363124 PMCID: PMC6140661 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Millions of cases of pesticide intoxication occur yearly and represent a public health problem. In addition, pesticide poisoning is the preferred suicidal method in rural areas. The use of enzymes for the treatment of intoxication due to organophosphorus pesticides was proposed decades ago. Several enzymes are able to transform organophosphorus compounds such as pesticides and nerve agents. Some specific enzymatic treatments have been proposed, including direct enzyme injection, liposome and erythrocytes carriers, PEGylated preparations and extracorporeal enzymatic treatments. Nevertheless, no enzymatic treatments are currently available. In this work, the use of enzymes for treating of organophosphorus pesticide intoxication is critically reviewed and the remaining challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Alejo-González
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22760 México
| | - Erik Hanson-Viana
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22760 México
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Purg M, Elias M, Kamerlin SCL. Similar Active Sites and Mechanisms Do Not Lead to Cross-Promiscuity in Organophosphate Hydrolysis: Implications for Biotherapeutic Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17533-17546. [PMID: 29113434 PMCID: PMC5724027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate hydrolases are proficient catalysts of the breakdown of neurotoxic organophosphates and have great potential as both biotherapeutics for treating acute organophosphate toxicity and as bioremediation agents. However, proficient organophosphatases such as serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and the organophosphate-hydrolyzing lactonase SsoPox are unable to hydrolyze bulkyorganophosphates with challenging leaving groups such as diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) or venomous agent X, creating a major challenge for enzyme design. Curiously, despite their mutually exclusive substrate specificities, PON1 and diisopropyl fluorophosphatase (DFPase) have essentially identical active sites and tertiary structures. In the present work, we use empirical valence bond simulations to probe the catalytic mechanism of DFPase as well as temperature, pH, and mutational effects, demonstrating that DFPase and PON1 also likely utilize identical catalytic mechanisms to hydrolyze their respective substrates. However, detailed examination of both static structures and dynamical simulations demonstrates subtle but significant differences in the electrostatic properties and solvent penetration of the two active sites and, most critically, the role of residues that make no direct contact with either substrate in acting as "specificity switches" between the two enzymes. Specifically, we demonstrate that key residues that are structurally and functionally critical for the paraoxonase activity of PON1 prevent it from being able to hydrolyze DFP with its fluoride leaving group. These insights expand our understanding of the drivers of the evolution of divergent substrate specificity in enzymes with identical active sites and guide the future design of organophosphate hydrolases that hydrolyze compounds with challenging leaving groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Purg
- Science for Life
Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Elias
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics &
Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Shina Caroline Lynn Kamerlin
- Science for Life
Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 596, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Towards Understanding the Catalytic Mechanism of Human Paraoxonase 1: Experimental and In Silico Mutagenesis Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1642-1662. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Del Giudice I, Coppolecchia R, Merone L, Porzio E, Carusone TM, Mandrich L, Worek F, Manco G. An efficient thermostable organophosphate hydrolase and its application in pesticide decontamination. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:724-34. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luigia Merone
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry; CNR, Via P. Castellino 111; 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Elena Porzio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry; CNR, Via P. Castellino 111; 80131 Naples Italy
| | | | - Luigi Mandrich
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry; CNR, Via P. Castellino 111; 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 80937 Munich Germany
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry; CNR, Via P. Castellino 111; 80131 Naples Italy
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Human paraoxonase 1 as a pharmacologic agent: limitations and perspectives. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:854391. [PMID: 25386619 PMCID: PMC4217237 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human PON1 (h-PON1) is a multifaceted enzyme and can hydrolyze (and inactivate) a wide range of substrates. The enzyme shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiatherogenic, ant-diabetic, antimicrobial, and organophosphate (OP)-detoxifying properties. However, there are certain limitations regarding large-scale production and use of h-PON1 as a therapeutic candidate. These include difficulties in producing recombinant h-PON1 (rh-PON1) using microbial expression system, low hydrolytic activity of wild-type h-PON1 towards certain substrates, and low storage stability of the purified enzyme. This review summarizes the work done in our laboratory to address these limitations. Our results show that (a) optimized polynucleotide sequence encoding rh-PON1 can express the protein in an active form in E. coli and can be used to generate variant of the enzyme having enhanced hydrolytic activity, (b) in vitro refolding of rh-PON1 enzyme can dramatically increase the yield of an active enzyme, (c) common excipients can be used to stabilize purified rh-PON1 enzyme when stored under different storage conditions, and (d) variants of rh-PON1 enzyme impart significant protection against OP-poisoning in human blood (ex vivo) and mouse (in vivo) model of OP-poisoning. The rh-PON1 variants and their process of production discussed here will help to develop h-PON1 as a therapeutic candidate.
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Bajaj P, Aggarwal G, Tripathy RK, Pande AH. Interplay between amino acid residues at positions 192 and 115 in modulating hydrolytic activities of human paraoxonase 1. Biochimie 2014; 105:202-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Polasek TM, Doogue MP, Miners JO. Metabolic activation of clopidogrel: in vitro data provide conflicting evidence for the contributions of CYP2C19 and PON1. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2014; 2:253-61. [PMID: 25083217 DOI: 10.1177/2042098611422559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent report that clopidogrel efficacy may be more dependent on paraoxonase-1 (PON1) than on cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) activity raises questions about the roles of these and other enzymes in clopidogrel activation. To provide insight into the emerging PON1 versus CYP2C19 debate, this commentary summarizes the clinical evidence on the pharmacokinetic determinants of clopidogrel efficacy. We then review the in vitro studies investigating the enzymes involved in clopidogrel activation, and comment on their strengths and limitations. There is agreement amongst in vitro studies regarding the involvement of CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 in the metabolism of clopidogrel to 2-oxo-clopidogrel. However, the evidence for other CYP enzymes in the first activation step (e.g. CYP2C19 and CYP3A4) is inconsistent and dependent on the in vitro test system and laboratory. All major drug metabolizing CYP enzymes are capable of converting 2-oxo-clopidogrel to sulfenic acid intermediates that subsequently form the active thiol metabolite. However, the extent of CYP involvement in this second step has been challenged, and new evidence suggests that CYP-independent hydrolytic cleavage of the thioester bond may be more important than oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Polasek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Matthew P Doogue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John O Miners
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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Extra-virgin olive oil consumption reduces the age-related decrease in HDL and paraoxonase 1 anti-inflammatory activities. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1272-84. [PMID: 23510814 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is associated with HDL and modulates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role of HDL. The goals of the present study were to investigate the effect of ageing and the role of PON1 on the anti-inflammatory activity of HDL, and to determine whether extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption could improve the atheroprotective activity of HDL. HDL and PON1 were isolated from the plasma of ten young (Y-HDL and Y-PON1) and ten elderly (E-HDL and E-PON1) healthy volunteers before and after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption. Inflammation was assessed by measuring intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression. THP-1 (human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line) monocyte chemotaxis was measured using a Boyden chamber. Oxidative damage to HDL was assessed by measuring conjugated diene formation and changes in electrophoretic migration. Y-HDL had more anti-inflammatory activity than E-HDL. The conjugated diene content and the electrophoretic mobility of E-HDL were higher than those of Y-HDL. Y-PON1 had significant anti-inflammatory activity, reducing ICAM-1 expression by 32·64 (SD 2·63)%, while E-PON1 had no significant effect. THP-1 chemotaxis measurements confirmed the ICAM-1 expression results. The 12 weeks of EVOO consumption significantly increased the anti-inflammatory activities of both HDL and PON1. The anti-inflammatory activity of HDL was modulated by PON1 and was lower in the elderly volunteers. EVOO consumption increased the anti-inflammatory effect of HDL and reduced the age-related decrease in anti-atherogenic activity.
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Hodgins SM, Kasten SA, Harrison J, Otto TC, Oliver ZP, Rezk P, Reeves TE, Chilukuri N, Cerasoli DM. Assessing protection against OP pesticides and nerve agents provided by wild-type HuPON1 purified from Trichoplusia ni larvae or induced via adenoviral infection. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 203:177-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Costante M, Biggemann L, Alamneh Y, Soojhawon I, Short R, Nigam S, Garcia G, Doctor BP, Valiyaveettil M, Nambiar MP. Hydrolysis potential of recombinant human skin and kidney prolidase against diisopropylfluorophosphate and sarin by in vitro analysis. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:182-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Crossroads in the evaluation of paraoxonase 1 for protection against nerve agent and organophosphate toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:87-94. [PMID: 22301377 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a 45kDa arylesterase associated with circulating high density lipoproteins (HDL), has been described as an anti-atherogenic element in cardiovascular disorders. The efficacy of PON1 as a catalytic bioscavenger against OP and CWNA toxicity has been on debate for the last few decades. Hydrolysis of various organophosphates (OPs) and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) by PON1 has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Recently, we established the protective efficacy of human and rabbit serum purified PON1 as well as human recombinant PON1 expressed in Trichoplusia ni larvae against nerve agent toxicity in guinea pigs. Exogenous administration of purified PON1 was effective in protecting against 1.2 X LCt(50) of sarin and soman administered endotracheally with microinstillation technology. However, the short half-life of exogenously administered PON1, probably due to poor association with circulating HDL, warrant alternative approaches for successful utility of PON1 in the treatment of OP/CWNA toxicity. In this mini review, we address the pros and cons of current PON1 prophylaxis and propose potential solutions for successful development of PON1 as an effective catalytic bioscavenger.
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Ashani Y, Goldsmith M, Leader H, Silman I, Sussman JL, Tawfik DS. In vitro detoxification of cyclosarin in human blood pre-incubated ex vivo with recombinant serum paraoxonases. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:24-8. [PMID: 21807078 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An ex vivo protocol was developed to assay the antidotal capacity of rePON1 variants to protect endogenous acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in human whole blood against OP nerve agents. This protocol permitted us to address the relationship between blood rePON1 concentrations, their kinetic parameters, and the level of protection conferred by rePON1 on the cholinesterases in human blood, following a challenge with cyclosarin (GF). The experimental data thus obtained were in good agreement with the predicted percent residual activities of blood cholinesterases calculated on the basis of the rate constants for inhibition of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by GF, the concentration of the particular rePON1 variant, and its k(cat)/K(m) value for GF. This protocol thus provides a rapid and reliable ex vivo screening tool for identification of rePON1 bioscavenger candidates suitable for protection of humans against organophosphorus-based toxicants. The results also permitted the refinement of a mathematical model for estimating the efficacious dose of rePON1s variants required for prophylaxis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacov Ashani
- Department of Structural Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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