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Godéré M, Cariou R, Padioleau A, Vénisseau A, Marchand P, Brosseau A, Vaccher V, Le Bizec B, Dervilly G. Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Foods from the French Market: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, and Evaluation of Relative Contributions to Dioxin-like Contaminants. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1721-1730. [PMID: 38193699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in PCNs and the dioxin-like toxicity exhibited by a number of congeners, a comprehensive assessment of their contribution to the cocktail of dioxin-like contaminants is still lacking. To address such a shortcoming, this study investigated the PCN contamination in foodstuffs recently acquired in France, together with that of the regulatory polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCNs were ubiquitous at levels (∑70 PCNs = 2.5-150 pg g-1 wet weight) similar to those reported in other countries, with maximum concentrations observed in fish and fishery products from the North-East Atlantic Ocean. Their congener patterns further suggested unintentional releases of PCNs, while those of the other foodstuffs were correlated to the historical PCN profiles. Low risk from dietary exposure was estimated (∑70 PCNs-EDIs of 60-360 pg kg-1 bw d-1, ∑24 PCNs-TEQ-EDIs of 8 × 10-3-2.2 × 10-2 pg TEQ kg-1 bw d-1), with milk and dairy products being the highest contributors, followed by meat and meat products. Finally, the rather high contributions of PCNs to the total PCNs+PCDD/Fs+PCBs concentrations (0.9-50%, average of 9%) and the toxic equivalents (0.2-24%, average of 5%) show that these substances are not minor components of the PCNs+PCDD/Fs+PCBs cocktail.
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Akuamoa F, Hoogenboom RLAP, Weide Y, van der Weg G, Rietjens IMCM, Bovee TFH. Presence and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in dietary plant supplements as elucidated by a combined DR CALUX ® bioassay and GC-HRMS based approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1576-1590. [PMID: 35904509 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2094473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based dietary supplements may contain undesirable contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) due to the sources of raw materials or processing methods used. The presence of these contaminants in a series of herbal supplements sold on the Ghanaian market for improving sexual performance was examined using the DR CALUX® bioassay in combination with GC-HRMS analysis. Overall, cell responses at 4 and 48 h exposure to extracts prepared without an acid-silica clean-up were relatively higher than the responses obtained from extracts prepared with an acid-silica clean-up. This indicated that the 40 supplements contained only low levels of stable aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists like polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dl-PCBs, while some contained substantial amounts of less stable AhR-agonists. Ten supplements selected for confirmation with GC-HRMS analysis contained PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.19 pg toxic equivalent (TEQ)/g only, while the level of the sum of 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Σ4PAHs) representing less stable AhR agonists, ranged from not detected (ND) to 25.5 ng/g. These concentrations were in line with the responses observed in the DR CALUX® bioassay. The concentration of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs corresponded to estimated daily intakes (EDIs) ranging from 0.01 to 1.20 pg TEQ/day, or 0.001 to 0.12 pg TEQ/kg bw/week for a 70 kg bw consumer, which was below the established tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg TEQ/kg bw/week, thus indicating low concern for consumers' health. Similarly, the EDIs based on the detected Σ4PAHs in supplements ranged from 7.2 to 111 ng/day, or 0.1 to 1.6 ng/kg bw/day, which corresponded to MOE values above 10,000, indicating a low health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Akuamoa
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Applied Radiation Biology Centre, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Yoran Weide
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Eriksson U, Titaley IA, Engwall M, Larsson M. Examination of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities, and levels of polyaromatic compounds (PACs) in tire granulates using in vitro bioassays and chemical analysis. Chemosphere 2022; 298:134362. [PMID: 35307388 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tire granulates recovered from end-of-life tires contain a complex mixture of chemicals, amongst them polyaromatic compounds (PACs), of which many are recognized to be toxic and persistent in the environment. Only a few of these PACs are regularly monitored. In this study a combined approach of chemical analysis and a battery of CALUX® in vitro bioassays was used to determine PAC concentrations and estrogenic, (anti)-androgenic and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activities in tire granulates. Tire granulates from a recycling company was analyzed for PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, oxy-PAHs and heterocyclic PACs (NSO-PACs), in total 85 PACs. The concentrations of PACs were between 42 and 144 mg/kg, with major contribution from PAHs (74-88%) followed by alkyl-PAHs (6.6-20%) and NSO-PACs (1.8-7.0%). The sum of eight priority PAHs were between 2.3 and 8.6 mg/kg, contributing with 4.7-8.2% of ∑PACs. Bioassay analysis showed presence of AhR agonists, estrogen receptor (ERα) agonists, and androgen receptor (AR) antagonists in the tire granulate samples. Only 0.8-2.4% of AhR-mediated activities could be explained by the chemical analysis. Benzo[k+j]fluoranthenes, benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, 2-methylchrysene, and 3-methylchrysene were the major contributors to the AhR-mediated activities. The high contribution (98-99%) of unknown bioactive compounds to the bioassay effects in this study raises concerns and urges for further investigations of toxicants identification and source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States.
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, 701 82, Sweden.
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Knobloch MC, Sprengel J, Mathis F, Haag R, Kern S, Bleiner D, Vetter W, Heeb NV. Chemical synthesis and characterization of single-chain C 18-chloroparaffin materials with defined degrees of chlorination. Chemosphere 2022; 291:132938. [PMID: 34798110 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Technical chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are produced via radical chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks with different carbon chain-lengths (∼C10-C30). Short-chain CPs (SCCPs, C10-C13) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention. This regulation has induced a shift to use longer-chain CPs as substitutes. Consequently, medium-chain (MCCPs, C14-C17) and long-chain (LCCPs, C>17) CPs have become dominant homologues in recent environmental samples. However, no suitable LCCP-standard materials are available. Herein, we report on the chemical synthesis of single-chain C18-CP-materials, starting with a pure n-alkane and sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2). Fractionation of the crude product by normal-phase liquid-chromatography and pooling of suitable fractions yielded in four C18-CP-materials with different chlorination degrees (mCl,EA = 39-52%). In addition, polar side-products, tentatively identified as sulfite-, sulfate- and bis-sulfate-diesters, were separated from CPs. The new single-chain materials were characterized by LC-MS, 1H-NMR and EA. LC-MS provided Relative retention times for different C18-CP homologues and side-products. Mathematical deconvolution of full-scan mass spectra revealed the presence of chloroparaffins (57-93%) and chloroolefins (COs, 7-26%) in the four single-chain C18-CP-materials. Homologue distributions and chlorination degrees were deduced for CPs and COs. 1H-NMR revealed chemical shift ranges of mono-chlorinated (δ = 3.2-5.3 ppm) and non-chlorinated (δ = 1.0-3.2 ppm) hydrocarbon moieties. The synthesized C18-single-chain standard materials and respective spectroscopic data are useful to identify and quantify LCCPs in various materials and environmental samples. CP- and CO-distributions resemble the ones of existing SCCP and MCCP reference materials and technical mixtures. Furthermore, these materials now allow specific studies on the environmental fate and the transformation of long-chain chloroparaffins and chloroolefins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco C Knobloch
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Jannik Sprengel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstrasse 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Flurin Mathis
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Regula Haag
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Kern
- Zürich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Bleiner
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstrasse 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Norbert V Heeb
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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