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Clostridium perfringens Associated with Foodborne Infections of Animal Origins: Insights into Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, Toxin Genes Profiles, and Toxinotypes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040551. [PMID: 35453750 PMCID: PMC9028928 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several food-poisoning outbreaks have been attributed to Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) worldwide. Despite that, this crisis was discussed in a few studies, and additional studies are urgently needed in this field. Therefore, we sought to highlight the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, toxin profiles, and toxinotypes of C. perfringens isolates. In this study, 50 C. perfringens isolates obtained from 450 different animal origin samples (beef, chicken meat, and raw milk) were identified by phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility results were surprising, as most of the isolates (74%) showed multidrug-resistant (MDR) patterns. The phenotypic resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin, enrofloxacin, cefoxitin/ampicillin, and erythromycin was confirmed by the PCR detections of tet, lnu, qnr, bla, and erm(B) genes, respectively. In contrast to the toxinotypes C and E, toxinotype A prevailed (54%) among our isolates. Additionally, we found that the genes for C. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) and C. perfringens beta2 toxin (cpb2) were distributed among the tested isolates with high prevalence rates (70 and 64%, respectively). Our findings confirmed that the C. perfringens foodborne crisis has been worsened by the evolution of MDR strains, which became the prominent phenotypes. Furthermore, we were not able to obtain a fixed association between the toxinotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns.
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Abd El-Tawab AA, El-Hofy FI, Abdelmonem MA, Youssef HS. Molecular characterization of netB and tpeL virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes of Clostridium perfringens isolated from herbs and spices. BIONATURA 2021. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine some virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial multidrug resistance of Clostridium perfringens recovered from herbs and spices widely distributed in the Egyptian market. C. perfringens virulence and resistance factors were determined using PCR targeting the netB, tpeL, ermB, bla and tetK genes. Thirty three out of 392 samples (8.42%) from herbs and spices submitted to our laboratory for bacteriological screening were positive for presence C. perfringens. PCR results for the tpeL gene in isolated C. perfringens revealed 9 out of 33 (27.3 %) of isolates, while netB was not detected. The isolates were resistant to Clindamycin, Vancomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin with inhibition zones of 6.28 ± 0.63, 8.78 ± 0.41, 9.63 ± 0.63, and 9.84 ± 0.66 mm, respectively. The genes mentioned above were selected to correspond to the ineffective antimicrobials; ermB for erythromycin, tetK for tetracycline, and bla for the remainder. PCR results for antibacterial resistant genes in isolated C. perfringens revealed their presence. From 33 isolates, bla gene was detected in 21 (63.4 %), tetK in 13 (39.4 %) and ermB in only one isolate (3.03 %). Sequencing analysis was done for the bla gene as an example for the detected genes as detected at the highest incidence (63.4%). No cross-relationship was detected upon comparing incidence data of both studied virulence genes and those of antimicrobial resistance. The present findings may explain the resistance of C. perfringens to the examined antibacterials and recommend avoiding the application of them to control the microbe. In addition, the authors recommend following strict hygienic procedures during the industry of herbs and spices to ensure their clearance from Clostridium perfringens before distributing the products as food additives into the markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A. Abd El-Tawab
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736 Moshtohor, EGYPT
| | - Fatma I. El-Hofy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736 Moshtohor, EGYPT
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelmonem
- Department of Microbiology, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides & Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, 12311 Giza, Egypt
| | - Hend S. Youssef
- Department of Microbiology, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides & Heavy Metals in Food, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, 12311 Giza, Egypt
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3
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Arán-Sekul T, Perčić-Sarmiento I, Valencia V, Olivero N, Rojas JM, Araya JE, Taucare-Ríos A, Catalán A. Toxicological Characterization and Phospholipase D Activity of the Venom of the Spider Sicarius thomisoides. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E702. [PMID: 33171968 PMCID: PMC7694614 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by Loxosceles spiders (Sicariidae family) has been thoroughly documented. However, little is known about the potential toxicity of members from the Sicarius genus. Only the venom of the Brazilian Sicarius ornatus spider has been toxicologically characterized. In Chile, the Sicarius thomisoides species is widely distributed in desert and semidesert environments, and it is not considered a dangerous spider for humans. This study aimed to characterize the potential toxicity of the Chilean S. thomisoides spider. To do so, specimens of S. thomisoides were captured in the Atacama Desert, the venom was extracted, and the protein concentration was determined. Additionally, the venoms were analyzed by electrophoresis and Western blotting using anti-recombinant L. laeta PLD1 serum. Phospholipase D enzymatic activity was assessed, and the hemolytic and cytotoxic effects were evaluated and compared with those of the L. laeta venom. The S. thomisoides venom was able to hydrolyze sphingomyelin as well as induce complement-dependent hemolysis and the loss of viability of skin fibroblasts with a dermonecrotic effect of the venom in rabbits. The venom of S. thomisoides showed intraspecific variations, with a similar protein pattern as that of L. laeta venom at 32-35 kDa, recognized by serum anti-LlPLD1. In this context, we can conclude that the venom of Sicarius thomisoides is similar to Loxosceles laeta in many aspects, and the dermonecrotic toxin present in their venom could cause severe harm to humans; thus, precautions are necessary to avoid exposure to their bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Arán-Sekul
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Ivanka Perčić-Sarmiento
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Verónica Valencia
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Nelly Olivero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - José M. Rojas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Jorge E. Araya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
| | - Andrés Taucare-Ríos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Medio Ambiente (CENIMA), Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique 1110939, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1270300, Chile; (T.A.-S.); (I.P.-S.); (V.V.); (N.O.); (J.M.R.); (J.E.A.)
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Fusto G, Bennardo L, Duca ED, Mazzuca D, Tamburi F, Patruno C, Nisticò SP. Spider bites of medical significance in the Mediterranean area: misdiagnosis, clinical features and management. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190100. [PMID: 33061945 PMCID: PMC7534902 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the disrepute spiders have had for centuries, their bite is a rare
occurrence. In the Mediterranean area, only two of the numerous known species
are considered of medical significance: Latrodectus
tredecimguttatus and Loxosceles rufescens. Spider
bites have no pathognomonic signs or symptoms, therefore most diagnoses are
presumptive; a spider bite can only be diagnosed when a spider (seen at the time
of the bite) is collected and identified by an expert, since most physicians and
patients are unable to recognize a certain spider species or distinguish spiders
from other arthropods. Skin lesions of uncertain etiology are too often
attributed to spider bites. In most cases, these are actually skin and
soft-tissue infections, allergic reactions, dermatoses etc. Misdiagnosing a
wound as a spider bite can lead to delays in appropriate care, cause adverse or
even fatal outcomes and have medical-legal implications. Concerningly,
misinformation on spider bites also affects the medical literature and it
appears there is lack of awareness on current therapeutic indications for
verified bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Fusto
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luigi Bennardo
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ester Del Duca
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.,Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Daniela Mazzuca
- Unit of Forensic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Tamburi
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Steven Paul Nisticò
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
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Archambault M, Rubin JE. Antimicrobial Resistance in Clostridium and Brachyspira spp. and Other Anaerobes. Microbiol Spectr 2020; 8:10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0020-2017. [PMID: 31971162 PMCID: PMC10773235 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.arba-0020-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes the antimicrobial resistance to date of the most frequently encountered anaerobic bacterial pathogens of animals. The different sections show that antimicrobial resistance can vary depending on the antimicrobial, the anaerobe, and the resistance mechanism. The variability in antimicrobial resistance patterns is also associated with other factors such as geographic region and local antimicrobial usage. On occasion, the same resistance gene was observed in many anaerobes, whereas some were limited to certain anaerobes. This article focuses on antimicrobial resistance data of veterinary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Archambault
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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Ul-Hasan S, Rodríguez-Román E, Reitzel AM, Adams RMM, Herzig V, Nobile CJ, Saviola AJ, Trim SA, Stiers EE, Moschos SA, Keiser CN, Petras D, Moran Y, Colston TJ. The emerging field of venom-microbiomics for exploring venom as a microenvironment, and the corresponding Initiative for Venom Associated Microbes and Parasites (iVAMP). Toxicon X 2019; 4:100016. [PMID: 32550573 PMCID: PMC7286055 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom is a known source of novel antimicrobial natural products. The substantial, increasing number of these discoveries have unintentionally culminated in the misconception that venom and venom-producing glands are largely sterile environments. Culture-dependent and -independent studies on the microbial communities in venom microenvironments reveal the presence of archaea, algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Venom-centric microbiome studies are relatively sparse to date with the adaptive advantages that venom-associated microbes might offer to their hosts, or that hosts might provide to venom-associated microbes, remaining largely unknown. We highlight the potential for the discovery of venom microbiomes within the adaptive landscape of venom systems. The considerable number of convergently evolved venomous animals, juxtaposed with the comparatively few known studies to identify microbial communities in venom, provides new possibilities for both biodiversity and therapeutic discoveries. We present an evidence-based argument for integrating microbiology as part of venomics (i.e., venom-microbiomics) and introduce iVAMP, the Initiative for Venom Associated Microbes and Parasites (https://ivamp-consortium.github.io/), as a growing collaborative consortium. We express commitment to the diversity, inclusion and scientific collaboration among researchers interested in this emerging subdiscipline through expansion of the iVAMP consortium. Venom-microbiome studies as an integrative field of venomics and microbiology. Argument for multi-omics-based discovery through a microenvironment framework. Introduction of a venom-microbiome research consortium (iVAMP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Ul-Hasan
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez-Román
- Center for Microbiology and Cell Biology, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research. Caracas, 1020A, Venezuela
| | - Adam M Reitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Rachelle M M Adams
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Volker Herzig
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Clarissa J Nobile
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Anthony J Saviola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neurobiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Steven A Trim
- Venomtech Ltd, Discovery Park, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Erin E Stiers
- Department of Biological Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sterghios A Moschos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, Tyne and Wear, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Carl N Keiser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, University of California, San Diego, USA.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Yehu Moran
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Timothy J Colston
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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7
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Arán-Sekul T, Rojas JM, Subiabre M, Cruz V, Cortés W, Osorio L, González J, Araya JE, Catalán A. Heterophilic antibodies in sera from individuals without loxoscelism cross-react with phospholipase D from the venom of Loxosceles and Sicarius spiders. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:18. [PMID: 30065755 PMCID: PMC6062995 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loxoscelism is a severe human envenomation caused by Loxosceles spider venom. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the presence of antibodies against Loxosceles venom in loxoscelism patients without treatment with antivenom immunotherapy. We perform a comparative analysis for the presence of antibodies capable of recognizing Loxosceles venom in a group of patients diagnosed with loxoscelism and in a group of people without loxoscelism. Methods The detection of L. laeta venom, Sicarius venom and recombinant phospholipases D from Loxosceles (PLDs) in sera from people with loxoscelism (Group 1) and from healthy people with no history of loxoscelism (Group 2) was evaluated using immuno-dot blot, indirect ELISA, and Western blot. Results We found naturally heterophilic antibodies (IgG-type) in people without contact with Loxosceles spiders or any clinical history of loxoscelism. Either serum pools or single sera from Group 1 and Group 2 analyzed by dot blot tested positive for L. laeta venom. Indirect ELISA for venom recognition showed titles of 1:320 for Group 1 sera and 1:160 for Group 2 sera. Total IgG quantification showed no difference in sera from both groups. Pooled sera and purified IgG from sera of both groups revealed venom proteins between 25 and 32 kDa and the recombinant phospholipase D isoform 1 (rLlPLD1), specifically. Moreover, heterophile antibodies cross-react with PLDs from other Loxosceles species and the venom of Sicarius spider. Conclusions People without contact with the spider venom produced heterophilic antibodies capable of generating a cross-reaction against the venom of L. laeta and Sicarius spiders. Their presence and possible interference should be considered in the development of immunoassays for Loxosceles venom detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Arán-Sekul
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José M Rojas
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Mario Subiabre
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile.,2Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, 8330024 Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Cruz
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - William Cortés
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Luis Osorio
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge González
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E Araya
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- 1Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, 1270300 Antofagasta, Chile
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8
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Ma YH, Ye GS. Determination of multidrug resistance mechanisms in Clostridium perfringens type A isolates using RNA sequencing and 2D-electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7044. [PMID: 29898034 PMCID: PMC6002133 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we screened differentially expressed genes in a
multidrug-resistant isolate strain of Clostridium perfringens
by RNA sequencing. We also separated and identified differentially expressed
proteins (DEPs) in the isolate strain by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)
and mass spectrometry (MS). The RNA sequencing results showed that, compared
with the control strain, 1128 genes were differentially expressed in the isolate
strain, and these included 227 up-regulated genes and 901 down-regulated genes.
Bioinformatics analysis identified the following genes and gene categories that
are potentially involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) in the isolate strain:
drug transport, drug response, hydrolase activity, transmembrane transporter,
transferase activity, amidase transmembrane transporter, efflux transmembrane
transporter, bacterial chemotaxis, ABC transporter, and others. The results of
the 2-DE showed that 70 proteins were differentially expressed in the isolate
strain, 45 of which were up-regulated and 25 down-regulated. Twenty-seven DEPs
were identified by MS and these included the following protein categories:
ribosome, antimicrobial peptide resistance, and ABC transporter, all of which
may be involved in MDR in the isolate strain of C. perfringens. The results
provide reference data for further investigations on the drug resistant
molecular mechanisms of C. perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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9
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Abbona CC, Stagnitta PV. Clostridium perfringens: Comparative effects of heat and osmotic stress on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic strains. Anaerobe 2016; 39:105-13. [PMID: 27012900 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens isolates associated with food poisoning carries a chromosomal cpe gene, while non-foodborne human gastrointestinal disease isolates carry a plasmid cpe gene. The enterotoxigenic strains tested produced vegetative cells and spores with significantly higher resistance than non-enterotoxigenic strains. These results suggest that the vegetative cells and spores have a competitive advantage over non-enterotoxigenic strains. However, no explanation has been provided for the significant associations between chromosomal cpe genotypes with the high resistance, which could explain the strong relationship between chromosomal cpe isolates and C. perfringens type A food poisoning. Here, we analyse the action of physical and chemical agent on non-enterotoxigenic and enterotoxigenic regional strains. And this study tested the relationship between the sensitivities of spores and their levels SASPs (small acid soluble proteins) production in the same strains examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Carolina Abbona
- IBAM-CONICET and Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Virginia Stagnitta
- Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Química Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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10
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XXXV International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 26–29 May 2015, St Julian's, Malta. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1024953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Vetter RS, Swanson DL, Weinstein SA, White J. Do spiders vector bacteria during bites? The evidence indicates otherwise. Toxicon 2015; 93:171-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.11.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Alimolaei M, Ezatkhah M, Bafti MS. Genetic and antigenic typing of Clostridium perfringens isolates from ostriches. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:210-3. [PMID: 25290951 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Alimolaei
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Majid Ezatkhah
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran.
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13
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Catalán A, Cortes W, Sagua H, González J, Araya JE. Two new phospholipase D isoforms of Loxosceles laeta: cloning, heterologous expression, functional characterization, and potential biotechnological application. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2011; 25:393-403. [PMID: 21692149 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Toxin phospholipases-D present in the venom of Loxosceles spiders is the principal responsible for local and systemic effects observed in the loxoscelism. In this study, we describe the cloning, expression, functional evaluation, and potential biotechnological application of cDNAs, which code for two new phospholipase D isoforms, LIPLD1 and LIPLD2, of the spider Loxosceles laeta. The recombinant protein rLIPLD1 had hydrolytic activity on sphingomyelin and in vitro hemolytic activity on human red blood cells, whereas rLIPLD2 was inactive. The purified recombinant proteins and the venom are recognized by polyclonal anti-rLIPLD1 and rLIPLD2 sera produced in animals and conferred immunoprotection against the venom. These new isoforms reinforce the importance of the multigene family of phospholipases-D present in Loxosceles spiders. A highly immunogenic inactive isoform such as rLIPLD2 raises important expectation for its use as a potential immunogenic inducer of the immunoprotective response to the toxic action of the venom of Loxosceles laeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catalán
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, P.O. Box 160, Antofagasta, Chile
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