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Romanazzi M, Filardi ETM, Pires GMM, Cerveja MF, Melo-dos-Santos G, Oliveira IS, Ferreira IG, Cerni FA, Santos-Filho NA, Monteiro WM, Almeida JR, Vaiyapuri S, Pucca MB. The Versatility of Serine Proteases from Brazilian Bothrops Venom: Their Roles in Snakebites and Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2025; 15:154. [PMID: 40001458 PMCID: PMC11852464 DOI: 10.3390/biom15020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 01/18/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are multifunctional and versatile venom components found in viper snakes, including the Bothrops species, a widely distributed genus notorious for causing the highest number of snakebites across Latin America. These enzymes, representing a significant fraction of Bothrops venom proteomes, exhibit a wide range of biological activities that influence blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of serine proteases, with a particular focus on those found in the venom of Brazilian Bothrops snakes. The discussion begins with a summary of snake species found in Brazil and their medical relevance. Specifically addressing the Bothrops genus, this review explores the distribution of these species across Brazilian territory and their associated medical importance. Subsequently, the article investigates the biochemistry of Bothrops venoms and the clinical manifestations induced by envenomation. Finally, it offers an in-depth discussion on the serine proteases, highlighting their biochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications. Furthermore, this review provides an in-depth exploration of the diverse serine proteases found in Bothrops venoms and their functional significance, from thrombin-like effects to potent fibrinogenolytic actions, which determine the clinical manifestations of envenomation. This review delves into the evolutionary adaptations and biochemical diversity of serine proteases in Bothrops venoms, emphasizing their critical roles in venom functionality and the resulting pathophysiological effects. Additionally, it opens new avenues for utilizing these enzymes in biomedical applications, underscoring their potential beyond toxinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Romanazzi
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil; (M.R.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Eloise T. M. Filardi
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil; (M.R.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Geovanna M. M. Pires
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos F. Cerveja
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil; (M.R.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Guilherme Melo-dos-Santos
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil; (M.R.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Isadora S. Oliveira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 19040-903, Brazil
| | - Isabela G. Ferreira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 19040-903, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Brazil
| | - Norival Alves Santos-Filho
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil; (M.R.); (M.F.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil;
| | - José R. Almeida
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK
| | | | - Manuela B. Pucca
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Applied to Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil; (M.R.); (M.F.C.)
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 19060-900, Brazil
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Vilca-Quispe A, Alvarez-Risco A, Gomes Heleno MA, Ponce-Fuentes EA, Vera-Gonzales C, Zegarra-Aragon HFE, Aquino-Puma JL, Talavera-Núñez ME, Del-Aguila-Arcentales S, Yáñez JA, Ponce-Soto LA. Biochemical and hemostatic description of a thrombin-like enzyme TLBro from Bothrops roedingeri snake venom. Front Chem 2023; 11:1217329. [PMID: 38099189 PMCID: PMC10720248 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1217329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The current study's objective is to characterize a new throm-bin-like enzyme called TLBro that was obtained from Bothrops roedingeris snake from a biochemical and hemostatic perspective. Methodology: One chromatographic step was used to purify it, producing the serine protease TLBro. Molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be between reduced and unreduced by 35 kDa. Tryptic peptide sequencing using Swiss Prot provided the complete amino acid sequence. Expasy.org by conducting a search that is limited to Crotalinae snake serine proteases and displaying a high degree of amino acid sequence. Results: Ser (182) is inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and TLBro demonstrated the presence of Asp (88) residues. It also deduced the positions of His (43) and Ser (182) in the set of three coordinated amino acids in serine proteases. It was discovered that this substrate had high specificity for BANA, Michaelis-Menten behavior with KM 0 point85 mM and Vmax 1 point89 nmoles -NA/L/min, and high stability between temperatures (15 to 70°C) and pHs (2 point0 to 10 point0). According to doses and incubation times, TLBro degraded fibrin preferentially on the B-chain; additionally, its activities were significantly diminished after preincubation with divalent ions (Zn2 and Cd2). When incubated with PMSF, a particular serine protease inhibitor, enzymatic activities and platelet aggregation were inhibited. Conclusion: The findings revealed distinct structural and functional differences between the serine proteases, adding to the information and assisting in the improvement of the structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Vilca-Quispe
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology (IB), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aldo Alvarez-Risco
- Facultad de Administración y Negocios, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima, Perú
| | - Mauricio Aurelio Gomes Heleno
- Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peçonhentos (CEVAP), Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Corina Vera-Gonzales
- Departamento Académico de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | | | - Juan Luis Aquino-Puma
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | - María Elena Talavera-Núñez
- Departamento Académico de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Formales, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Arequipa, Perú
| | | | - Jaime A. Yáñez
- Facultad de Educación, Carrera de Educación y Gestión del Aprendizaje, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Perú
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Sialic acid-containing glycans play a role in the activity of snake venom proteases. Biochimie 2023; 204:140-153. [PMID: 36210615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural variability is a feature of snake venom proteins, and glycosylation is a post-translational modification that contributes to the diversification of venom proteomes. Studies by our group have shown that Bothrops venoms are distinctly defined by their glycoprotein content, and that most hybrid/complex N-glycans identified in these venoms contain sialic acid. Considering that metalloproteases and serine proteases are abundant components of Bothrops venoms and essential in the envenomation process, and that these enzymes contain several glycosylation sites, the role of sialic acid in venom proteolytic activity was evaluated. Here we show that removal of sialic acid by treatment of nine Bothrops venoms with neuraminidase (i) altered the pattern of gelatinolysis in zymography of most venoms and reduced the gelatinolytic activity of all venoms, (ii) decreased the proteolytic activity of some venoms on fibrinogen and the clotting activity of human plasma of all venoms, and (iii) altered the proteolysis profile of plasma proteins by B. jararaca venom, suggesting that sialic acid may play a role in the interaction of proteases with their protein substrates. In contrast, the profile of venom amidolytic activity on Bz-Arg-pNA did not change after removal of sialic acid, indicating that this monosaccharide is not essential in N-glycans of serine proteases acting on small substrates. In summary, these results expand the knowledge about the variability of the subproteomes of Bothrops venom proteases, and for the first time point to the importance of carbohydrate chains containing sialic acid in the enzymatic activities of venom proteases relevant in human envenomation.
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Dos Santos RV, Grillo G, Fonseca H, Stanisic D, Tasic L. Hesperetin as an inhibitor of the snake venom serine protease from Bothrops jararaca. Toxicon 2021; 198:64-72. [PMID: 33940046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority (90%) of the snakebite envenomation in Brazil accounts for Bothrops from the Viperidae family. Some snake venom serine proteases provoke blood coagulation in ophidian accident victims because of their fibrinolytic activity, one of those proteases from Bothrops jararaca (B. jararaca) has been chosen for this study. Our objectives were to isolate and characterize the target serine protease; isolate, purify, and characterize the orange bagasse flavone (hesperetin, Hst), and investigate the interactions between the targets, enzyme, and hesperetin. The purified serine protease was named BjSP24 because of its molecular mass and proteolytic activity. BjSP24 was folded and characterized using circular dichroism and showed low alpha-helix contents (7.7%). BjSP24 exhibited sequence similarity to other known snake venom serine proteases as measured in the enzyme tryptic peptides' LC-MS/MS run. Hesperetin was obtained within the expected yield and with the predominance of 2S isomer (82%). It acted as a mixed inhibitor for the serine protease (SVSP) from Bothrops jararaca snake venom observed in three different in vitro experiments, fluorescence, kinetics, and SSTD-NMR. It is still to determine if hesperetin might aid-in reverting the on site blood clotting problems just after snakebite accidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roney Vander Dos Santos
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Grillo
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fonseca
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Danijela Stanisic
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Biological Chemistry Laboratory, Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Sialic acid and biology of life: An introduction. SIALIC ACIDS AND SIALOGLYCOCONJUGATES IN THE BIOLOGY OF LIFE, HEALTH AND DISEASE 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153325 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816126-5.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acids are important molecule with high structural diversity. They are known to occur in higher animals such as Echinoderms, Hemichordata, Cephalochorda, and Vertebrata and also in other animals such as Platyhelminthes, Cephalopoda, and Crustaceae. Plants are known to lack sialic acid. But they are reported to occur in viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Deaminated neuraminic acid although occurs in vertebrates and bacteria, is reported to occur in abundance in the lower vertebrates. Sialic acids are mostly located in terminal ends of glycoproteins and glycolipids, capsular and tissue polysialic acids, bacterial lipooligosaccharides/polysaccharides, and in different forms that dictate their role in biology. Sialic acid play important roles in human physiology of cell-cell interaction, communication, cell-cell signaling, carbohydrate-protein interactions, cellular aggregation, development processes, immune reactions, reproduction, and in neurobiology and human diseases in enabling the infection process by bacteria and virus, tumor growth and metastasis, microbiome biology, and pathology. It enables molecular mimicry in pathogens that allows them to escape host immune responses. Recently sialic acid has found role in therapeutics. In this chapter we have highlighted the (i) diversity of sialic acid, (ii) their occurrence in the diverse life forms, (iii) sialylation and disease, and (iv) sialic acid and therapeutics.
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Li H, Huang Y, Wu X, Wu T, Cao Y, Wang Q, Qiu Y, Fu W, Zhang Q, Pang J. Effects of hemocoagulase agkistrodon on the coagulation factors and its procoagulant activities. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1385-1398. [PMID: 29872262 PMCID: PMC5973382 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s159210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective Hemocoagulase agkistrodon (HCA), a thrombin-like enzyme (TLE) from the venom of the Chinese moccasin snake (Deinagkistrodon acutus), has been used in clinical practice as a hemostatic compound. The aim of this study was to further investigate the pharmacological properties of HCA. Materials and methods Sodium dodecyl sulfate or native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS- or N-PAGE) as well as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were conducted to study the effects of HCA on the human plasma fibrinogen and prothrombin levels, as well as its in vitro interactions with some coagulation factors. In addition, the bleeding time effects of HCA in the mouse tail-bleeding model as well as its effects on the fibrinogen levels in rabbits were determined in vivo. Results In vitro results revealed that HCA exerts its procoagulant activities by hydrolyzing fibrinogen into segments that are easier to be absorbed, reducing the risk of thrombus formation. Besides, HCA could significantly inhibit the activation of prothrombin at the concentration of 0.3 μM. Unexpectedly, we also found that HCA was able to strongly bind to factor X/Xa (in a ratio of 1:1) and thus inhibit the acceleration of active factor X to tissue plasminogen activator-catalyzed plasminogen activation, demonstrating that it could be less likely to lead to thrombus formation. Finally, in vivo results indicated that HCA could significantly shorten the bleeding time in the mouse tail-bleeding model and had no effect on the fibrinogen levels in rabbits. Conclusion In summary, HCA, a unique and new family member of TLEs, may become a new clinical drug for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhage due to its unique and complex interactions with the blood system. Clarification of these features will enable us to further understand the mechanism of action of HCA and then promote its further application in clinical practice as a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Good Clinical Practice Development, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Vander dos Santos R, Villalta-Romero F, Stanisic D, Borro L, Neshich G, Tasic L. Citrus bioflavonoid, hesperetin, as inhibitor of two thrombin-like snake venom serine proteases isolated from Crotalus simus. Toxicon 2018; 143:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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de Oliveira F, de Sousa BB, Mamede CCN, de Morais NCG, de Queiroz MR, da Cunha Pereira DF, Matias MS, Homi Brandeburgo MI. Biochemical and functional characterization of BmooSP, a new serine protease from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Toxicon 2016; 111:130-8. [PMID: 26797102 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the purification and characterization of a new serine protease enzyme from Bothrops moojeni snake venom (BmooSP). On SDS-PAGE, BmooSP was found to be a single-chain protein with an apparent molecular mass of 36,000 and 32,000 under reduced and non-reduced conditions, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the BmooSP is composed by two isoforms with molecular mass of 30,363 and 30,070, respectively. The purified enzyme consists of 277 amino acid residues, disregarding the cysteine and tryptophan residues that have been degraded by acid hydrolysis, and its N-terminal sequence showed similarity with other serine protease enzymes. BmooSP induced blood-clotting in vitro, defibrination in vivo, caseinolytic and fibrin(ogen)olytic activities. The enzyme is stable at high temperatures (up to 100 °C) and shows maximum activity at pH around 7.0. Preliminary results show that BmooSP can induce the formation of a stable fibrin clot for more than 10 days. BmooSP presents medical interest because it can be used as biodegradable fibrin glue and for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disorders because of its ability to promote the defibrination in vivo, decreasing blood viscosity and improving blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Barbosa de Sousa
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristine Neves Mamede
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Nadia Cristina Gomes de Morais
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro de Queiroz
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Nano-Biofarmacêutica (N-Biofar), Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Matias
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia MG, Brazil
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Partial in vitro analysis of toxic and antigenic activities of eleven Peruvian pitviper snake venoms. Toxicon 2015; 108:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Amel KS, Fatima LD. Purification and Characterization of a New Serine Protease (VLCII) Isolated fromVipera lebetinaVenom: Its Role in Hemostasis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:388-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kadi-Saci Amel
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; BP32 El-Alia Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
| | - Laraba-Djebari Fatima
- USTHB, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology; BP32 El-Alia Bab Ezzouar Algiers Algeria
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Recent advances in the understanding of brown spider venoms: From the biology of spiders to the molecular mechanisms of toxins. Toxicon 2014; 83:91-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mukherjee AK, Mackessy SP. Biochemical and pharmacological properties of a new thrombin-like serine protease (Russelobin) from the venom of Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) and assessment of its therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:3476-88. [PMID: 23416064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules, and several venom-derived proteins have entered clinical trials for use in ischemic disorders; however, late-stage failure of a recent drug candidate due to low in vivo efficacy demonstrated the need for new sources of fibrinogenolytic drug candidates. METHODS A 51.3kDa thrombin-like serine protease (Russelobin) purified from the venom of Russell's Viper (Daboia russelii russelii) was subjected to extensive biochemical characterization, including N-terminal sequencing, substrate specificity, kinetic and inhibitor assays, glycosylation analysis and stability assays. Toxicity and pathology analyses were conducted in NSA mice. RESULTS Russelobin has extensive N-terminus identity with a beta-fibrinogenase-like serine proteinase precursor from Daboia russelii siamensis venom, a mass of 51.3kDa and contains extensive N-linked oligosaccharides. Serine protease inhibitors and heparin significantly decreased activity, with much lower inhibition by DTT, antithrombin-III and α2-macroglobulin. Russelobin preferentially released FPA and slowly released FPB from human fibrinogen, forming a labile fibrin clot readily hydrolyzed by plasmin. The partially deglycosylated enzyme showed significantly lower activity toward fibrinogen and less resistance against neutralization by plasma α2MG and antithrombin-III. Russelobin was non-cytotoxic, non-lethal and produced no histopathologies in mice, and it demonstrated in vivo dose-dependent defibrinogenating activity. CONCLUSIONS Russelobin is an A/B fibrinogenase with high specificity toward fibrinogen, both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive glycosylation appears to protect the molecule against endogenous protease inhibitors, prolonging its in vivo efficacy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Due to its low toxicity, stability and activity as a defibrinogenating agent, Russelobin shows high potential for cardiovascular drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639-0017, USA
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Santhosh MS, Sundaram MS, Sunitha K, Kemparaju K, Girish KS. Viper venom-induced oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory cytokines: a therapeutic approach for overlooked issues of snakebite management. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:721-31. [PMID: 23657249 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Menaldo DL, Bernardes CP, Santos-Filho NA, Moura LDA, Fuly AL, Arantes EC, Sampaio SV. Biochemical characterization and comparative analysis of two distinct serine proteases from Bothrops pirajai snake venom. Biochimie 2012; 94:2545-58. [PMID: 22819993 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the isolation and biochemical characterization of two different serine proteases from Bothrops pirajai snake venom, thus providing a comparative analysis of the enzymes. The isolation process consisted of three consecutive chromatographic steps (Sephacryl S-200, Benzamidine Sepharose and C2/C18), resulting in two serine proteases, named BpirSP27 and BpirSP41 after their molecular masses by mass spectrometry (27,121 and 40,639 Da, respectively). Estimation by SDS-PAGE under denaturing conditions showed that, when deglycosylated with PNGase F, BpirSP27 and BpirSP41 had their molecular masses reduced by approximately 15 and 42%, respectively. Both are acidic enzymes, with pI of approximately 4.7 for BpirSP27 and 3.7 for BpirSP41, and their N-terminal amino acid sequences showed 57% identity to each other, with high similarity to the sequences of other snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs). The enzymes showed different actions on bovine fibrinogen, with BpirSP27 acting preferentially on the Bβ chain and BpirSP41 on both Aα and Bβ chains. The two serine proteases were also able to degrade fibrin and blood clots in vitro depending on the doses and incubation periods, with higher results for BpirSP41. Both enzymes coagulated the human plasma in a dose-dependent manner, and BpirSP41 showed a higher coagulant potential, with minimum coagulant dose (MCD) of ∼3.5 μg versus 20 μg for BpirSP27. The enzymes were capable of hydrolyzing different chromogenic substrates, including S-2238 for thrombin-like enzymes, but only BpirSP27 acted on the substrate S-2251 for plasmin. They also showed high stability against variations of temperature and pH, but their activities were significantly reduced after preincubation with Cu(2+) ion and specific serine protease inhibitors. In addition, BpirSP27 induced aggregation of washed platelets to a greater extent than BpirSP41. The results showed significant structural and functional differences between B. pirajai serine proteases, providing interesting insights into the structure-function relationship of SVSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Luccas Menaldo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Av. do Café, s/n°, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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