Protection against Amorimia septentrionalis poisoning in goats by the continuous administration of sodium monofluoroacetate-degrading bacteria

Treatment of a patient with aconitine poisoning using veno-arterial membrane oxygenation: A case report

BACKGROUND

Aconitine poisoning is highly prone to causing malignant arrhythmias. The elimination of aconitine from the body takes a considerable amount of time, and during this period, patients are at a significant risk of death due to malignant arrhythmias associated with aconitine poisoning.

CASE SUMMARY

A 30-year-old male patient was admitted due to accidental ingestion of aconitine-containing drugs. Upon arrival at the emergency department, the patient intermittently experienced malignant arrhythmias including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular premature beats, and cardiac arrest. Emergency interventions such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation were promptly administered. Additionally, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) therapy was initiated. Successful resuscitation was achieved before ECMO placement, but upon initiation of ECMO, the patient experienced recurrent malignant arrhythmias. ECMO was utilized to maintain hemodynamics and respiration, while continuous blood purification therapy for toxin clearance, mechanical ventilation, and hypothermic brain protection therapy were concurrently administered. On the third day of VA-ECMO support, the patient's respiratory and hemodynamic status stabilized, with only frequent ventricular premature beats observed on electrocardiographic monitoring, and echocardiography indicated recovery of cardiac contractile function. On the fourth day, a significant reduction in toxin levels was observed, along with stable hemodynamic and respiratory functions. Following a successful pump-controlled retrograde trial occlusion test, ECMO assistance was terminated. The patient gradually improved postoperatively and achieved recovery. He was discharged 11 days later.

CONCLUSION

VA-ECMO can serve as a bridging resuscitation technique for patients with reversible malignant arrhythmias.

Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review

This paper reviews toxic plants for livestock in South America. We included 219 plants in this review, considering only the plants that caused at least one demonstrated outbreak of poisoning. Plants reported as toxic in other regions and present in South America, but with no confirmed outbreaks of poisoning in this region, are not included. We report the main aspects of the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology and economical importance of the poisonings. Initially, the toxic plants are described based on their toxic compounds, but because the toxic compound is unknown in 92 (42%) of the plants we also classify them according to the affected system. This review highlights the great diversity of toxic plants capable of affecting livestock in South America, and for this reason studies in this regard should be intensified.

A preliminary study on the possibility of fermented pineapple peel residue partially replacing whole corn silage in feeding Chuanzhong black goats

This study aims to assess the effects of the partial replacement of whole corn silage (WCS) with fermented pineapple peel residue (FPPR) on growth, serological parameters, muscle quality, rumen microorganisms, and fecal microorganisms. A total of 24 Chuanzhong black goats weighing 10.23 ± 1.42 kg were evaluated in a randomized complete trial design in accordance with the following treatments: (1) 0% FPPR in the diet, (2) 25% FPPR in the diet, and (3) 50% FPPR in the diet. In goats, the partial substitution of FPPR for WCS increased the abundance of probiotics, such as Blautia, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Ruminococcus albus, and did not exert significant effects on overall serological parameters and muscle quality. In conclusion, the partial substitution of FPPR for WCS in the diet did not impair or affect the productive performance of goats.

Techniques for prevention and control of poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants in ruminants

ABSTRACT: Monofluoroacetate (MFA)-containing plants cause sudden death associated with exercise in ruminants, and are responsible for significant losses in Brazilian livestock, estimated at 500,000 bovine deaths annually. Most of the times, the control and treatment of this type of poisoning are not efficient, because disease evolution is superacute, usually causing the death of the animal. Due to the difficulty in controlling this intoxication, several studies have suggested alternatives to prevent it, mainly by making animals resistant to the MFA present in these plants or by avoiding their consumption. This literature review addresses the techniques used experimentally to control the poisoning of ruminants by plants containing MFA. The first studies carried out in Brazil demonstrated that goats and sheep that continuously receive non-toxic doses of plant containing MFA show greater resistance to poisoning than untreated animals, and that this resistance can be transmitted by ruminal fluid transfaunation, suggesting that poisoning occurs due to the presence of bacteria that hydrolyze MFA in the rumen. Based on this hypothesis, several MFA-hydrolyzing bacteria were isolated (Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus sp., Paenibacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Cupriavidus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Ancylobacter sp., Ralstonia sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pigmentiphaga kullae, and Ancylobacter dichloromethanicus). When some of these bacteria were administered intraruminally, they provided the animal with a different level of protection against poisoning. However, it was observed that protection is gradually lost when the bacterium administration is interrupted. Consequently, to obtain more efficient protection, these bacteria should be administered continuously, probably in the form of probiotics. In another assay, MFA was administered to sheep at non-toxic doses to test the hypothesis that this substance could induce the multiplication of bacteria that hydrolyze it in the rumen. There was no increase in resistance to poisoning after administration of MFA; however, no signs of poisoning were observed when animals received trifluoroacetate and no clinical signs were verified when they were challenged with toxic doses of MFA; in contrast, all control animals presented clinical signs. These results suggest that trifluoroacetate induces the proliferation of MFA-degrading bacteria, and can be used in intoxication prophylaxis. The conditioned food aversion technique, using lithium chloride, has been successfully used experimentally to prevent ruminants from ingesting plants that contain MFA. Another alternative tested was the spraying of Amorimia septentrionalis with the endophytic bacterium Herbaspirillum seropedicae, which degrades MFA, resulting in decreased concentration of this compound in the plants. In conclusion, several experimental techniques have been proved efficient in the control and prophylaxis of MFA-containing plant poisoning; however, none of these techniques are available commercially. Further experiments, mainly in the field, should be carried out to adapt some of these techniques to the conditions of extensive breeding in the numerous areas where MFA-containing plants occur.

Evaluation of the resistance of Nellore, Curraleiro Pe-duro and Pantaneiro cattle breeds by experimental intoxication of Palicourea marcgravii

Palicourea marcgravii is the most important toxic plant in Brazil due to its acute toxicity (sudden death), palatability, cumulative effect and broad geographical distribution. The study aimed to evaluate the resistance between cattle of different breeds by experimental intoxication of Palicourea marcgravii. Eighteen males were randomly divided into three groups (Nellore, Curraleiro Pe-Duro and Pantaneiro), six animals in each group. All animals were experimentally intoxicated with P. marcgravii at 0.5 mg/kg of equivalent sodium monofluoracetate acid, receiving one single oral dose. All cattle presented symptoms and the toxic plant caused death in all cattle of the Nellore and Pantaneiro breeds and only three Curraleiro cattle. No changes were observed in the leukogram, fibrinogen, albumin, total protein and bilirubins. Hyperglycemia and increased of aspartate transaminase, creatinine kinase, urea and creatinine were detected in all breeds. Changes in the values of the gamma glutamyl transferase were individualized and did not follow a standard response. Fourteen cattle presented the histopathological findings of renal hydropic degeneration. The lower death rate of Curraleiro cattle indicates a higher resistance than cattle of the Nellore and Pantaneiro breeds.

Sequential administrations of trifluoroacetate induce tolerance to Palicourea maccgravii, a monofluoroacetate-containing plant, in calves

Monofluoroacetate (MFA) is considered one of the most toxic substances known. It is found naturally in plants, and causes sudden death syndrome in ruminants. Due to hyperacute evolution of poisoning and the absence of effective treatment, induction of resistance in animals might be the best tool to control MFA poisoning in ruminants. The objective of this study was to promote resistance in cattle against the toxic effects of MFA through its degradation by the ruminal microbiota after the administration of sodium trifluoroacetate (TFA). Ten calves were distributed into two groups: control group (n = 3) and treated group (n = 7). The calves in the treated group received 0.1 mg/kg live weight of TFA, whereas, those in the control group received water; both for 28 consecutive days. The calves were subjected to daily clinical evaluation and weekly blood biochemical determination to identify any signs of poisoning. After 28 d of administration of TFA or water, 2.0 g/kg body weight of Palicourea marcgravii leaves (containing 0.15% MFA) were administered using a stomach tube to determine the occurrence of resistance. The administration of TFA did not induce any clinical or biochemical changes in blood. The administration of P. marcgravii induced clinical changes in the calves of control group, but there was no change in the calves of the treated group. In conclusion, the administration of TFA to cattle can induce effective resistance against MFA poisoning.

Toxicity of the different vegetative stages of Amorimia pubiflora to sheep

Toxic plants containing monofluoroacetate (MFA) cause sudden death in livestock in Australia, South Africa and Brazil, causing economic losses to producers. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of MFA present in young leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, and seeds of Amorimia pubiflora harvested at different times of the year and to determine their toxic effect on sheep. Samples of Amorimia pubiflora were collected during April, August and December of 2015 and March of 2016, separated according to the vegetative stage (young leaves, seeds, mature leaves, and senescent leaves), dried in an oven, and administered in daily doses of 5 g/kg/body weight (bw) of fresh leaves to sheep through ruminal cannulae. The experiment was divided into four stages according to the time of collection of the plant so that each sheep received a different vegetative stage of the plant (young leaves, mature leaves, and senescent leaves). Only in the second stage of the experiment was it possible to collect A. pubiflora seeds, which were administered using the same method used for the administration of the leaves. The sheep were dosed with the plant until they showed clinical signs of toxicosis or until the plant was no longer available. Aliquots of leaves and seeds of A. pubiflora were analyzed for MFA concentration. The seeds and young leaves had higher concentrations of MFA than did the mature (harvested in August and December) and senescent (harvested in December) leaves. However, all vegetative stages of the plant were toxic and caused fatal poisoning. The results of our study showed that A. pubiflora is toxic to sheep even when MFA concentrations are low, demonstrating that the presence of this substance is a risk factor for the occurrence of poisoning. Knowing the toxic principle and its variations allow us to determine the conditions for the occurrence of plant toxicosis as well as possible treatment, control, and prophylaxis methods, contributing significantly to the reduction of economic losses on farms due to plant poisoning.

Evaluation of resistance to natural poisoning by Amorimia septentrionalis in goats which had received sodium monofluoroacetate degrading bacteria

ABSTRACT: Amorimia septentrionalis is an important sodium monofluoroacetate (MFA) containing plant that causes sudden death in ruminants in northeastern Brazil. MFA degrading bacteria are being used in the prevention against poisoning by this plant. The aim of this study was to evaluate if goats which had per os received MFA degrading bacteria remained resistant when exposed to natural poisoning by A. septentrionalis. Eighteen goats were randomly distributed into three groups: the goats of Group 1 previously received, during 40 days, a solution containing the bacteria Ralstonia sp. and Burkholderia sp., those goats in the Group 2 received the bacteria Paenibacillus sp. and Cupriavidus sp. and goats from Group 3 did not receive any bacteria. After the administration period, during 60 days, the animals of all groups were released to graze on a one hectare paddock, with significant amount of A. septentrionalis. They were observed daily for the spontaneous consumption of A. septentrionalis leaves and the occurrence of clinical signs of poisoning or sudden death. Goats from all groups consumed significant amounts of A. septentrionalis during the experimental period. Goats that did not receive MFA-degrading bacteria (Group 3) became sick and died from the 25th to the 27th day of the experiment, whereas the goats of the groups that received MFA-degrading bacteria showed only clinical sings when A. septentrionalis regrowth after the 55th day of the experiment. The days elapsed from field observation to death of Group 3 goats (25.5±0.9 days) were significantly lower (p<0.05) than Group 1 (58.6±1.3 days) and Group 2 (57.8±1.5 days). Thus, it can be concluded that administration of MFA degrading bacteria increases the resistance to natural poisoning by A. septentrionalis.

Plantas cardiotóxicas para ruminantes no Brasil

RESUMO: Esta revisão atualiza informações sobre plantas cardiotóxicas que afetam os ruminantes no Brasil. Atualmente, sabe-se que existem pelo menos 131 plantas tóxicas pertencentes a 79 gêneros. Vinte e cinco espécies afetam o funcionamento do coração. As plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum e Fridericia elegans) causam numerosos surtos de intoxicação, principalmente em bovinos, mas búfalos, ovinos e caprinos são ocasionalmente afetados. A intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii continua a ser a mais importante devido à ampla distribuição desta planta no Brasil. Novas espécies do gênero Palicourea contendo monofluoracetato de sódio, como Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans e Palicourea aff. juruana foram descritas na região amazônica. Na região nordeste, a planta tóxica mais importante para bovinos é Amorimia septentrionalis. No Centro-Oeste, surtos de intoxicação por Niedenzuella stannea foram relatados em bovinos na região do Araguaia e a doença precisa ser melhor investigada quanto à sua ocorrência e importância. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa e Tetrapterys acutifolia, duas plantas que causam fibrose cardíaca, também contêm monofluoracetato de sódio e foram reclassificadas para o gênero Niedenzuella. Essas duas espécies e Ateleia glazioveana, outra planta que causa fibrose cardíaca, continuam sendo importantes no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Outras espécies menos importantes e que ocasionamente provocam surtos acidentais de intoxicação são as plantas que contém glicosídeos cardiotóxicos, tais como Nerium oleander e Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Recentemente, várias metodologias experimentais foram empregadas para evitar intoxicações por plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio. Estas metodologias incluem a indução de aversão condicionada utilizando cloreto de lítio, a utilização de doses repetidas não tóxicas de folhas para induzir resistência, o uso de acetamida para prevenir as intoxicações e a inoculação intraruminal de bactérias degradantes de monofluoroacetato de sódio.