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Paz-Rodríguez VA, Herrera-Vargas DJ, Turiján-Espinoza E, Martínez-Leija ME, Rivera-López E, Hernández-González O, Zavala-Reyes D, García-Hernández MH, Vargas-Morales JM, Milán-Segovia RDC, Portales-Pérez DP. Function and expression of N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2 are altered in lymphocytes in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Biochem Biophys Rep 2024; 38:101716. [PMID: 38737726 PMCID: PMC11087921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2024.101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic enzymes N-Acetyl Transferases 1 and 2 (NATs) transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to a xenobiotic substrate. NATs are regulated at the genetic and epigenetic levels by deacetylase enzymes such as sirtuins. The enzymatic expression of NAT1, NAT2, and SIRT1 was evaluated by flow cytometry, as well as the enzymatic activity of NATs by cell culture and HPLC analysis. Six SNPs were determined through genotyping. T2D patients (n = 29) and healthy subjects (n = 25) with a median age of 57 and 50, respectively, were recruited. An increased enzyme expression and a diminished NAT2 enzymatic activity were found in cells of T2D patients compared to the control group, while NAT1 was negatively correlated with body fat percentage and BMI. In contrast, Sirtuin inhibition increased NAT2 activity, while Sirtuin agonism decreased its activity in both groups. The analysis of NAT2 SNPs showed a higher frequency of rapid acetylation haplotypes in T2D patients compared to the control group, possibly associated as a risk factor for diabetes. The enzymatic expression of CD3+NAT2+ cells was higher in the rapid acetylators group compared to the slow acetylators group. The levels and activity of NAT1 were associated with total cholesterol and triglycerides. Meanwhile, CD3+NAT2+ cells and NAT2 activity levels were associated with HbA1c and glucose levels. The results indicate that NAT2 could be involved in metabolic processes related to the development of T2D, due to its association with glucose levels, HbA1c, and the altered SIRT-NAT axis. NAT1 may be involved with dyslipidaemias in people who are overweight or obese.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Judith Herrera-Vargas
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi (UASLP), Mexico
| | - Eneida Turiján-Espinoza
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ernesto Martínez-Leija
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi (UASLP), Mexico
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Oswaldo Hernández-González
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - Daniel Zavala-Reyes
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi (UASLP), Mexico
| | | | - Juan Manuel Vargas-Morales
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | - Diana Patricia Portales-Pérez
- Research Center for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi (UASLP), Mexico
- Laboratory of Immunology and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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Choudhury C, Gill MK, McAleese CE, Butcher NJ, Ngo ST, Steyn FJ, Minchin RF. The Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases as Therapeutic Targets in Metabolic Diseases Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:300-320. [PMID: 38351074 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, there are two arylamine N-acetyltransferase genes that encode functional enzymes (NAT1 and NAT2) as well as one pseudogene, all of which are located together on chromosome 8. Although they were first identified by their role in the acetylation of drugs and other xenobiotics, recent studies have shown strong associations for both enzymes in a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. There is growing evidence that this association may be causal. Consistently, NAT1 and NAT2 are shown to be required for healthy mitochondria. This review discusses the current literature on the role of both NAT1 and NAT2 in mitochondrial bioenergetics. It will attempt to relate our understanding of the evolution of the two genes with biologic function and then present evidence that several major metabolic diseases are influenced by NAT1 and NAT2. Finally, it will discuss current and future approaches to inhibit or enhance NAT1 and NAT2 activity/expression using small-molecule drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) NAT1 and NAT2 share common features in their associations with mitochondrial bioenergetics. This review discusses mitochondrial function as it relates to health and disease, and the importance of NAT in mitochondrial function and dysfunction. It also compares NAT1 and NAT2 to highlight their functional similarities and differences. Both NAT1 and NAT2 are potential drug targets for diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Choudhury
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Melinder K Gill
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Courtney E McAleese
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shyuan T Ngo
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Frederik J Steyn
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences (C.C., M.K.G., C.E.M., N.J.B., F.J.S., R.F.M.) and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (S.T.N.), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Trastulla L, Moser S, Jiménez-Barrón LT, Andlauer TF, von Scheidt M, Budde M, Heilbronner U, Papiol S, Teumer A, Homuth G, Falkai P, Völzke H, Dörr M, Schulze TG, Gagneur J, Iorio F, Müller-Myhsok B, Schunkert H, Ziller MJ. Distinct genetic liability profiles define clinically relevant patient strata across common diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.10.23289788. [PMID: 37214898 PMCID: PMC10197798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.23289788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have unearthed a wealth of genetic associations across many complex diseases. However, translating these associations into biological mechanisms contributing to disease etiology and heterogeneity has been challenging. Here, we hypothesize that the effects of disease-associated genetic variants converge onto distinct cell type specific molecular pathways within distinct subgroups of patients. In order to test this hypothesis, we develop the CASTom-iGEx pipeline to operationalize individual level genotype data to interpret personal polygenic risk and identify the genetic basis of clinical heterogeneity. The paradigmatic application of this approach to coronary artery disease and schizophrenia reveals a convergence of disease associated variant effects onto known and novel genes, pathways, and biological processes. The biological process specific genetic liabilities are not equally distributed across patients. Instead, they defined genetically distinct groups of patients, characterized by different profiles across pathways, endophenotypes, and disease severity. These results provide further evidence for a genetic contribution to clinical heterogeneity and point to the existence of partially distinct pathomechanisms across patient subgroups. Thus, the universally applicable approach presented here has the potential to constitute an important component of future personalized medicine concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Trastulla
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München Medical Graduate Center Experimental Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvain Moser
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität München Medical Graduate Center Experimental Medicine, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Laura T. Jiménez-Barrón
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Moritz von Scheidt
- Klinik für Herz-und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Monika Budde
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Urs Heilbronner
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Alexander Teumer
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Julien Gagneur
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Klinik für Herz-und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael J. Ziller
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Hong KU, Walls KM, Hein DW. Non-coding and intergenic genetic variants of human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene are associated with differential plasma lipid and cholesterol levels and cardiometabolic disorders. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1091976. [PMID: 37077812 PMCID: PMC10106703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1091976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a phase II metabolic enzyme, best known for metabolism of aromatic amines and hydrazines. Genetic variants occurring in the NAT2 coding region have been well-defined and are known to affect the enzyme activity or protein stability. Individuals can be categorized into rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator phenotypes that significantly alter their ability to metabolize arylamines, including drugs (e.g., isoniazid) and carcinogens (e.g., 4-aminobiphenyl). However, functional studies on non-coding or intergenic variants of NAT2 are lacking. Multiple, independent genome wide association studies (GWAS) have reported that non-coding or intergenic variants of NAT2 are associated with elevated plasma lipid and cholesterol levels, as well as cardiometabolic disorders, suggesting a novel cellular role of NAT2 in lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. The current review highlights and summarizes GWAS reports that are relevant to this association. We also present a new finding that seven, non-coding, intergenic NAT2 variants (i.e., rs4921913, rs4921914, rs4921915, rs146812806, rs35246381, rs35570672, and rs1495741), which have been associated with plasma lipid and cholesterol levels, are in linkage disequilibrium with one another, and thus form a novel haplotype. The dyslipidemia risk alleles of non-coding NAT2 variants are associated with rapid NAT2 acetylator phenotype, suggesting that differential systemic NAT2 activity might be a risk factor for developing dyslipidemia. The current review also discusses the findings of recent reports that are supportive of the role of NAT2 in lipid or cholesterol synthesis and transport. In summary, we review data suggesting that human NAT2 is a novel genetic factor that influences plasma lipid and cholesterol levels and alters the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. The proposed novel role of NAT2 merits further investigations.
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Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Hein DW. N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphism modifies genotoxic and oxidative damage from new psychoactive substances. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:189-199. [PMID: 36138126 PMCID: PMC10187882 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) as drugs of abuse is common and increasingly popular, particularly among youth and neglected communities. Recent studies have reported acute toxic effects from these chemicals; however, their long-term toxicity is unknown. Genetic differences between individuals likely affect the toxicity risk. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) capacity differs among individuals due to genetic inheritance. The goal of the present study is to investigate the gene-environment interaction between NAT2 polymorphism and toxicity after exposure to these chemicals. We measured N-acetylation by human NAT1 and NAT2 and found that N-acetylation of NPS is carried out exclusively by NAT2. Differences in N-acetylation between NAT2*4 (reference allele) and NAT2*5B (common variant allele) were highly significant (p < 0.0001). Using DNA repair-deficient genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO cells), expressing human CYP1A2 and either NAT2*4 or NAT2*5B, we measured the induction of DNA double-strand breaks ([Formula: see text]H2Ax) following treatment of the CHO cells with increasing concentrations of NPS. The induction of [Formula: see text]H2Ax showed a NAT2 allele-dependent response, higher in the NAT2*4 vs NAT2*5B alleles (p < 0.05). Induction of oxidative stress (ROS/RNS) was evaluated; we observed NAT2 allele-dependent response for all compounds in concentrations as low as 10 [Formula: see text]M, where NAT2*4 showed increased ROS/RNS vs NAT2*5B (p < 0.05). In summary, NPS are N-acetylated by NAT2 at rates higher in cells expressing NAT2*4 than NAT2*5B. Exposure to psychoactive chemicals results in genotoxic and oxidative damage that is modified by the NAT2 genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Hong KU, Salazar-González RA, Walls KM, Hein DW. Transcriptional Regulation of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 2 Gene by Glucose and Insulin in Liver Cancer Cell Lines. Toxicol Sci 2022; 190:158-172. [PMID: 36156098 PMCID: PMC9702998 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is well-known for its role in phase II metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs. More recently, genome wide association studies and murine models implicated NAT2 in regulation of insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid levels. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Transcript levels of human NAT2 varied dynamically in HepG2 (hepatocellular) cells, depending on the nutrient status of the culture media. Culturing the cells in the presence of glucose induced NAT2 mRNA expression as well as its N-acetyltransferase activity significantly. In addition, insulin or acetate treatment also significantly induced NAT2 mRNA. We examined and compared the glucose- and acetate-dependent changes in NAT2 expression to those of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, including FABP1, CPT1A, ACACA, SCD, CD36, FASN, ACLY, G6PC, and PCK1. Genes that are involved in fatty acid transport and lipogenesis, such as FABP1 and CD36, shared a similar pattern of expression with NAT2. In silico analysis of genes co-expressed with NAT2 revealed an enrichment of biological processes involved in lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis and transport. Among these, A1CF (APOBEC1 complementation factor) showed the highest correlation with NAT2 in terms of its expression in normal human tissues. The current study shows, for the first time, that human NAT2 is transcriptionally regulated by glucose and insulin in liver cancer cell lines and that the gene expression pattern of NAT2 is similar to that of genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung U Hong
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - Kennedy M Walls
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Polymorphism in the human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 gene 3’-untranslated region determines polyadenylation signal usage. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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