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Altunkaynak P, Avuloglu-Yilmaz E. Analysis of genotoxic effects of food preservatives sodium acetate (E262) and sodium sulfite (E221) in human lymphocytes. Food Sci Biotechnol 2025; 34:699-708. [PMID: 39958174 PMCID: PMC11822160 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-024-01731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2025] Open
Abstract
Food preservatives are a large class of food additives that generally prevent microbiological spoilage. Sodium acetate (SA) and sodium sulfite (SS) are food preservatives, and the aim of this study was to investigate their genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. The genotoxic effects of SA and SS were examined by chromosomal aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) assays in human lymphocytes in vitro. In addition, the effects of these two preservative additives on mitotic index (MI) and nuclear division index (NDI) were also investigated. SA and SS significantly induced CAs and MN frequencies and caused a decrease in MI especially at higher concentrations. Neither food preservative caused any change in the NDI. In the light of the data obtained, it was concluded that SA and SS may have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human lymphocytes, especially at high concentrations. Therefore, their use at lower concentrations, which may be safer, should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Altunkaynak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Amasya University, 05100 Amasya, Turkey
| | - Ece Avuloglu-Yilmaz
- Department of Health Information Systems, School of Technical Sciences, Amasya University, 05100 Amasya, Turkey
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Uneyama M, Toyoda T, Doi Y, Matsushita K, Akane H, Morikawa T, Ogawa K. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of linalool oxide in Crl:CD(SD) rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2024; 37:151-161. [PMID: 39359898 PMCID: PMC11442264 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2024-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Linalool oxide is frequently used as a flavoring agent, however, data on its toxicity is limited. In this study, we performed a 13-week subchronic toxicity study of linalool oxide (furanoid) in male and female Crl:CD(SD) rats. Doses of 0, 80, 250, and 800 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day were orally administered by gavage, using corn oil as the vehicle. Abnormal gait in both sexes and decreased locomotor activity in males were observed in the 800 mg/kg group. Reduced body weight gain was noted in both sexes at 800 mg/kg and at 250 mg/kg in males. In the 800 mg/kg group, serum biochemistry showed increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and decreased glucose in both sexes, increased total protein in males, and increased total cholesterol and phospholipids in females, suggesting that linalool oxide may have adverse effects on the liver. Increased relative and/or absolute liver weights, centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in both sexes, and periportal microvesicular fatty changes in females were observed in the 800 mg/kg group. Increased relative liver weights and decreased serum glucose levels were observed in the 250 mg/kg male and female groups, respectively. Increased serum magnesium levels and relative kidney weights were observed in both sexes in the 800 mg/kg group, suggesting possible adverse effects of linalool oxide. Although histopathology showed accumulation of hyaline droplets in the male kidneys, immunohistochemistry revealed α2u-globulin nephropathy, which was not considered toxicologically significant. These results indicate that the no-observed-adverse-effect level of linalool oxide was 80 mg/kg bw/day for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Uneyama
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences,
3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences,
3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuko Doi
- DIMS Institute of Medical Science, Inc., 64 Goura, Nishiazai,
Azai-cho, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0113, Japan
- Present address: BioSafety Research Center Inc., 582-2
Shioshinden, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka 437-1213, Japan
| | - Kohei Matsushita
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences,
3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Akane
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences,
3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tomomi Morikawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences,
3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences,
3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
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