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Kloc M, Uosef A, Villagran M, Zdanowski R, Kubiak JZ, Wosik J, Ghobrial RM. RhoA- and Actin-Dependent Functions of Macrophages from the Rodent Cardiac Transplantation Model Perspective -Timing Is the Essence. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020070. [PMID: 33498417 PMCID: PMC7909416 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The functions of animal and human cells depend on the actin cytoskeleton and its regulating protein called the RhoA. The actin cytoskeleton and RhoA also regulate the response of the immune cells such as macrophages to the microbial invasion and/or the presence of a non-self, such as a transplanted organ. The immune response against transplant occurs in several steps. The early step occurring within days post-transplantation is called the acute rejection and the late step, occurring months to years post-transplantation, is called the chronic rejection. In clinical transplantation, acute rejection is easily manageable by the anti-rejection drugs. However, there is no cure for chronic rejection, which is caused by the macrophages entering the transplant and promoting blockage of its blood vessels and destruction of tissue. We discuss here how the inhibition of the RhoA and actin cytoskeleton polymerization in the macrophages, either by genetic interference or pharmacologically, prevents macrophage entry into the transplanted organ and prevents chronic rejection, and also how it affects the anti-microbial function of the macrophages. We also focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection and anti-microbial therapies. Abstract The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martha Villagran
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.V.); (J.W.)
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine (WIM), 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
- Cell Cycle Group, CNRS, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, UMR, 6290 Rennes, France
| | - Jarek Wosik
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.V.); (J.W.)
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Dai H, Thomson AW. The "other" mTOR complex: New insights into mTORC2 immunobiology and their implications. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1614-1621. [PMID: 30801921 PMCID: PMC6538441 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A central role of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in regulation of fundamental cell processes is well recognized. mTOR functions in two distinct complexes: rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex (C) 1 and rapamycin-insensitive mTORC2. While the role of mTORC1 in shaping immune responses, including transplant rejection, and the influence of its antagonism in promoting allograft tolerance have been studied extensively using rapamycin, lack of selective small molecule inhibitors has limited understanding of mTORC2 biology. Within the past few years, however, intracellular localization of mTORC2, its contribution to mitochondrial fitness, cell metabolism, cytoskeletal modeling and cell migration, and its role in differentiation and function of immune cells have been described. Studies in mTORC2 knockdown/knockout mouse models and a new class of dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors, have shed light on the immune regulatory functions of mTORC2. These include regulation of antigen-presenting cell, NK cell, T cell subset, and B cell differentiation and function. mTORC2 has been implicated in regulation of ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. Potential therapeutic benefits of antagonizing mTORC2 to inhibit chronic rejection have also been described, while selective in vivo targeting strategies using nanotechnology have been developed. We briefly review and discuss these developments and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Dai
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kloc M, Ghobrial RM, Wosik J, Lewicka A, Lewicki S, Kubiak JZ. Macrophage functions in wound healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 13:99-109. [PMID: 30445662 DOI: 10.1002/term.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in regeneration and consecutive phases of wound healing. In this review, we summarise current knowledge on the ontogeny, origin, phenotypical heterogeneity, and functional exchangeability of macrophages participating in these processes. We also describe the genetic, pharmacologic, and bioengineering methods for manipulation of macrophage phenotype and functions and their potential for development of the novel, clinically applicable therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- Immunobiology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rafik M Ghobrial
- Immunobiology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jarek Wosik
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aneta Lewicka
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Lewicki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Z Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland.,Cell Cycle Group, Faculty of Medicine, Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, CNRS, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Rennes, France
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