A prevalence of posttransplantation cancers compared with cancers in people with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy

Fuzzy-multidimensional deep learning for efficient prediction of patient response to antiretroviral therapy

Drug component interactions are most likely to trigger unexpected pharmacological effects with unknown causal mechanisms, hence, demanding the discovery of patterns to establish suitable and effective regimens. This paper proposes a novel framework that embeds machine learning (ML) and multidimensional scaling (MDS) techniques, for efficient prediction of patient response to antiretroviral therapy (ART). To achieve this, experiment databases were created from two independent sources: a publicly available HIV domain datasets of patients with failed treatment – hosted by the Stanford University, hereinafter referred to as the Stanford HIV database, and locally sourced datasets gathered from 13 prominent healthcare facilities treating HIV patients in Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria, hereinafter referred to as the Akwa-Ibom HIV database: with 5,780 and 3,168 individual treatment change episodes (TCEs) of HIV treatment indicators (baseline CD4 count (BCD4), followup CD4 count (FCD4), baseline viral load (BRNA), followup viral load (FRNA), and drug type combination (DType)), observed from 1,521 and 1,301 unique patient records, respectively. A hybridised (two-stage) classification system consuming the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic (IT2FL) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) was employed to model and optimise patients’ response to ART with appreciable error pruning achieved through MDS. Visualisation of the experiment databases showed remarkable immunological changes in the Akwa-Ibom HIV database, as the FCD4 of TCEs clustered far above the BCD4, compared to the Stanford HIV database, where over 40% of FCD4 clustered below the BCD4. Similar changes were noticed for the RNA, as more FRNA copies clustered below the BRNA for the Akwa-Ibom datasets, compared to the Stamford datasets. DNN classification results for both databases showed best performance metrics for the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm when compared with the resilient backpropagation algorithm, with improved drug pattern predictions for experiment with MDS. This paper is most likely to evolve an avenue that triggers interesting combination(s) for optimum patient response, while ensuring minimal side effects, as further findings revealed the superiority of the proposed approach over existing approaches.

Current status of immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer

Immunotherapy is a novel approach for the treatment of systemic malignancies. Passive and adaptive immunotherapy have been applied to the treatment of a wide variety of solid tumors such as malignant melanoma (1), renal cell carcinoma (2) and ovarian cancer (3). Several early clinical trials of immune based therapy for both non-small (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) have demonstrated limited or no success (3),(4) but recent trials of antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy have shown early therapeutic potential and are now being rigorously evaluated on a larger scale (5). In this communication we briefly review the historic aspects of immune based therapy for solid cancer, describe therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting lung cancer, and discuss limitations of current therapy and future directions of this field.