1
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Müller PC, Pfister M, Eshmuminov D, Lehmann K. Liver transplantation as an alternative for the treatment of neuroendocrine liver metastasis: Appraisal of the current evidence. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:146-153. [PMID: 37634987 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation (LT) for neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELM) is still in debate. Studies comparing LT with liver resection (LR) for NELM are scarce, as patient selection is heterogeneous and experience is limited. The goal of this review was to provide a critical analysis of the evidence on LT versus LR in the treatment of NELM. DATA SOURCES A scoping literature search on LT and LR for NELM was performed with PubMed, including English articles up to March 2023. RESULTS International guidelines recommend LR for NELM in resectable, well-differentiated tumors in the absence of extrahepatic metastatic disease with superior results of LR compared to systemic or liver-directed therapies. Advanced liver surgery has extended resectability criteria whilst entailing increased perioperative risk and short disease-free survival. In highly selected patients (based on the Milan criteria) with unresectable NELM, oncologic results of LT are promising. Prognostic factors include tumor biology (G1/G2) and burden, waiting time for LT, patient age and extrahepatic spread. Based on low-level evidence, LT for low-grade NELM within the Milan criteria resulted in improved disease-free survival and overall survival compared to LR. The benefits of LT were lost in patients beyond the Milan NELM-criteria. CONCLUSIONS With adherence to strict selection criteria especially tumor biology, LT for NELM is becoming a valuable option providing oncologic benefits compared to LR. Recent evidence suggests even stricter selection criteria with regard to tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Müller
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Pfister
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland.
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2
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Citterio D, Coppa J, Sposito C, Busset MDD, Virdis M, Pezzoli I, Mazzaferro V. The Role of Liver Transplantation in the Treatment of Liver Metastases from Neuroendocrine Tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1651-1665. [PMID: 37882889 PMCID: PMC10643461 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Transplant oncology is a new field of medicine referred to the use of solid organ transplantation, particularly the liver, to improve prognosis and quality of life in cancer patients. In unresectable, liver-only metastases from neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the digestive tract, liver transplantation represents a competitive chance of cure. Due to the limited resource of donated organs, accurate patients' selection is crucial in order to maximize transplant benefit. Several tumor- and patient-related factors should be considered. Among them, primary tumors with a low grade of differentiation (G1-G2 or Ki67 < 10%), located in a region drained by the portal system and removed before transplantation with at least 3-6 months period of disease stability observed before transplant listing, can be considered for transplantation. In case of NET located in the pancreas, extended lymphadenectomy should complement curative pancreatic resection. A number of other features are described in this review of liver transplantation for NET metastases. Comprehensive approach including various forms of non-surgical treatment and detailed planning and timing of total hepatectomy are discussed. Open issues remain on possible expansion of current criteria while maintaining the same long-term benefit demonstrated with the Milan NET criteria with respect to other non-transplant options, with particular reference to liver resection, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, and locoregional and systemic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Citterio
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Jorgelina Coppa
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Sposito
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Droz Dit Busset
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Virdis
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Pezzoli
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Shah T, Manas DM, Ford SJ, Dasari BVM, Gibbs P, Venkataraman H, Moore J, Hughes S, Elshafie M, Karkhanis S, Smith S, Hoti E, O'Toole D, Caplin ME, Isaac J, Mazzafero V, Thorburn D. Where Are We Now with Liver Transplantation in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms? The Place of Liver Transplantation for Grades 1 and 2 Well-Differentiated Unresectable Liver Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumours. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:135-144. [PMID: 36648705 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-022-01343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review outlines the role of liver transplantation in selected patients with unresectable neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases. It discusses the international consensus on eligibility criteria and outlines the efforts taking place in the UK and Ireland to develop effective national liver transplant programmes for neuroendocrine tumour patients. RECENT FINDINGS In the early history of liver transplantation, indications included cancer metastases to the liver as well as primaries of liver origin. Often, liver transplantation was a salvage procedure. The early results were disappointing, including in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. These data discouraged the widespread adoption of liver transplantation for neuroendocrine tumour liver metastases (NET LM). A few centres persisted in performing liver transplantation for patients with NET LM and in determining parameters predictive of good outcomes. Their work has provided evidence for benefit of liver transplantation in a selected group of patients with NET LM. Liver transplantation for NET LM is now accepted as a valid indication by many professional bodies, including the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) and the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). It is nevertheless rarely utilised. The UK and the Republic of Ireland are commencing a pilot programme of liver transplantation in selected patients. This programme will help develop the expertise and infrastructure to make liver transplantation for NET LM a routine procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Shah
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Hughes
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Stacey Smith
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emir Hoti
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, UK
| | | | | | - John Isaac
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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4
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Muttillo EM, Mazzarella G, Picardi B, Rossi S, Cinelli L, Diana M, Baiocchini A, Felli E, Pessaux P, Felli E, Muttillo IA. Treatment strategies for neuroendocrine liver metastases: a systematic review. HPB (Oxford) 2022; 24:1832-1843. [PMID: 35794053 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are often diagnosed when metastatic. The liver is the main site of metastases. Unfortunately, optimal management of neuroendocrine liver metastases remains a topic of debate. The aim of this study was to make a systematic review of the current literature about the results of the different treatments of neuroendocrine liver metastases. METHODS A systematic review was conducted for English language publications from 1995 to 2021. Outcomes were analyzed according to survival, disease-free survival, and in the case of systemic therapies, progression-free survival. RESULTS 5509 patients were analyzed in the review. 67% of patients underwent surgery achieving 5 years overall survival despite only 30% percent without a recurrence. 60% of patients that had received a transplant reached 5 years survival with a low disease-free survival rate (20%). Five-year survival rate was 36.2% for patients undergoing loco-regional therapies. CONCLUSION Surgical resection is the best treatment when metastases are resectable, with the highest rate of survival, although liver transplantation shows good results for patients not eligible for surgery. Loco-regional therapies may be useful when surgical resection is contraindicated, or selectively used as a bridge to surgery or transplantation. Systemic therapies are indicated in patients for whom curative treatment cannot be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo M Muttillo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | - Gennaro Mazzarella
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Picardi
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michele Diana
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Eric Felli
- Hepatology, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France; HPB Unit, Digestive Surgery Department, Nouvel Hopital Civil, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Felli
- Research Institute Against Digestive Cancer (IRCAD), Strasbourg, France; Service Chirurgie Digestive et Transplantation Hépatique Hopital Trousseau CHU Tours, France
| | - Irnerio A Muttillo
- Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Ospedale San Filippo Neri, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Siebenhüner AR, Langheinrich M, Friemel J, Schaefer N, Eshmuminov D, Lehmann K. Orchestrating Treatment Modalities in Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors-Need for a Conductor. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061478. [PMID: 35326628 PMCID: PMC8946777 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET) are a heterogeneous and challenging entity, and today’s guidelines offer a variety of treatment modalities, while surgery has a clear role for patients with resectable tumors and early stages, advanced, or metastatic pNET may benefit from treatments that were evaluated in randomized controlled studies during the last year. With this review, we aim to provide an updated view on treatment options for metastatic pNET. Abstract Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are a vast growing disease. Over 50% of these tumors are recognized at advanced stages with lymph node, liver, or distant metastasis. An ongoing controversy is the role of surgery in the metastatic setting as dedicated systemic treatments have emerged recently and shown benefits in randomized trials. Today, liver surgery is an option for advanced pNETs if the tumor has a favorable prognosis, reflected by a low to moderate proliferation index (G1 and G2). Surgery in this well-selected population may prolong progression-free and overall survival. Optimal selection of a treatment plan for an individual patient should be considered in a multidisciplinary tumor board. However, while current guidelines offer a variety of modalities, there is so far only a limited focus on the right timing. Available data is based on small case series or retrospective analyses. The focus of this review is to highlight the right time-point for surgery in the setting of the multimodal treatment of an advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R. Siebenhüner
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- ENETS Center of Excellence Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-44-255-11-11
| | - Melanie Langheinrich
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Juliane Friemel
- Institute for Pathologie, University Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Niklaus Schaefer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Dilmurodjon Eshmuminov
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kuno Lehmann
- ENETS Center of Excellence Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
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6
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Liver transplantation for unresectable malignancies: Beyond hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:2268-2278. [PMID: 31387755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indications for liver transplantation have expanded over the past few decades owing to improved outcomes and better understanding of underlying pathologies. In particular, there has been a growing interest in the field of transplant oncology in recent years that has led to considerable developments which have pushed the boundaries of malignant indications for liver transplantation beyond hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this article, we review and summarise the published evidence for liver transplantation in non-HCC primary and metastatic liver malignancies and highlight ongoing clinical trials that address unresolved questions therein. We also examine the current technical, immunological and oncological challenges that face liver transplantation in this growing field and explore potential approaches to overcome these barriers.
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7
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Chan MY, Ma KW, Chan A. Surgical management of neuroendocrine tumor-associated liver metastases: a review. Gland Surg 2018; 7:28-35. [PMID: 29629317 DOI: 10.21037/gs.2017.11.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver metastasis is common among patients who suffer from neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Radical surgery is the standard treatment whenever possible but there is still controversies concerning the treatment strategies such as resection of the primary, role of debulking surgery, liver transplantation (LT) and neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies. This article aims to review the current evidence available, together with some latest updates, focusing on the surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miu Yee Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Wing Ma
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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8
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Schaefer B, Zoller H, Schneeberger S. Con: Liver transplantation for expanded criteria malignant diseases. Liver Transpl 2018; 24:104-111. [PMID: 29125687 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organ shortage requires policies and guidelines to aid organ allocation along the principles of urgency or utility. Identifying patients with significant benefit and withholding liver transplantation (LT) from patients too sick for transplantation are ongoing challenges, in particular in patients with malignancies. An arbitrary threshold of >50% 5-year overall survival (OS) is broadly considered a minimum standard for LT. In patients transplanted for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), this was only achieved in select cases and when the tumor had a diameter of <2 cm. In patients with extrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCC), strict selection criteria and combined preoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy according to the Mayo protocol showed that acceptable longterm results can be achieved in a single high-volume center but are difficult to repeat elsewhere. Furthermore, only rigorously selected patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) meeting the NET Milan criteria adopted by United Network for Organ Sharing can also have >50% 5-year OS. A prospective study in patients with unresectable colorectal cancer metastases in the liver has shown promising OS rates, but further prospective trials are warranted. Current evidence shows that none of the proposed expanded malignant criteria justify deviation of scarce donor organs to patients with hilar CCC, iCC > 2 cm, metastatic NET beyond NET Milan criteria, or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) outside clinical trials. Liver Transplantation 24 104-111 2018 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schaefer
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I
| | - Heinz Zoller
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine I
| | - Stefan Schneeberger
- Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Sposito C, Droz Dit Busset M, Citterio D, Bongini M, Mazzaferro V. The place of liver transplantation in the treatment of hepatic metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: Pros and cons. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2017; 18:473-483. [PMID: 29359266 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-017-9439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver metastases occur in nearly half of NET patients (MNETs) and heavily affect prognosis, with 5-yr. OS around 19-38%. Although it is difficult to show outcome differences for available treatments, due to the long course of disease, surgery for MNETs remains the most effective option in terms of survival and symptom control. Since MNETs frequently present as an oligo-metastatic, liver-limited disease, unresectable in 80% of cases, liver transplantation (LT) has emerged as a potential curative treatment. Nevertheless, experience with LT for MNETs is limited and burdened by highly heterogeneous outcomes and significant recurrence rate, mostly explained by the variability of selection criteria. Several prognostic factors have been identified: extended surgery on primary tumor associated to LT, elderly patients, pancreatic primary (pNET), extensive liver involvement, poorly differentiated tumors, high Ki67 levels and short wait time to LT. A proper patients' selection based on these data (Milan NET criteria) allows a significant survival advantage over non-transplant strategies, with excellent outcomes in recent series (69-97.2% 5-yr. OS) as opposed to patients undergoing non-surgical treatments (34-50.9%). Evidence indicates LT as the best option for selected patients with MNETs. The use of organs for MNETs is therefore justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sposito
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Droz Dit Busset
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Citterio
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bongini
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaferro
- Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (National Cancer Institute), Via Venezian 1, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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10
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Moris D, Tsilimigras DI, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Beal EW, Felekouras E, Vernadakis S, Fung JJ, Pawlik TM. Liver transplantation in patients with liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors: A systematic review. Surgery 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Vennarecci G, Mascianà G, de Werra E, Guglielmo N, Levi Sandri GB, Coluzzi M, Ettorre GM. Rectal Carcinoid Tumor With Liver Metastases Treated by Local Excision and Orthotopic Liver Transplant With Long-term Follow-up. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2017; 16:506-510. [PMID: 28350289 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In patients affected by unresectable liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumor, liver transplant represents currently the only realistic chance for cure. The first attempt to establish selection criteria for liver transplant in patients affected by neuroendocrine tumor liver metastases was made by Mazzaferro and associates in 2007. We report the case of a 46-year-old man who came to our institution in 2006 with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Diagnosis of rectal neuroendocrine tumor with bilobar liver nodules was made; the patient underwent transanal local resection. A liver biopsy confirmed the metastatic nature of the hepatic lesion, showing a low-grade neuroendocrine tumor (G1, proliferation index Ki-67 <2%). The patient underwent 2 sessions of transarterial chemoembolization that resulted in stable disease. Afterward, the patient underwent a liver transplant, using the piggyback technique without a venous-venous bypass. His postoperative course was uneventful. The patient has been disease-free for 3 years. Posttransplant treatment has played a key role in increasing the overall survival of the patient and assuring him a good quality of life. He died 9 years (102 mo) after liver transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vennarecci
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Liver Transplantation, San Camillo Hospital, POIT San Camillo-INMI Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
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12
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Role of Locoregional and Systemic Approaches for the Treatment of Patients with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Gastrointest Surg 2015; 19:2273-82. [PMID: 26341823 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-015-2931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are often perceived as being indolent tumors, more than half of the patients will harbor liver metastases at the time of diagnosis. Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have the potential to be aggressive and resistant to therapy, making the integration of both locoregional and systemic therapy even more critical in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic lesions. Over the last several years, significant advancements have been made in the surgical treatment, liver-directed therapy, and medical management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. While surgical resection is the cornerstone of therapy, cytoreductive surgery, orthotopic liver transplantation, local ablation, and intra-arterial therapy all improve the prognosis of patients suffering with locally advanced or metastatic disease. In addition, great strides have been made in the medical management of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, particularly with the evolution of novel molecular targeted therapy, such as everolimus and sunitinib. Hence, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is becoming a disease process requiring more of a multi-disciplinary approach with the integration of both locoregional and systemic therapies for improved outcomes.
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13
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Fernandez-Pineda I, Sandoval JA, Davidoff AM. Hepatic metastatic disease in pediatric and adolescent solid tumors. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:1807-1817. [PMID: 26207162 PMCID: PMC4506938 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i14.1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of hepatic metastatic disease from solid tumors in adults has been extensively described and resection of metastatic liver lesions from colorectal adenocarcinoma, renal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, testicular cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors (NET) have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in select patients. However, there are few reports in the literature on the management of hepatic metastatic disease in the pediatric and adolescent populations and the effectiveness of hepatic metastasectomy. This may be due to the much lower incidence of pediatric malignancies and the higher chemosensitivity of childhood tumors which make hepatic metastasectomy less likely to be required. We review liver involvement with metastatic disease from the main pediatric solid tumors, including neuroblastoma and Wilms tumor focusing on the management and treatment options. We also review other solid malignant tumors which may have liver metastases including germ cell tumors, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, osteosarcoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumors and NET. However, these histological subtypes are so rare in the pediatric and adolescent populations that the exact incidence and best management of hepatic metastatic disease are unknown and can only be extrapolated from adult series.
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