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Babamale OA, Opeyemi OA, Bukky AA, Musleem AI, Kelani EO, Okhian BJ, Abu-Bakar N. Association Between Farming Activities and Plasmodium falciparum Transmission in Rural Communities in Nigeria. Malays J Med Sci 2020; 27:105-116. [PMID: 32684811 PMCID: PMC7337949 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The connection between malaria-associated morbidities and farming activities has not been succinctly reported. This study aimed to address the connectivity between farming activities and malaria transmission. Methods The study took place in the agricultural setting of Nigeria Edu local government (9° N, 4.9° E) between March 2016 and December 2018. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information on their occupation and malaria infection. Infection status was confirmed with blood film and microscopic diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum was based on the presence of ring form or any other blood stages. Individuals who are either critically ill or lived in the community less than 3 months were excluded from the study. Results Of the 341 volunteers, 58.1% (52.9% in Shigo and 61.4% in Sista) were infected (parasitaemia density of 1243.7 parasites/μL blood). The prevalence and intensity of infection were higher among farmers (71.3%, 1922.9 parasites/μL blood, P = 0.005), particularly among rice farmers (2991.6 parasites/μL blood) compared to non-farmer participants. The occurrence and parasite density follow the same pattern for sex and age (P < 0.05). Children in the age of 6 to 10 years (AOR: 2.168, CI: 1.63–2.19) and ≥ 11 years (AOR: 3.750, CI: 2.85–3.80) groups were two-and four-fold more likely to be infected with malaria. The analysis revealed that the proximity of bush and stagnant water to the farmer (73.9%, AOR: 3.242, CI: 2.57–3.61) and non-farmer (38.1%, AOR: 1.362, CI: 1.25–1.41) habitations influence malaria transmission. Conclusion This study highlights farming activities as a risk factor for malaria infection in agro-communities. Integrated malaria control measures in agricultural communities should therefore include water and environmental management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abiodun Adebayo Bukky
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Akinkunmi Idris Musleem
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Eniola Olashile Kelani
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Kwenti TE, Kwenti TDB, Latz A, Njunda LA, Nkuo-Akenji T. Epidemiological and clinical profile of paediatric malaria: a cross sectional study performed on febrile children in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:499. [PMID: 28716002 PMCID: PMC5513087 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the wake of a decline in global malaria, it is imperative to describe the epidemiology of malaria in a country to inform control policies. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of paediatric malaria in five epidemiological strata of malaria in Cameroon including: the Sudano-sahelian (SS) strata, the High inland plateau (HIP) strata, the South Cameroonian Equatorial forest (SCEF) strata, the High western plateau (HWP) strata, and the Coastal (C) strata. Methods This study involved 1609 febrile children (≤15 years) recruited using reference hospitals in the five epidemiological strata. Baseline characteristics were determined; blood glucose level was measured by a glucometer, malaria parasitaemia was assessed by Giemsa microscopy, and complete blood count was performed using an automated hematology analyser. Severe malaria was assessed and categorized based on WHO criteria. Results An overall prevalence of 15.0% (95% CI: 13.3–16.9) for malaria was observed in this study. Malaria prevalence was significantly higher in children between 60 and 119 months (p < 0.001) and in Limbe (C strata) (p < 0.001). The overall rate of severe malaria (SM) attack in this study was 29.3%; SM was significantly higher in children below 60 months (p < 0.046). Although not significant, the rate of SM was highest in Maroua (SS strata) and lowest in Limbe in the C strata. The main clinical phenotypes of SM were hyperparasitaemia, severe malaria anaemia and impaired consciousness. The majority (73.2%) of SM cases were in group 1 of the WHO classification of severe malaria (i.e. the most severe form). The malaria case-fatality rate was 5.8%; this was higher in Ngaoundere (HIP strata) (p = 0.034). Conclusion In this study, malaria prevalence decreased steadily northward, from the C strata in the South to the SS strata in the North of Cameroon, meanwhile the mortality rate associated with malaria increased in the same direction. On the contrary, the rate of severe malaria attack was similar across the different epidemiological strata. Immunoepidemiological studies will be required to shed more light on the observed trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, P.B, 63, Buea, Cameroon. .,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.B, 63, Buea, Cameroon. .,Diagnostic laboratory, Regional Hospital of Buea, P.B, 32, Buea, Cameroon.
| | | | - Andreas Latz
- Research and Development Department, NovaTec Immundiagnostica GmbH, Dietzenbach, Germany
| | - Longdoh Anna Njunda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, P.B, 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Theresa Nkuo-Akenji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, P.B, 63, Buea, Cameroon
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Odugbemi BA, Wright KO, Onajole AT, Kuyinu YA, Goodman OO, Odugbemi TO, Odusanya OO. A malariometric survey of under-fives residing in indoor residual spraying-implementing and non-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria. Malar J 2016; 15:458. [PMID: 27604777 PMCID: PMC5015192 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is used as part of the integrated vector management strategy for the control of malaria in Lagos, Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to compare the malariometric indices of children under 5 years old living in IRS-implementing and non-IRS-implementing communities of Lagos, Nigeria. Methods The study was a community-based, comparative, cross-sectional study of 480 children under five recruited using a multi-stage sampling method. Data on each child were collected using a household questionnaire administered to the consenting care-giver of each selected child. Each child underwent a comprehensive physical examination. On-the-spot malaria rapid diagnostic testing and haemoglobin estimation to assess parasitaemia and anaemia, respectively, were also carried out. Risk factors for parasitaemia and anaemia were identified using multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 238 children were studied in the IRS-implementing group while 242 children were studied in the non-IRS-implementing group. The IRS -implementing community had a lower level of parasitaemia (1.3 %) compared to the non-IRS-implementing community (5.8 %) (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in anaemia, spleen rate and fever in the IRS-implementing group (10.9, 9.7 and 5 %) and the non-IRS-implementing group (9.9, 8.8 and 8.7 %), respectively. Residing in an IRS-implementing community was associated with lower odds of parasitaemia (OR 0.17, p < 0.01). Sleeping under a bed net was the only factor associated with anaemia (p < 0.01). Conclusion IRS has led to a reduction in the level of parasitaemia in the under-fives in the study areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde A Odugbemi
- Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Street, Ikeja, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
| | - Kikelomo O Wright
- Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Street, Ikeja, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Adebayo T Onajole
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Yetunde A Kuyinu
- Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Street, Ikeja, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka O Goodman
- Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Street, Ikeja, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuola O Odugbemi
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine of the University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa O Odusanya
- Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Street, Ikeja, Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Lagos, Nigeria
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