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Riggs AH, Rhinehart J, Cooper ES. Possible development and resolution of dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype secondary to atypical hypoadrenocorticism in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:606-612. [PMID: 37577957 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the possible occurrence of dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype associated with atypical hypoadrenocorticism and subsequent marked improvement with treatment in a mixed breed dog. CASE SUMMARY A 4.5-year-old, neutered male mixed breed dog was evaluated for a history and clinicopathological changes consistent with atypical hypoadrenocorticism. The dog was being fed a grain-free diet. While hospitalized for supportive care and diagnostics, the patient developed and was diagnosed with biventricular congestive heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype and IV fluid administration. The left-sided congestive heart failure resolved with discontinuation of IV fluid therapy and short-term administration of diuretics. After treatment of atypical hypoadrenocorticism with glucocorticoid supplementation, and while continuing to be fed varying grain-free diets, the patient's dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype largely resolved. The patient fully recovered and did not require any long-term cardiac medications. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Development of dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype has not been described in dogs as a sequela of untreated hypoadrenocorticism but has been reported in human literature. Given the fact that standard management of hypoadrenocorticism typically involves aggressive fluid resuscitation, awareness of this potential sequela is important for patients that fail to respond or develop signs consistent with volume overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jaylyn Rhinehart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward S Cooper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Niimi S, Kobayashi H, Take Y, Ikoma S, Namikawa S, Fujii Y. Reference intervals for echocardiographic measurements in healthy Chihuahua dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:754-759. [PMID: 35444075 PMCID: PMC9246697 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chihuahuas are one of the most common small breed dogs in Japan, and this breed is known
to be predisposed to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Echocardiographic assessment
is essential for definitive diagnosis of MMVD in dogs as well as determining the stage.
Because the Chihuahua’s body size is the smallest among the dog breeds and the widely used
echocardiographic reference range is established on the basis of larger dogs, it is
unclear whether the existing reference range can be applied to the Chihuahua breed as
well. Therefore, this study aimed to determine an echocardiographic reference range for
Chihuahua dogs. The left atrial short-axis diameter (LA), aortic valve short-axis
diameter, interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole, left ventricular internal
dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd), and left ventricular posterior wall thickness at
end-diastole from 47 healthy Chihuahuas were analyzed. These parameters increased
logarithmically as body weight increased. Furthermore, LA and LVIDd were within the
previously established reference range generated primarily from multiple breeds of
moderate to large breed dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Niimi
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | | | - Yukika Take
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Shiori Ikoma
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Saki Namikawa
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
| | - Yoko Fujii
- Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University
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Tsai CH, Huang CC, Ho CC, Claretti M. Echocardiographic parameters and indices in 23 healthy Maltese dogs. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e60. [PMID: 34423598 PMCID: PMC8460461 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a primary tool used by veterinarians to evaluate heart diseases. In recent years, various studies have targeted standard echocardiographic values for different breeds. Reference data are currently lacking in Maltese dogs and it is important to fill this gap as this breed is predisposed to myxomatous mitral valve disease, which is a volume overload disease. OBJECTIVES To establish the normal echocardiographic parameters for Maltese dogs. METHODS In total, 23 healthy Maltese dogs were involved in this study. Blood pressure measurements, thoracic radiography, and complete transthoracic echocardiography were performed. The effects of body weight, age and sex were evaluated, and the correlations between weight and linear and volumetric dimensions were calculated by regression analysis. RESULTS The mean vertebral heart size was 9.1 ± 0.4. Aside from the ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and the left atrial to aorta root ratio, all the other echocardiographic parameters were significantly correlated with weight. CONCLUSION This study describes normal echocardiographic parameters that may be useful in the echocardiographic evaluation of Maltese dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chia-Chi Ho
- Yu-Kang Animal Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Marta Claretti
- Department of Cardiology of Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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Esser LC, Borkovec M, Bauer A, Häggström J, Wess G. Left ventricular M-mode prediction intervals in 7651 dogs: Population-wide and selected breed-specific values. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2242-2252. [PMID: 33009675 PMCID: PMC7694859 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echocardiography is a common method to measure heart size in dogs. The heart dimensions are influenced by body weight (BW) and potentially by breed. OBJECTIVES To establish BW-dependent prediction intervals (PIs) of the left ventricular (LV) linear dimensions in a population of dogs of many breeds in multicenter environment, and to identify breeds deviating from these intervals. DOGS: Seven thousand six hundred and fifty-one dogs. METHODS Retrospectively, data from heart screens conducted between 2009 and 2016 were included. Cardiac dimensional PIs were generated using allometric scaling including all nonsighthound dogs and values were compared to previously published PIs. The values measured in dogs of respective breeds, including sighthounds, were then compared to the overall nonsighthound PIs to identify deviant breeds. The interobserver-variability of the measurements was determined using the explained residual variance. RESULTS Prediction intervals for the nonsighthound dogs were in agreement with previously published cardiac PIs, although the upper limits of the generated PIs of our study were slightly below those currently applied (except the interventricular septum in systole and the left ventricular free wall in diastole below 10.0 kg and 15.0 kg, respectively). Values measured in the nonsighthound breed Newfoundland deviated for most dimensions. Most of the sighthound breeds analyzed had greater cardiac dimensions, with the exception of the Irish Wolfhound. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE Findings of our study reinforces the value of BW-dependent PIs for cardiac dimensions in dogs and suggest that these PIs are valid for most nonsighthound breeds, but not the sighthound breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Borkovec
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Alexander Bauer
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLabLMU UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal MedicineLMU UniversityMunichGermany
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Stack JP, Fries RC, Kruckman L, Schaeffer DJ. Reference intervals and echocardiographic findings in Leonberger dogs. J Vet Cardiol 2020; 29:22-32. [PMID: 32380411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leonbergers are large-breed dogs believed to be predisposed to dilated cardiomyopathy, yet the normal echocardiographic measurements of these dogs are unknown. The aim of this study was to describe echocardiographic findings and propose breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) for Leonbergers. ANIMALS A total of 42 clinically healthy dogs were involved in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed as a cross-sectional study of 42 Leonberger dogs undergoing complete transthoracic echocardiographic studies at a national show. Reference intervals were determined using robust method with bootstrapping. The effects of age, sex, and body weight (BW) on linear and volumetric dimensions were evaluated by regression analysis. Intra- and interobserver variability were evaluated by coefficient of variation from 10 of the studies. RESULTS There were significant linear correlations with BW for many of the cardiac variables evaluated. However, despite the statistical significance, most regression equations had small slopes, necessitating large changes in BW for small changes in two-dimensional echocardiographic variables. As such, this study resulted in breed-specific RIs irrespective of BW. Trace mitral insufficiency (n = 18), trace aortic insufficiency (n = 15), or both (n = 1) was identified in 81% of dogs in this population. Coefficients of variation were <9% for all two-dimensional, volumetric, and motion mode measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study describes echocardiographic findings and provides RIs, which may be useful in echocardiographic evaluations of Leonbergers and may aid in early identification of heart disease within the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - R C Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - L Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - D J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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Giraut S, Häggström J, Koskinen LLE, Lohi H, Wiberg M. Breed‐specific reference ranges for standard echocardiographic measurements in salukis. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:374-378. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Giraut
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - J. Häggström
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 75007 Sweden
| | - L. L. E. Koskinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular NeurologyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Lohi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Research Programs Unit, Molecular NeurologyUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Helsinki Finland
| | - M. Wiberg
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
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Lim CK, Fosgate GT, Green HW, Kirberger RM. Two-dimensional left atrium-to-aorta ratios and left ventricular M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in clinically normal adult Dachshunds. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:374-82. [PMID: 27027836 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.4.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the left atrium-to-aorta ratio (LA:Ao) and establish 95% prediction intervals for left ventricular M-mode transthoracic echocardiographic measurements in clinically normal adult Dachshunds. ANIMALS 40 healthy Dachshunds. PROCEDURES For each dog, 3 standard 2-D echocardiographic methods (diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area) were used to measure the left atrium and aorta and calculate the LA:Ao from right parasternal short axis (RPSA) images obtained at the level of the aortic valve cusps. Left ventricular M-mode measurements were acquired from RPSA images obtained at the chordal level immediately below the mitral valve. Descriptive data were generated, and the 95% prediction intervals were calculated by use of an allometric scaling equation and linear regression and compared with those calculated on the basis of data obtained from dogs of multiple breeds in a previous study. RESULTS The mean (SD) LA:Ao was 1.40 (0.13), 2.09 (0.17), and 2.85 (0.48) for the diameter, circumference, and cross-sectional area methods, respectively. The 95% prediction intervals for the left ventricular M-mode measurements determined by an allometric scaling equation on the basis of Dachshund-specific data were narrower than those determined on the basis of data obtained from dogs of multiple breeds. For that allometric equation, scaling exponents on the basis of Dachshund-specific data ranged from 0.129 to 0.397 and did not absolutely conform to the presumed index for linear measurements (ie, body weight(0.333)). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The LA:Aos and 95% prediction intervals calculated in this study can be used as preliminary guidelines for echocardiographic measurements of clinically normal Dachshunds.
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Echocardiography and conventional Doppler examination in clinically healthy adult Cavalier King Charles Spaniels: effect of body weight, age, and gender, and establishment of reference intervals. J Vet Cardiol 2014; 16:91-100. [PMID: 24834861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the potential effect of body weight (BW), age, and gender on the most commonly used echocardiographic and conventional Doppler variables in a large population of healthy Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and (2) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (RI). ANIMALS 134 healthy adult CKCS. METHODS Ultrasound examinations were performed by trained observers in awake dogs. M-mode variables included left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV free wall and interventricular septal thicknesses at end-diastole and end-systole, and LV fractional shortening (FS%). The left atrium (LA) and aortic (Ao) diameters were measured using a 2D method, and the LA/Ao was calculated. Pulsed-wave Doppler variables included peak systolic aortic and pulmonary flow velocities, mitral E and A waves, and E/A ratio. Effects of BW, age, and gender on these 15 variables were tested using a general linear model, and RIs were determined by applying the statistical procedures recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. RESULTS A significant BW effect was observed for all variables, except LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio. A significant but negligible effect of gender and age was also observed for 5/15 and 4/15 of the tested variables, respectively. Only the BW effect on M-mode variables was considered as clinically relevant and the corresponding regression-based RIs were calculated. CONCLUSIONS Body weight should be taken into account when interpreting echocardiographic values in CKCS, except for LA/Ao, FS%, and mitral E/A ratio.
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Al-haidar A, Farnir F, Deleuze S, Sandersen C, Leroux A, Borde L, Cerri S, Amory H. Effect of breed, sex, age and body weight on echocardiographic measurements in the Equine species. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Stephenson H, Fonfara S, López-Alvarez J, Cripps P, Dukes-McEwan J. Screening for Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Great Danes in the United Kingdom. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1140-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H.M. Stephenson
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital; School of Veterinary Science
| | | | | | - P. Cripps
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health; School of Veterinary Science; University of Liverpool; Neston
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Lobo L, Pinheiro-Vieira A, Gomes JL, Canada N, Ribeiro L, Costa PD, Oliveira P, Bussadori C. Dilated cardiomyopathy and sinoatrial dysfunction in an Estrela mountain dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2011; 48:54-9. [PMID: 22186722 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 1 yr old male Estrela mountain dog was evaluated as a part of a screening program for dilated cardiomyopathy. The dog came from a family with a history of dilated cardiomyopathy but was asymptomatic. Occult dilated cardiomyopathy and sino-atrial dysfunction were diagnosed based on echocardiography and electrocardiography. These two disorders may be associated given that related dogs have been diagnosed with the same disorders. The dog has remained asymptomatic for 4 years following initial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Lobo
- Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, Vairao, Portugal.
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Locatelli C, Santini A, Bonometti GA, Palermo V, Scarpa P, Sala E, Brambilla PG. Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:246-53. [PMID: 21539569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of body surface area, age and gender on echocardiographic parameters and to establish echocardiographic reference values for dogue de Bordeaux dogs. METHODS Thirty-nine healthy dogue de Bordeaux dogs of both sexes, older than one year, were recruited and 31 of these were included in the study. The classic linear regression model proved to be the best way to analyse the data. The reference limits of the echocardiographic measurements were calculated using the regression equations. The difference between the mean values of body surface area in both gender groups was evaluated by using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS A significant correlation was seen between several echocardiographic parameters and body surface area or body surface area and age, and high coefficients of determination (R2) were found. No effect of gender was detected on echocardiographic variables, except for the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall at end diastole. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The echocardiographic parameters related to body surface area, in the absence of correlation with other independent variables (gender and age) should be interpreted with caution because their variation could be significant for the presence of heart disease. The proposed statistical model allows estimation of echocardiographic parameters in dogue de Bordeaux dogs with different body surface areas and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Milan, Italy
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Lobo L, Carvalheira J, Canada N, Bussadori C, Gomes JL, Faustino AMR. Histologic characterization of dilated cardiomyopathy in Estrela mountain dogs. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:637-42. [PMID: 20424003 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810364511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the second-most-important acquired cardiovascular disease in dogs (excluding heartworm disease in some geographic regions) and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Estrela Mountain Dogs. The objective of this study is to describe the histologic features of DCM in Estrela Mountain Dogs, with special attention to the localization and quantification of attenuated wavy fibers (AWFs), fibrosis, and fatty infiltration. Myocardial samples from 10 areas were collected from the hearts of 10 dogs with DCM and 7 dogs without signs of cardiac disease-namely, the basal, middle, and apical portions of the free wall of both cardiac ventricles and the interventricular septum, as well as the left ventricular papillary muscle. In each sample, the presence or absence of AWFs was noted, and fatty infiltration and fibrosis were quantified. Fatty infiltration, fibrosis, and AWFs were observed in the myocardium of all dogs with DCM, in contrast to what has been described in other breeds. The left ventricular myocardium was the best tissue for diagnosis of DCM, based on these histologic features. The authors concluded that quantification of fibrosis and observation of AWFs in the left ventricular myocardium are useful in the histologic diagnosis of DCM in Estrela Mountain dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lobo
- Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Travessa Silva Porto, 174, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal.
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ROVIRA S, MUÑOZ A. Two-Dimensional- and M-Mode Echocardiographic Measurements and Indices of Cardiac Function in Spanish Colts and Fillies of Different Age. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:957-64. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. ROVIRA
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University
| | - A. MUÑOZ
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University
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