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Buono F, Veneziano V, Veronesi F, Molento MB. Horse and donkey parasitology: differences and analogies for a correct diagnostic and management of major helminth infections. Parasitology 2023; 150:1119-1138. [PMID: 37221816 PMCID: PMC10801385 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In June 2022, at the XXXII Conference of the Italian Society of Parasitology, the parallels of the main endoparasitic infections of horses and donkeys were discussed. Although these 2 species are genetically different, they can be challenged by a similar range of parasites (i.e. small and large strongyles, and Parascaris spp.). Although equids can demonstrate some level of resilience to parasites, they have quite distinct helminth biodiversity, distribution and intensity among different geographical locations and breeds. Heavily infected donkeys may show fewer clinical signs than horses. Although parasite control is primarily provided to horses, we consider that there may be a risk of drug-resistance parasitic infection through passive infection in donkeys when sharing the same pasture areas. Knowing the possible lack of drug efficacy (<90 or 80%), it is advocated the use of selective treatment for both species based on fecal egg counts. Adult horses should receive treatment when the threshold exceeds 200–500 eggs per gram (EPG) of small strongyles. Moreover, considering that there are no precise indications in donkeys, a value >300 EPG may be a safe recommendation. We have highlighted the main points of the discussion including the dynamics of helminth infections between the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Abstract
Donkeys and mules show several pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic idiosyncrasies that have to be fully considered by any clinician dealing with these species. Because they possess an increased metabolic rate and cellular water content compared with horses, higher doses (or shorter dosing intervals) are usually recommended for those drugs where pharmacologic studies have been performed. Nonetheless, owing to the lack of species-specific information, this assumption cannot be arbitrarily applied. Thus, when a drug protocol published for horses is extrapolated to a donkey or a mule, a close monitoring is required to detect any secondary effect or subdosing.
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Bonelli F, Laus F, Briganti A, Evangelista F, Bazzano M, Conte G, Sgorbini M. Evaluation of Two Handheld Point-of-Care Blood Gas Analyzers in Healthy Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:94-99. [PMID: 31405509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in blood gas analysis in donkeys. "Point-of-care (POC) testing" is a diagnostic testing performed on or immediately next to the patient. This study assesses the agreement between two POC blood gas analyzers in donkeys. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected from 17 donkeys and analyzed using a fully automated blood gas analyzer (ABL 700 Series Radiometer, Denmark) (RAD) and two POC blood gas analyzers (i-STAT System; VetStat, Idexx). The parameters revealed by all three devices were submitted to a canonical discriminant analysis, to evaluate which parameters differentiated the POC analyzers from the RAD. On the basis of the discriminant analysis, we evaluated the best POC for each parameter registered, in comparison with RAD. The results also changed depending on the type of blood (venous or arterial blood). The agreement between i-STAT and RAD was good for venous samples, but was poor for arterial samples. A poor agreement was found between VetStat and RAD for both venous and arterial samples. The increment of the number of subjects might lead to a better understanding of the potential role of the POCs in clinical setting. Finally, increasing the study population is recommended to set reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Angela Briganti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavia Evangelista
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
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Bazzano M, McLean A, Tesei B, Gallina E, Laus F. Selenium and Vitamin E Concentrations in a Healthy Donkey Population in Central Italy. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:112-116. [PMID: 31203973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenium and vitamin E protect the body against oxidative stress. Clinical manifestations of their deficiency in equids include neurologic and muscular symptoms. Despite the importance of donkeys as working and production animals, there is a dearth of scientific data on selenium and vitamin E normal values. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of selenium and vitamin E in healthy donkeys belonging to different ages, sexes, and productive phases. Animals were divided into five groups including foals (group A: n = 7, n = 4 males and n = 3 females), weanlings and yearlings (group B: n = 7, n = 2 males and n = 5 females), nonpregnant nonlactating jennies (group C: n = 5), pregnant nonlactating jennies (group D: n = 9), and adult males (group E: n = 9). Plasma samples obtained from each animal were tested for vitamin E and selenium concentration. One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in selenium concentrations (P = .001) between group A and group E. In this study, we found the selenium range for donkeys to be 0.02-0.14 μg/mL, which is lower than the recommended range for horses. The results suggest that donkeys may have a lower selenium requirement than horses. Plasma vitamin E levels were 3.29-12.99 μmol/L, with foals having lower concentrations than adults. Knowing specific reference ranges for vitamin E and selenium in healthy donkeys can help improve our understanding of how to prevent deficiencies that could compromise their overall health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - Amy McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Elisa Gallina
- Equine Practitioner, School of Animal Health and Breeding, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Gokbulut C, Ozuicli M, Aksit D, Aksoz E, Korkut O, Yalcinkaya M, Cirak VY. Comparative plasma and milk dispositions, faecal excretion and efficacy of per os
ivermectin and pour-on eprinomectin in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:584-591. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - M. Ozuicli
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
| | - D. Aksit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - E. Aksoz
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - O. Korkut
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - M. Yalcinkaya
- General Directory of Agricultural Farms (TIGEM); Karacabey Agricultural Farm; Bursa Turkey
| | - V. Y. Cirak
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
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Kose LP, Gülçin İ, Özdemir H, Atasever A, Alwasel SH, Supuran CT. The effects of some avermectins on bovine carbonic anhydrase enzyme. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1064406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Polat Kose
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Hasan Özdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey,
| | - Ali Atasever
- Ispir Hamza Polat Vocational Training School, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey, and
| | - Saleh H. Alwasel
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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