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Lee DH, Lee EB, Seo JP, Ko EJ. In vitro effects of monophosphoryl lipid A and Poly I:C combination on equine cells. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e37. [PMID: 37271505 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been used as adjuvants to modulate immune responses in both animals and humans. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effects of the TLR 4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and the TLR 3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) on equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). METHODS The PBMCs, MoDCs, and BM-MSCs collected from three mixed breed horses were treated with MPL, Poly I:C, and their combination. The mRNA expression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The combination of MPL and Poly I:C significantly upregulated immunomodulatory responses in equine cells/ without cytotoxicity. The combination induced greater mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-6 than MPL or Poly I:C stimulation alone in PBMCs. In addition, the combination induced significantly higher mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p40 in MoDCs, and IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF in BM-MSCs compared to stimulation with a single TLR agonist. CONCLUSIONS The combination of MPL and Poly I:C can be used as a potential adjuvant candidate for vaccines to aid in preventing infectious diseases in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Bee Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jong-Pil Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Klier J, Fuchs S, Winter G, Gehlen H. Inhalative Nanoparticulate CpG Immunotherapy in Severe Equine Asthma: An Innovative Therapeutic Concept and Potential Animal Model for Human Asthma Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162087. [PMID: 36009677 PMCID: PMC9405334 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Severe equine asthma is the most common globally widespread non-infectious equine respiratory disease (together with its mild and moderate form), which is associated with exposure to hay dust and mold spores, has certain similarities to human asthma, and continues to represent a therapeutic problem. Immunomodulatory DNA sequences (CpG) bound to nanoparticles were successfully administered by inhalation to severe asthmatic horses in several studies. It was possible to demonstrate a significant, sustained, one-to-eight-week improvement in important clinical parameters: partial oxygen pressure in the blood, quantity and viscosity of tracheal mucus secretion in the airways, and the amount of inflammatory cells in the respiratory tracts of severe asthmatic horses. The immunotherapy with CpG is performed independent of specific allergens. At an immunological level, the treatment leads to decreases in allergic and inflammatory parameters. This innovative therapeutic concept thus opens new perspectives in severe equine asthma treatment and possibly also in human asthma treatment. Abstract Severe equine asthma is the most common globally widespread non-infectious equine respiratory disease (together with its mild and moderate form), which is associated with exposure to hay dust and mold spores, has certain similarities to human asthma, and continues to represent a therapeutic problem. Immunomodulatory CpG-ODN, bound to gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system, were successfully administered by inhalation to severe equine asthmatic patients in several studies. It was possible to demonstrate a significant, sustained, and allergen-independent one-to-eight-week improvement in key clinical parameters: the arterial partial pressure of oxygen, the quantity and viscosity of tracheal mucus, and neutrophilic inflammatory cells in the respiratory tracts of the severe equine asthmatic subjects. At the immunological level, an upregulation of the regulatory antiallergic and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as a downregulation of the proallergic IL-4 and proinflammatory IFN-γ in the respiratory tracts of the severe equine asthmatic patients were identified in the treatment groups. CD4+ T lymphocytes in the respiratory tracts of the asthmatic horses were demonstrated to downregulate the mRNA expression of Tbet and IL-8. Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 were significantly decreased directly after the treatment as well as six weeks post-treatment. This innovative therapeutic concept thus opens new perspectives in the treatment of severe equine asthma and possibly also that of human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klier
- Equine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Surgery and Radiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-62299; Fax: +49-30-838-4-62529
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Marti E, Novotny EN, Cvitas I, Ziegler A, Wilson AD, Torsteinsdottir S, Fettelschoss‐Gabriel A, Jonsdottir S. Immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of
Culicoides
hypersensitivity in horses: an update. Vet Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.13042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty‐University of Bern Länggass‐strasse 124 Bern 3012Switzerland
- Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern Langgassstrasse 120 Bern 3001 Switzerland
| | - Ella N. Novotny
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty‐University of Bern Länggass‐strasse 124 Bern 3012Switzerland
| | - Iva Cvitas
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty‐University of Bern Länggass‐strasse 124 Bern 3012Switzerland
| | - Anja Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty‐University of Bern Länggass‐strasse 124 Bern 3012Switzerland
| | - A. Douglas Wilson
- School of Clinical Veterinary Sciences University of Bristol Langford House Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | | | - Antonia Fettelschoss‐Gabriel
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Wagistrasse 12 Schlieren 8952 Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University of Zurich Switzerland
- Evax AG Hörnlistrasse 3 Münchwilen 9542 Switzerland
| | - Sigridur Jonsdottir
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health Vetsuisse Faculty‐University of Bern Länggass‐strasse 124 Bern 3012Switzerland
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur Biomedical Center University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland
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Ziegler A, Olzhausen J, Hamza E, Stojiljkovic A, Stoffel MH, Garbani M, Rhyner C, Marti E. An allergen-fused dendritic cell-binding peptide enhances in vitro proliferation of equine T-cells and cytokine production. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 243:110351. [PMID: 34800874 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) constitutes the only curative approach for allergy treatment. There is need for improvement of AIT in veterinary medicine, such as in horses suffering from insect bite hypersensitivity, an IgE-mediated dermatitis to Culicoides. Dendritic cell (DC)-targeting represents an efficient method to increase antigen immunogenicity. It is studied primarily for its use in improvement of cancer therapy and vaccines, but may also be useful for improving AIT efficacy. Immunomodulators, like the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) agonist monophosphoryl lipid-A (MPLA) has been shown to enhance the IL-10 response in horses, while CpG-rich oligonucleotides (CpG-ODN), acting as TLR-9 agonists, have been shown to induce Th1 or regulatory responses in horses with equine asthma. Our aim was to evaluate in vitro effects of antigen-targeting to equine DC with an antigen-fused peptide known to target human and mouse DC and investigate whether addition of MPLA or CpG-ODN would further improve the induced immune response with regard to finding optimal conditions for equine AIT. For this purpose, DC-binding peptides were fused to the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and to the recombinant Culicoides allergen Cul o3. Effects of DC-binding peptides on cellular antigen uptake and induction of T cell proliferation were assessed. Polarity of the immune response was analysed by quantifying IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-α in supernatants of antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in presence or absence of adjuvants. Fusion of DC-binding peptides to OVA significantly enhanced antigen-uptake by equine DC. DC primed with DC-binding peptides coupled to OVA or Cul o3 induced a significantly higher T-cell proliferation compared to the corresponding control antigens. PBMC stimulation with DC-binding peptides coupled to Cul o3 elicited a significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, as well as the anti-inflammatory IL-10, but not of IFN-α. Adjuvant addition further enhanced the effect of the DC-binding peptides by significantly increasing the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-α (CpG-ODN) and IL-10 (MPLA), while simultaneously suppressing IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17 production (MPLA). Targeting equine DC with allergens fused to DC-binding peptides enhances antigen-uptake and T-cell activation and may be useful in increasing the equine immune response against recombinant antigens. Combination of DC-binding peptide protein fusions with adjuvants is necessary to appropriately skew the resulting immune response, depending on intended use. Combination with MPLA is a promising option for improvement of AIT efficacy in horses, while combination with CpG-ODN increases the effector immune response to recombinant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ziegler
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Judith Olzhausen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Herman-Burchardstrasse 9, CH-7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ana Stojiljkovic
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Garbani
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Herman-Burchardstrasse 9, CH-7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Herman-Burchardstrasse 9, CH-7265 Davos Wolfgang, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Larson EM, Wagner B. Viral infection and allergy - What equine immune responses can tell us about disease severity and protection. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:329-341. [PMID: 33975251 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Horses have many naturally occurring diseases that mimic similar conditions in humans. The ability to conduct environmentally controlled experiments and induced disease studies in a genetically diverse host makes the horse a valuable intermediate model between mouse studies and human clinical trials. This review highlights important similarities in the immune landscape between horses and humans using current research on two equine diseases as examples. First, equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection initiates a series of innate inflammatory signals at its mucosal entry site in the upper respiratory tract. These inflammatory markers are highly synchronized and predictable between individuals during viral respiratory infection and ultimately lead to adaptive immune induction and protection. The timing of early inflammatory signals, followed by specific adaptive immune markers correlating with immunity and protection, allow accurate outbreak tracking and also provide a foundation for understanding the importance of local mucosal immunity during other viral respiratory infections. Second, rare peripheral blood immune cells that promote allergic inflammation can be analyzed during Culicoides hypersensitivity, a naturally occurring type I IgE-mediated allergic disease of horses. Rare immune cells, such as IgE-binding monocytes or basophils, can be studied repeatedly in the horse model to unravel their larger mechanistic role in inflammation during allergic and other inflammatory diseases. We conclude with a survey of all other common equine inflammatory conditions. Together, this review serves as a reference and rationale for the horse as a non-rodent model for immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M Larson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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Pali-Schöll I, DeBoer DJ, Alessandri C, Seida AA, Mueller RS, Jensen-Jarolim E. Formulations for Allergen Immunotherapy in Human and Veterinary Patients: New Candidates on the Horizon. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1697. [PMID: 32849594 PMCID: PMC7417425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergen immunotherapy is currently the only causal treatment for allergic diseases in human beings and animals. It aims to re-direct the immune system into a tolerogenic or desensitized state. Requirements include clinical efficacy, safety, and schedules optimizing patient or owner compliance. To achieve these goals, specific allergens can be formulated with adjuvants that prolong tissue deposition and support uptake by antigen presenting cells, and/or provide a beneficial immunomodulatory action. Here, we depict adjuvant formulations being investigated for human and veterinary allergen immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Pali-Schöll
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Douglas J DeBoer
- Dermatology/Allergy Section, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ahmed Adel Seida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Li R, Zhang L, Shi P, Deng H, Li Y, Ren J, Fu X, Zhang L, Huang J. Immunological effects of different types of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on porcine cells. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The agonists of toll-like receptor 9, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG sequences, stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and a variety of animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiao Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Peidian Shi
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Hui Deng
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jie Ren
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xubin Fu
- Tianjin Ruipu Biotechnology Limited Co
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin
- China
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