Impact of endometritis on post-partum ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows

Effect of Leonurus japonicus alkaloids on endometrial inflammation and its mechanisms

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The aerial parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (Chinese motherwort) are famous for their efficacy in treating obstetrical and gynecological diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Alkaloids are the major bioactive components of motherwort and have gained extensive attention for alleviating several symptoms of obstetrical and gynecological diseases such as postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum rehabilitation, irregular menstruation, and dysmenorrhea. However, the effects of motherwort alkaloids on endometritis remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motherwort total alkaloids (MTAs) on endometritis and explore the molecular mechanisms using an integrating network analysis and in vitro experimental verification.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) was used to analyze and identify the components in the MTAs. The effects of MTAs were evaluated using bacteria-induced endometritis in rats. Network pharmacology was conducted to predict possible mechanism pathways of MTAs in endometritis. Finally, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse mononuclear macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells and human endometrial epithelial cells were used to identify signaling pathways through which MTAs exert their effects.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine alkaloids were identified in MTAs using the UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS analysis. Their corresponding putative targets were then predicted. The MTAs exerted pharmacological effects on endometritis through a multi-ingredient and multi-target pattern. Network pharmacology showed that the MTAs had 152 candidate targets in treating endometritis. According to the KEGG analysis, the MTAs were found to potentially affect the PI3K-AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. The following experiments showed that the MTAs exhibited significant effects on endometritis in vivo, significantly reduced the overproduction of inflammatory mediators, and promoted endometrial cell repair via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Motherwort alkaloids can be used to treat endometrial inflammation by regulating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. This study provides a scientific basis for the use of MTAs for treating endometritis.

Rapid label-free impedimetric detection of progesterone enhanced by immunomagnetic bead-based competitive immunoreaction

Detecting progesterone (P4) concentration in cow serum is essential for monitoring the pregnancy progress after fertilization and is significant for the dairy farming industry and veterinary medicine. This study reports enzyme-free immunomagnetic beads (IMBs)-based competitive immunoassay for detecting P4 by P4-bovine serum albumin (BSA)-modified biosensors. The anti-P4 antibody-conjugated IMBs serve as collectors to capture P4 in undiluted serum samples to prevent the biosensor surface from biosample contamination and as insulated labels to report the electron-transfer resistance signal of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. The IMBs and P4-containing samples were mixed for 15-30 min, capable of obtaining stable P4@IMB complexes. The 0.2-kGauss pulsed magnetic field (PMF) of the 20-s pulse width and 20-s relaxation time applied for 5 min can shorten the immunoreaction time between the P4@IMBs and the P4-BSA-modified biosensor and reduce the IMB's nonspecific adsorption on the biosensor surface. This competitive immunoassay's cut-off value and detection limit were 7.71 ng/mL and 7.33 ng/mL, respectively, which is lower than the serum's P4 plateau concentration (over 8 ng/mL) of dairy cows on days 6-16 of estrus cycles and that in pregnancy. The IMB-based immunoassay combining the PMF attraction and the label-free EIS measurement exhibits promising potential for rapidly detecting P4 in undiluted serum.

Comparison between intrauterine application of an antibiotic and an herbal product to treat clinical endometritis in dairy cattle - A randomized multicentre field study

Uterine diseases are main indications for antibiotic use in dairy cows. To test a non-antibiotic treatment option, we compared the effect of an intrauterine cephapirin (Metricure®; cefapirin benzathin 500 mg per dosis; CEPH) with an intrauterine applied herbal product (25 ml of EucaComp® PlantaVet containing alcoholic extracts of Calendula officinalis L., Mellissa officinalis L., Origanum majorana L. and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (EUC)) on the clinical cure of endometritis. Examinations of 816 cows between 21 and 35 days after calving were performed and cases of clinical endometritis (n = 169) were included. Diagnosis based on a scoring system for vaginal discharge. Study animals were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups and treated immediately. After excluding animals with incomplete datasets, 136 cows (EUC: n = 61; CEPH: n = 75) remained for the final analysis. In total, 64% (EUC: 61%, CEPH: 67%) of analysed endometritis cases were considered as clinically cured 14 ± 2 days after the first treatment, 15% stayed uncured after the application of a maximum of two consecutive treatments, leading to an overall clinical cure rate of 85% (EUC: 82%, CEPH: 88%). No statistically difference in clinical cure rates could be observed between both treatment groups nor 14 ± 2 days after the first treatment (p = 0.956) neither regarding the overall cure rate (p = 0.923). In conclusion, the clinical cure of dairy cows' endometritis after the intrauterine application of the herbal product was non-inferior to the intrauterine application of the antibiotic cephapirin. These results could contribute to reduce the antimicrobial use in the daily veterinary routine treatment of endometritis.

The effect and mechanism of selenium supplementation on the proliferation capacity of bovine endometrial epithelial cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide in vitro under high cortisol background

Bovine endometritis severely inhibits uterine repair and causes considerable economic loss. Besides, parturition-induced high cortisol levels inhibit immune function, reduce cell proliferation, and further inhibit tissue repair. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals to maintain normal physiological function and has powerful antioxidant functions. This study investigated whether Se supplementation reduces endometrial damage and promotes tissue repair in cows with endometritis under stress and explored the underlying mechanism. Primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells were isolated and purified from healthy cows. The cells were treated with different combinations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cortisol, and various concentrations of Se. Data showed that LPS stimulation inhibited cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis. High levels of cortisol further exacerbated these effects. Flow cytometry, scratch wound healing tests, and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) proliferation assays showed that Se supplementation promoted cell cycle progression, cell migration, and cell proliferation in the presence of LPS and cortisol. The quantitative PCR results showed that the expression of related growth factors was increased after Se supplementation. After administering various inhibitors, we further demonstrated that Se supplementation decreased the activity of glycogen synthetase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway to reduce the degradation of β-catenin except the Wnt signal to promote cell proliferation. In conclusion, Se supplementation attenuated the cell damage induced by LPS at high cortisol levels and increased cell proliferation to promote uterine repair by elevating the mRNA expression of TGFB3 and VEGFA and activating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Uterine microbial ecology and disease in cattle: A review

Due to the critical contribution of the uterine-associated microbiota in reproductive health, physiology, and performance, culture-independent methods have been increasingly employed to unravel key aspects of microbial ecology in the uterus of cattle. Nowadays, we know that bacterial diversity is crucial to maintain uterine health, however, there is still no consensus on the exact composition of a healthy uterine microbiota (or eubiosis). Generally, loss of bacterial diversity (or dysbiosis) contributes to the development of uterine infections, associated with increased relative abundances of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Trueperella, and Porphyromonas. Uterine infections are highly prevalent and gravely influence the profitability of cattle operations, animal welfare, and public health. Thus, understanding the dynamics of uterine microbial ecology is essential to develop effective strategies focused on preventing and mitigating the adverse effects of uterine dysbiosis as well as assisting in the process of restoring the core, healthy uterine microbiota. The aim of this review is to summarize research conducted in the microbial ecology of bovine uteri. We discuss the origin of the uterine microflora of healthy cows and the factors influencing its composition. In addition, we review the biology of specific pathogens that are known to increase in abundance during the occurrence of uterine disease. Lastly, we provide an overview of the bacterial biofilm in the bovine endometrium, and we briefly summarize the rationale for the use of probiotics to prevent uterine disease in cattle.

Risk factors for ultrasound-diagnosed endometritis and its impact on fertility in Scottish dairy cattle herds

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for and the impact of ultrasound-diagnosed endometritis (UDE) on lactating dairy cows' reproductive performance.

METHODS

Data were analysed from 1123 Holstein and Holstein-Friesian cows from two Scottish dairy farms. A reproductive ultrasound examination was conducted on two occasions, at 43 ± 3 and 50 ± 3 days in milk (DIM), to screen for hyperechoic fluid in the uterus. Statistical analyses were performed using multivariable logistic regression modelling and Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of UDE was 8.8% (99/1123). Risk factors for UDE included calving during autumn/winter seasons, increased parity and the presence of two or more diseases in the first 50 ± 3 days postpartum. The presence of UDE was associated with a reduced odds of pregnancy after all artificial inseminations up to 150 DIM.

LIMITATIONS

The retrospective design of this study led to some inherent limitations with the quality and quantity of data collected.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study indicate which risk factors should be monitored in postpartum dairy cows to limit the impact of UDE on future reproductive performance.

Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Necroptosis Promotes Mitochondrial Damage in Goat Endometrial Epithelial Cells

Simple Summary

The death of endometrial cells induced by bacterial infections can result in damage to the endometrial function. In this study, we investigated the potential role of necroptosis in Staphylococcus aureus-induced goat endometrial epithelial cell (gEEC) death. We found that S. aureus induced gEECs RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis, triggered mainly by membrane disruption and ion imbalance. Moreover, gEEC necroptosis contributed to the regulation of reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial damage. These provide evidence of the involvement of necroptosis in the S. aureus-induced gEEC death.

Abstract

Endometrial cell death is induced by bacterial infection, resulting in damage to the physical barriers and immune function. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of endometrial epithelial cell necroptosis might provide new insights into the treatment of uterine diseases. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Staphylococcus aureus on goat endometrial epithelial cell (gEEC) necroptosis, and the underlying molecular mechanism. We found that S. aureus induced significant necroptosis in gEECs by increasing the expression of key proteins of the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL axis; importantly, this effect was alleviated by inhibitors of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. Moreover, we found that the main triggers of gEEC necroptosis induced by S. aureus were not the toll-like receptors (TLRs) and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), but membrane disruption and ion imbalance. Moreover, we observed a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating mitochondrial damage, in addition to increased cytochrome c levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in S. aureus-infected gEECs; these, effects were also suppressed by the inhibitors of RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL. Taken together, these data revealed the molecular mechanism of S. aureus-induced gEEC necroptosis and provided potential new targeted therapies for clinical intervention in bacterial infections.

A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the impact of indoor living space on dairy cow production, reproduction and behaviour

As a global society, we have a duty to provide suitable care and conditions for farmed livestock to protect animal welfare and ensure the sustainability of our food supply. The suitability and biological impacts of housing conditions for intensively farmed animals is a complex and emotive subject, yet poorly researched, meaning quantitative evidence to inform policy and legislation is lacking. Most dairy cows globally are housed for some duration during the year, largely when climatic conditions are unfavourable. However, the impact on biology, productivity and welfare of even the most basic housing requirement, the quantity of living space, remains unknown. We conducted a long-term (1-year), randomised controlled trial (CONSORT 10 guidelines) to investigate the impact of increased living space (6.5 m2 vs 3 m2 per animal) on critical aspects of cow biology, behaviour and productivity. Adult Holstein dairy cows (n = 150) were continuously and randomly allocated to a high or control living space group with all other aspects of housing remaining identical between groups. Compared to cows in the control living space group, cows with increased space produced more milk per 305d lactation (primiparous: 12,235 L vs 11,592 L, P < 0.01; multiparous: 14,746 L vs 14,644 L, P < 0.01) but took longer to become pregnant after calving (primiparous: 155 d vs 83 d, P = 0.025; multiparous: 133 d vs 109 d). In terms of behaviour, cows with more living space spent significantly more time in lying areas (65 min/d difference; high space group: 12.43 h/day, 95% CI = 11.70-13.29; control space group: 11.42 h/day, 95% CI = 10.73-12.12) and significantly less time in passageways (64 min/d), suggesting enhanced welfare when more space was provided. A key physiological difference between groups was that cows with more space spent longer ruminating each day. This is the first long term study in dairy cows to demonstrate that increased living space results in meaningful benefits in terms of productivity and behaviour and suggests that the interplay between farmed animals and their housed environment plays an important role in the concepts of welfare and sustainability of dairy farming.

Ginsenoside Rb1 Mitigates Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endometritis through TLR4-Mediated NF-κB Pathway

Endometritis is the inflammatory response of the endometrial lining of the uterus and is associated with low conception rates, early embryonic mortality, and prolonged inter-calving intervals, and thus poses huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Ginsenoside Rb1 (GnRb1) is a natural compound obtained from the roots of Panax ginseng, having several pharmacological and biological properties. However, the anti-inflammatory properties of GnRb1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged endometritis through the TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway has not yet been researched. This study was planned to evaluate the mechanisms of how GnRb1 rescues LPS-induced endometritis. In the present research, histopathological findings revealed that GnRb1 ameliorated LPS-triggered uterine injury. The ELISA and RT-qPCR assay findings indicated that GnRb1 suppressed the expression level of pro-inflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and boosted the level of anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine. Furthermore, the molecular study suggested that GnRb1 attenuated TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling. The results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of GnRb1 in the mouse model of LPS-triggered endometritis via the inhibition of the TLR4-associated NF-κB pathway. Taken together, this study provides a baseline for the protective effect of GnRb1 to treat endometritis in both humans and animals.

DNaseI protects lipopolysaccharide-induced endometritis in mice by inhibiting neutrophil extracellular traps formation

Endometritis is an inflammatory of the inner lining of the uterus caused by bacterial infections that affect female reproductive health in humans and animals. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have the ability to resist infections that caused by pathogenic invasions. It has been proved that the formation of NETs is related to certain inflammatory diseases, such as mastitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there are sparse studies related to NETs and endometritis. In this study, we investigated the role of NETs in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute endometritis in mice and evaluated the therapeutic efficiency of DNaseI. We established LPS-induced endometritis model in mice and found that the formation of NETs can be detected in the mice uterine tissues in vivo. In addition, DNaseI treatment can inhibit NETs construction in LPS-induced endometritis in mice. Moreover, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assay indicated that DNaseI treatment remarkably alleviated the inflammatory cell infiltrations. ELISA test indicated that the treatment of DNaseI significantly inhibited the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, and IL-1β. Also, DNaseI was found to increase proteins expression of the uterine tissue tight junctions and suppress LPS-induced NF-κB activation. All the results indicated that DNaseI effectively inhibits the formation of NETs by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway and enhances the expression of tight junction proteins, consequently, alleviates inflammatory reactions in LPS-induced endometritis in mice.

Effects of endometritis on reproductive performance of zero-grazed dairy cows on smallholder farms in Rwanda

Endometritis is a prevalent post-partum uterine infection in dairy cows resulting in suboptimal reproductive performance. The hypothesis was that endometritis status is associated with suboptimal reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows managed under zero-grazing feeding practice on smallholder farms. In this study, there was evaluation of effects of endometritis diagnosed at 38.5 ± 14.7 days postpartum (dpp) on subsequent reproductive performance. Reproductive performance of 436 cows from 345 farms was recorded for 210 dpp. Values for reproductive performance indicators were less (P < 0.05) in cows determined to be positive compared to negative for endometritis. Cows that tested positive, as compared to negative, for endometritis had longer periods after parturition until initiation of oestrous cycles (median, interquartile range; 85.0, 57.5-127.0 and 62.6, 49.0-90.0 days, respectively), longer durations before being detected pregnant (95.5, 61.8-145.5 and 63.0, 50.0-83.0 days, respectively), lesser pregnancy rates as a result of the first breeding postpartum (16.5% and 32.7%, respectively), more natural-mating or artificial inseminations per pregnancy (1.3 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.0, respectively) and more occurrences of anoestrus postpartum (48.4% and 11.7%, respectively). These results provide evidence of a strong association between endometritis and suboptimal fertility performance in zero-grazed cows on smallholder farms in Rwanda. Considering there were 70.2% of cows in the present study were diagnosed with endometritis, this is indicative of a widespread herd health issue, warranting that field veterinary practitioners prioritise endometritis in their herd health service delivery to smallholder dairy farmers for effective disease management and herd sustainability.

[Bovine uterine diseases: Aspects of microbiology, molecular biology, and immunology]

Postpartum uterine diseases, such as puerperal metritis and clinical endometritis may affect over 40 % of cows in dairy farms. Regardless of their severity, these diseases are one of the main reasons for impaired fertility, causing declines in dairy cow productivity and hence, resulting in economic losses. Although uterine diseases have been the topic of scientific discussion for many years, until now it was not possible to agree on uniform definitions for the different kinds of manifestation. By including technical innovations and testing procedures, enormous scientific progress and a deeper knowledge of the physiology as well as the pathologic mechanisms have been achieved. Bovine metritis and endometritis may be regarded as multifactorial diseases caused by a combination of microbial infection, the dysregulation of the immune system, and additional risk factors. These interactions have been analyzed on microbial and molecular biological levels as well as by the use of bioinformatics and molecular genetics. As a result, new species of bacteria and inflammatory mediators possibly contributing to the development of uterine diseases have recently been described. Additionally, metabolic and genetic risk factors and their roles in leading to fertility impairment have been evaluated. In conclusion, it was possible to identify new approaches for possible therapeutic and preventive methods, a subset of which may already be implemented into daily practical routine. This article provides an overview of recent scientific results concerning bovine metritis and endometritis with a focus on microbial, microbiological and immunological studies.

Ovary and ovarian bursa in dromedary camels: Clinical relevance of the topographical features

This study aimed to associate ovarian characteristics with the efficiency of clinical examination and occurrence of genital diseases in dromedary camels. The reproductive tract of 870 female camels was examined through standard transrectal palpation and by ultrasonography during the breeding season. The ovaries were examined for structures and dimensions. The follicles were categorized according to size, the thickness of the wall and contents. Follicle aspiration was carried out from females with overgrown follicles (OVGF, n = 127), and the obtained follicular fluids were examined. At the slaughterhouse, 100 genital tracts were examined in situ and after dissection. Ovarian bursae were examined for patency and the presence of fluid (ovarian hydrobursitis, OVHB). Risks associated with the development of OVGF and OVHB were identified by the logistic regression. The results showed that, due to topographical difference, the right ovary was more accessible at rectal palpation than the left ovary (98.9% vs. 96.1%, p = .0005). Time needed for rectal palpation of the right ovary was shorter than the left ovary (25.1 ± 25 s vs. 34.6 ± 34.5 s, p = .03). Significant relationships were found between OVGF and OVHB (Odds ratio = 10.5, p = .001), OVGF and clinical endometritis (Odds ratio = 21.1, p = .001), OVGF and vaginal adhesion (Odds ratio = 4.4, p = .03), and OVHB and clinical endometritis (Odds ratio = 11.3, p = .001). Ultrasonographic examination was imperative for the differentiation between active corpus luteum, old non-active corpus luteum and small luteinized follicle. In conclusion, anatomical arrangement of the ovary and ovarian bursa in dromedary camels affects the likelihood of their accessibility during clinical examination and predisposes to unusual genital disorders.