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Serghiou G, Odling N, Reichmann HJ, Ji G, Koch-Müller M, Frost DJ, Wright JP, Boehler R, Morgenroth W. Hexagonal Si-Ge Class of Semiconducting Alloys Prepared by Using Pressure and Temperature. Chemistry 2021; 27:14217-14224. [PMID: 34459046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multi-anvil and laser-heated diamond anvil methods have been used to subject Ge and Si mixtures to pressures and temperatures of between 12 and 17 GPa and 1500-1800 K, respectively. Synchrotron angle dispersive X-ray diffraction, precession electron diffraction and chemical analysis using electron microscopy, reveal recovery at ambient pressure of hexagonal Ge-Si solid solutions (P63 /mmc). Taken together, the multi-anvil and diamond anvil results reveal that hexagonal solid solutions can be prepared for all Ge-Si compositions. This hexagonal class of solid solutions constitutes a significant expansion of the bulk Ge-Si solid solution family, and is of interest for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Serghiou
- University of Edinburgh, School of Engineering, Kings Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK
| | - Nicholas Odling
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, The Grant Institute, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
| | - Hans Josef Reichmann
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gang Ji
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR CNRS 8207, UMET, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Monika Koch-Müller
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel J Frost
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, University of Bayreuth, 95540, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Boehler
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Wolfgang Morgenroth
- Institute of Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Ponce A, Aguilar JA, Tate J, Yacamán MJ. Advances in the electron diffraction characterization of atomic clusters and nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:311-325. [PMID: 36131739 PMCID: PMC9417509 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00590h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles and metallic clusters continue to make a remarkable impact on novel and emerging technologies. In recent years, there have been impressive advances in the controlled synthesis of clusters and their advanced characterization. One of the most common ways to determine the structures of nanoparticles and clusters is by means of X-ray diffraction methods. However, this requires the clusters to crystallize in a similar way to those used in protein studies, which is not possible in many cases. Novel methods based on electron diffraction have been used to efficiently study individual nanoparticles and clusters and these can overcome the obstacles commonly encountered during X-ray diffraction methods without the need for large crystals. These novel methodologies have improved with advances in electron microscopy instrumentation and electron detection. Here, we review advanced methodologies for characterizing metallic nanoparticles and clusters using a variety of electron diffraction procedures. These include selected area electron diffraction, nanobeam diffraction, coherent electron diffraction, precession electron diffraction, scanning transmission electron microcopy diffraction, and high throughput data analytics, which leverage deep learning to reduce the propensity for data errors and translate nanometer and atomic scale measurements into material data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Ponce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Jeffery A Aguilar
- Idaho National Laboratory, Nuclear Science and Technology Division Idaho Falls Idaho 83415 USA
- Lockheed Martin Space, Advanced Technology Center Palo Alto California 94304 USA
| | - Jess Tate
- University of Utah, Scientific Computing Imaging Institute, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Miguel José Yacamán
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications, Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA
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Serghiou G, Ji G, Odling N, Reichmann HJ, Morniroli JP, Boehler R, Frost DJ, Wright JP, Wunder B. Creating Reactivity with Unstable Endmembers using Pressure and Temperature: Synthesis of Bulk Cubic Mg0.4 Fe0.6 N. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15109-12. [PMID: 26509919 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alloy and nitride solid solutions are prominent for structural, energy and information processing applications. There are frequently however barriers to making them. We remove barriers to reactivity here using pressure with a new synthetic approach. We target pressures where the reasons for cubic endmember nitride instability can become the driving force for cubic nitride solid solution stability. Using this approach we form a novel rocksalt Mg0.4 Fe0.6 N solid solution at between 15 and 23 GPa and up to 2500 K. This is a system where, neither an alloy nor a nitride solid solution form at ambient conditions and bulk MgN and FeN endmembers do not form, either at ambient or at high pressure. The new nitride is formed, by removing endmember lattice mismatch with pressure, allowing a stabilizing redistribution of valence electrons upon heating. This approach can be employed for a range of normally unreactive systems. Mg, Fe and enhanced nitrogen presence, may also indicate a richer reaction chemistry in our planets interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Serghiou
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3FB, Edinburgh (UK) http://www.homepages.ed.ac.uk/gserghio/.
| | - Gang Ji
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59655 Lille (France)
| | - Nicholas Odling
- School of Geosciences, The Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, EH9 3JW, Edinburgh (UK)
| | - Hans J Reichmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam (Germany)
| | - Jean-Paul Morniroli
- Université Lille 1 and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 59655 Lille (France)
| | - Reinhard Boehler
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC, 20015 (USA)
| | - Dan J Frost
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95540, Bayreuth (Germany)
| | | | - Bernd Wunder
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam (Germany)
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Serghiou G, Ji G, Odling N, Reichmann HJ, Morniroli JP, Boehler R, Frost DJ, Wright JP, Wunder B. Creating Reactivity with Unstable Endmembers using Pressure and Temperature: Synthesis of Bulk Cubic Mg0.4Fe0.6N. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Serghiou G, Ji G, Koch-Müller M, Odling N, Reichmann HJ, Wright JP, Johnson P. Dense Si(x)Ge(1-x) (0 < x < 1) materials landscape using extreme conditions and precession electron diffraction. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:5656-62. [PMID: 24824209 DOI: 10.1021/ic500416s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High-pressure and -temperature experiments on Ge and Si mixtures to 17 GPa and 1500 K allow us to obtain extended Ge-Si solid solutions with cubic (Ia3) and tetragonal (P4(3)2(1)2) crystal symmetries at ambient pressure. The cubic modification can be obtained with up to 77 atom % Ge and the tetragonal modification for Ge concentrations above that. Together with Hume-Rothery criteria, melting point convergence is employed here as a favored attribute for solid solution formation. These compositionally tunable alloys are of growing interest for advanced transport and optoelectronic applications. Furthermore, the work illustrates the significance of employing precession electron diffraction for mapping new materials landscapes resulting from tailored high-pressure and -temperature syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Serghiou
- School of Engineering and Centre for Materials Science, University of Edinburgh , Kings Buildings, Mayfield Road, EH9 3JL Edinburgh, U.K
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Rafailov G, Dahan I, Meshi L. New ordered phase in the quasi-binary UAl3-USi3 system. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2014; 70:580-585. [PMID: 24892604 DOI: 10.1107/s2052520614003801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The industrial importance of the U-Al-Si system stems from the fact that during processing the Al-based alloy (containing Si as impurity), used for the cladding of U (fuel in nuclear reactors), undergoes heat treatment which stimulates diffusion between the fuel and the cladding. One of the possible ways to represent the ternary U-Al-Si phase diagram is the construction of an UAl3-USi3 quasi-binary phase diagram. On the one hand, since the UAl3 and USi3 phases are isostructural, an isomorphous phase diagram is expected; on the other hand, some researchers observed a miscibility gap at lower temperatures. During our study of the UAl3-USi3 quasi-binary phase diagram, a new stable U(Alx,Si1 - x)3 phase was identified. The structure of this phase was determined, using a combination of electron crystallography and powder X-ray diffraction methods, as tetragonal [I4/mmm (No.139) space group], with lattice parameters a = b = 8.347 (1), c = 16.808 (96) Å. Its unit cell has 64 atoms and it can be described as an ordered variant of the U(Al,Si)3 solid solution. A Bärnighausen tree was constructed using the original U(Al,Si)3 structure as an aristotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Rafailov
- Materials Department, Nuclear Research Center of Negev (NRCN), PO Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Isaac Dahan
- Materials Department, Nuclear Research Center of Negev (NRCN), PO Box 9001, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Louisa Meshi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Beanland R, Thomas PJ, Woodward DI, Thomas PA, Roemer RA. Digital electron diffraction--seeing the whole picture. Acta Crystallogr A 2013; 69:427-34. [PMID: 23778099 PMCID: PMC3686228 DOI: 10.1107/s0108767313010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer control of beam tilt and image capture allows the collection of electron diffraction patterns over a large angular range, without any overlap in diffraction data and from a region limited only by the size of the electron beam. This results in a significant improvement in data volumes and ease of interpretation. The advantages of convergent-beam electron diffraction for symmetry determination at the scale of a few nm are well known. In practice, the approach is often limited due to the restriction on the angular range of the electron beam imposed by the small Bragg angle for high-energy electron diffraction, i.e. a large convergence angle of the incident beam results in overlapping information in the diffraction pattern. Techniques have been generally available since the 1980s which overcome this restriction for individual diffracted beams, by making a compromise between illuminated area and beam convergence. Here a simple technique is described which overcomes all of these problems using computer control, giving electron diffraction data over a large angular range for many diffracted beams from the volume given by a focused electron beam (typically a few nm or less). The increase in the amount of information significantly improves the ease of interpretation and widens the applicability of the technique, particularly for thin materials or those with larger lattice parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beanland
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, England.
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Ji G, Morniroli JP. Electron diffraction characterization of a new metastable Al2Cu phase in an Al–Cu friction stir weld. J Appl Crystallogr 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889813001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The space group of a new metastable orthorhombic Al2Cu phase, located in the Al-rich interfacial region of an Al–Cu friction stir weld, was unambiguously identified asIc2mby a recently developed systematic method combining precession electron diffraction and convergent-beam electron diffraction. This metastable phase has the same tetragonal lattice as its stable θ-Al2Cu counterpart (tetragonal,I4/mcm, No. 140). The tetragonal-to-orthorhombic symmetry lowering is due to slight modifications of the atomic positions in the unit cell. This metastable phase can be transformed into the stable θ-Al2Cu phase byin situirradiation within the transmission electron microscope.
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Samuha S, Uvarov V, Meshi L. Study of ternary complex Al—Mg—Ag intermetallides using Precession Electron Diffraction. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2013.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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López GA, San Juan J, Nó ML. Crystal structure determination of a ternary Cu(In,Sn)2intermetallic phase by electron diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2012. [DOI: 10.1107/s0021889812033869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Small grains of an intermetallic phase with an approximate composition Cu(In,Sn)2were observed in a metal matrix composite obtained from powders of a Cu–Al–Ni shape-memory alloy and an In–Sn matrix alloy. Samples of this composite were prepared for transmission electron microscopy and the crystal structure of the intermetallic phase was carefully investigated by applying electron diffraction techniques (microdiffraction, convergent-beam electron diffraction and precession), based on the analysis of the symmetry and the relative positions of reflections in the zero- and high-order Laue zones. It was found that the intermetallic phase has a body-centred tetragonal unit cell with lattice parametersa= 0.70 (3) nm andc= 0.56 (2) nm. Its crystal symmetry can be described by theI4/mcm(No. 140) space group.
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