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Yang Y, Wang N, Yan F, Shi Z, Feng S. Metal-organic frameworks as candidates for tumor sonodynamic therapy: Designable structures for targeted multifunctional transformation. Acta Biomater 2024; 181:67-97. [PMID: 38697383 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), utilizing ultrasound (US) as the trigger, has gained popularity recently as a therapeutic approach with significant potential for treating various diseases. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by structural flexibility, are prominently emerging in the SDT realm as an innovative type of sonosensitizer, offering functional tunability and biocompatibility. However, due to the inherent limitations of MOFs, such as low reactivity to reactive oxygen species and challenges posed by the complex tumor microenvironment, MOF-based sonosensitizers with singular functions are unable to demonstrate the desired therapeutic efficacy and may pose risks of toxicity, limiting their biological applications to superficial tissues. MOFs generally possess distinctive crystalline structures and properties, and their controlled coordination environments provide a flexible platform for exploring structure-effect relationships and guiding the design and development of MOF-based nanomaterials to unlock their broader potential in biological fields. The primary focus of this paper is to summarize cases involving the modification of different MOF materials and the innovative strategies developed for various complex conditions. The paper outlines the diverse application areas of functionalized MOF-based sonosensitizers in tumor synergistic therapies, highlighting the extensive prospects of SDT. Additionally, challenges confronting SDT are briefly summarized to stimulate increased scientific interest in the practical application of MOFs and the successful clinical translation of SDT. Through these discussions, we strive to foster advancements that lead to early-stage clinical benefits for patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. An overview for the progresses in SDT explored from a novel and fundamental perspective. 2. Different modification strategies to improve the MOFs-mediated SDT efficacy are provided. 3. Guidelines for the design of multifunctional MOFs-based sonosensitizers are offered. 4. Powerful tumor ablation potential is reflected in SDT-led synergistic therapies. 5. Future challenges in the field of MOFs-based SDT in clinical translation are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shouhua Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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Fu X, Hu X. Ultrasound-Controlled Prodrug Activation: Emerging Strategies in Polymer Mechanochemistry and Sonodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38698527 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound has gained prominence in biomedical applications due to its noninvasive nature and ability to penetrate deep tissue with spatial and temporal resolution. The burgeoning field of ultrasound-responsive prodrug systems exploits the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasonication for the controlled activation of prodrugs. In polymer mechanochemistry, materials scientists exploit the sonomechanical effect of acoustic cavitation to mechanochemically activate force-sensitive prodrugs. On the other hand, researchers in the field of sonodynamic therapy adopt fundamentally distinct methodologies, utilizing the sonochemical effect (e.g., generation of reactive oxygen species) of ultrasound in the presence of sonosensitizers to induce chemical transformations that activate prodrugs. This cross-disciplinary review comprehensively examines these two divergent yet interrelated approaches, both of which originated from acoustic cavitation. It highlights molecular and materials design strategies and potential applications in diverse therapeutic contexts, from chemotherapy to immunotherapy and gene therapy methods, and discusses future directions in this rapidly advancing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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Li D, Yang Y, Li D, Pan J, Chu C, Liu G. Organic Sonosensitizers for Sonodynamic Therapy: From Small Molecules and Nanoparticles toward Clinical Development. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101976. [PMID: 34350690 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a novel noninvasive therapeutic modality that combines low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Versus photo-mediated therapy, SDT has the advantages of deeper tissue penetration, high accuracy, and less side effects. Sonosensitizers are critical for therapeutic efficacy during SDT and organic sonosensitizers are important because of their clear structure, easy monitoring, evaluation of drug metabolism, and clinical transformation. Notably, nanotechnology can be used in the field of sonosensitizers and SDT to overcome the inherent obstacles and achieve sustainable innovation. This review introduces organic small molecule sonosensitizers, nano organic sonosensitizers, and their clinical translation by providing ideas and references for the design of sonosensitizers and SDT so as to promote its transformation to clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chengchao Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Engineering Research Center of Eye Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Sonodynamic therapy: A potential treatment for atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2018; 207:304-313. [PMID: 29940244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic arterial disease, is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several treatment modalities have been demonstrated to be effective in treating AS; however, the mortality rate due to AS remains high. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising new treatment using low-intensity ultrasound in combination with sonosensitizers. Although SDT was developed from photodynamic therapy (PDT), it has a stronger tissue-penetrating capability and exhibits a more focused effect on the target lesional site requiring treatment. Furthermore, SDT has been demonstrated to suppress the formation of atheromatous plaques, and it can increase plaque stability both in vitro and in vivo. In this article, we critically summarize the recent literature on SDT, focusing on its possible mechanism of action as well as the existing and newly discovered sonosensitizers and chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of AS.
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Rehman FU, Zhao C, Jiang H, Wang X. Biomedical applications of nano-titania in theranostics and photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:40-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00332f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most abundantly used nanomaterials for human life. It is used in sunscreen, photovoltaic devices, biomedical applications and as a food additive and environmental scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. U. Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - C. Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - H. Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - X. Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
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Shen S, Wu L, Liu J, Xie M, Shen H, Qi X, Yan Y, Ge Y, Jin Y. Core–shell structured Fe3O4@TiO2-doxorubicin nanoparticles for targeted chemo-sonodynamic therapy of cancer. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:380-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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He LL, Wang X, Wu XX, Wang YX, Kong YM, Wang X, Liu BM, Liu B. Protein damage and reactive oxygen species generation induced by the synergistic effects of ultrasound and methylene blue. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 134:361-366. [PMID: 25025307 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The sonodynamic damage to protein in the presence of methylene blue (MB) and the various influencing factors including ultrasonic irradiation time and MB concentration on the damage of protein were studied by fluorescence and absorption spectra. In addition, the mechanisms of the synergistic effects of ultrasound and MB were studied by oxidation-extraction photometry with several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. The results indicated that the damage of protein induced by the synergistic effects of ultrasound and MB were more serious than those that ultrasound or MB alone was applied. The damage of protein could be mainly due to the generation of ROS. The damage degree of protein increased with the increase of ultrasonic irradiation time and MB concentration because of the increased quantities of ROS generation. Both (1)O₂ and ·OH were the important mediators of the ultrasound-inducing protein damage in the presence of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling He
- College of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Xiao-Xia Wu
- College of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yong-Xia Wang
- College of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Yu-Mei Kong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bing-Mi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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Kujawska T, Secomski W, Bilmin K, Nowicki A, Grieb P. Impact of thermal effects induced by ultrasound on viability of rat C6 glioma cells. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:1366-1372. [PMID: 24589258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to have consistent and repeatable effects of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) on various cancer cells or tissue lesions we should be able to control a delivered ultrasound energy and thermal effects induced. The objective of this study was to investigate viability of rat C6 glioma cells in vitro depending on the intensity of ultrasound in the region of cells and to determine the exposure time inducing temperature rise above 43 °C, which is known to be toxic for cells. For measurements a planar piezoelectric transducer with a diameter of 20 mm and a resonance frequency of 1.06 MHz was used. The transducer generated tone bursts with 94 μs duration, 0.4 duty-cycle and initial intensity ISATA (spatial averaged, temporal averaged) varied from 0.33 W/cm(2) to 8 W/cm(2) (average acoustic power varied from 1 W to 24 W). The rat C6 glioma cells were cultured on a bottom of wells in 12-well plates, incubated for 24h and then exposed to ultrasound with measured acoustic properties, inducing or causing no thermal effects leading to cell death. Cell viability rate was determined by MTT assay (a standard colorimetric assay for assessing cell viability) as the ratio of the optical densities of the group treated by ultrasound to the control group. Structural cellular changes and apoptosis estimation were observed under a microscope. Quantitative analysis of the obtained results allowed to determine the maximal exposure time that does not lead to the thermal effects above 43 °C in the region of cells for each initial intensity of the tone bursts used as well as the threshold intensity causing cell death after 3 min exposure to ultrasound due to thermal effects. The averaged threshold intensity was found to be about 5.7 W/cm(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kujawska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - W Secomski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - K Bilmin
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Nowicki
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P Grieb
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Chen H, Zhou X, Gao Y, Zheng B, Tang F, Huang J. Recent progress in development of new sonosensitizers for sonodynamic cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:502-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Su X, Chen Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang P, Li L, Liu Q. PpIX induces mitochondria-related apoptosis in murine leukemia L1210 cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:348-56. [PMID: 24328896 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.866135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a well-known sensitizer that can enhance laser light or ultrasound induced cytotoxicity in photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy. However, PpIX alone could effectively cause anti-tumor effect and the underlying mechanisms are rarely been reported. Therefore, this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which PpIX revealed anti-proliferative effect on murine leukemia L1210 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The accumulation of PpIX in L1210 cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated with flow cytometry. The subcellular localization of PpIX and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation were determined by confocal microscope. The cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Annexin V-PE/7-AAD and DAPI staining were used to detect apoptotic cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) changes were tested by rhodamine123 staining. DNA damage was measured by comet assay. RESULTS PpIX preferentially accumulated in L1210 cells compared to PBMCs and PpIX mainly located in the mitochondria of L1210 cells. PpIX at a concentration of 1 µg/ml or above exerted significant anti-tumor effect and the cell viability loss presented PpIX dose-dependent manner. Typical apoptotic features such as chromatin condensation were observed by DAPI staining. Annexin V-PE/7-AAD analysis showed 5 µg/ml PpIX could induce about 24% cell apoptosis, which was inhibited by cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition pore. In addition, the PpIX caused MMP loss, AIF translocation to nucleus and serious DNA damage were also suppressed by CsA. CONCLUSION The results indicate mitochondria-dependent apoptosis were involved in PpIX caused cell damage on L1210 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Su
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , China
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Su X, Wang P, Wang X, Guo L, Li S, Liu Q. Involvement of MAPK activation and ROS generation in human leukemia U937 cells undergoing apoptosis in response to sonodynamic therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:915-27. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.817700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sonodynamic excitation of Rose Bengal for eradication of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:684930. [PMID: 23509759 PMCID: PMC3591171 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy based on photosensitizers activated by illumination is limited by poor penetration of visible light through skin and tissues. In order to overcome this problem, Rose Bengal was excited in the dark by 28 kHz ultrasound and was applied for inactivation of bacteria. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that the sonodynamic technique is effective for eradication of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. The net sonodynamic effect was calculated as a 3-4 log10 reduction in bacteria concentration, depending on the cell and the Rose Bengal concentration and the treatment time. Sonodynamic treatment may become a novel and effective form of antimicrobial therapy and can be used for low-temperature sterilization of medical instruments and surgical accessories.
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Li Y, Wang P, Zhao P, Zhu S, Wang X, Liu Q. Apoptosis induced by sonodynamic treatment by protoporphyrin IX on MDA-MB-231 cells. ULTRASONICS 2012; 52:490-496. [PMID: 22115526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is a promising modality for cancer treatment, involving the synergistic interaction of ultrasound and some chemical compounds termed as sono-sensitizers. It has been found that SDT can lead to apoptotic cell death because of the induction of direct sonochemical and subsequent redox reactions. However, the detailed mechanisms are not clear. This study was to identify the cytotoxic effects of ultrasound-activated protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) on MDA-MB-231 cells. The fluorescence microscope was used to detect the sub-cellular localization of PpIX. Several distinct sonochemical effects were found after SDT treatment, including the decrease of cell viability, generation of intracellular ROS, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The activation of some special apoptosis-associated proteins [Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and polypeptide poly (ADP-robose) polymerase] was evaluated by western blotting. The results show that PpIX mediated SDT (PpIX-SDT) treatment could obviously inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells, and which was significantly reduced by the pan-Caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Further, SDT induced a conspicuous loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and a mass of ROS accumulation in MDA-MB-231 cells at 1h post-treatment and the SDT-treated cells showed obvious Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 activation, and PARP cleavage at 6h after treatment. And, the general apoptosis marker-Caspase-3 activation-was also greatly relieved by NAC. These findings primarily indicate a Caspase-depended apoptosis could be induced by PpIX-SDT in MDA-MB-231 cells, and the intracellular ROS was involved during the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, China
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